by Simon Schama
Eliyahu, Jacob, 56
Elyashib ben Eshyahu, 53
Elymas (Jewish wizard), 204
Emicho of Flonheim, 297–8 Encyclopaedia of Early Judaism, 106
Engilbert, Bishop of Trier, 298
England: Jews persecuted and martyred, 304–10, 324; expels Jews (1290), 315, 322, 325–6, 408; Jewish businesses, 316–17
Enoch, Book of, 162–4
Enrique III, king of Castile, 393
Enrique IV, king of Castile, 398, 400–1
Ephraim of Bonn, 292
Epiphanius of Salamis, 208 epispasm, 110
Esau, 46
Espina, Alonso de, 400–1, 403, 407; Fortalitum Fidei, 400
Essenes (sect), 137–8, 165
Esther, Book of, 162, 372
Esther, queen, 88, 180, 219, 307
Eucharist: and supposed theft of host wafers, 365–6
Exodus: on Jewish bondage in Egypt, 10; ‘The Song of the Sea’, 45, 72; as foundation myth, 46, 72–3; as record, 66, 117; and survey of Sinai, 68, 70
Ezechiel, 91
Ezekiel (prophet), 4, 13, 17, 38, 180, 354
Ezra: sent by Artaxerxes to correct loose practices in Palestine, 17, 19; Book of, 27, 29, 36, 38, 40, 76; celebrates Jewish return to Jerusalem, 28, 32–4, 52; and Cyrus decree, 29; inaugurates readings from Torah, 32–4, 106; as supposed author of Pentateuch, 34; and Jewish exclusivism, 35–6
Ezra, Moshe ibn, 274, 279–81, 345, 391
Ezra the Scribe, 420
Ezra, Yehuda ibn (Halevi’s grandson), 288
Ezra, Yitzhak ibn, 288, 290
Fadak, 232
Fadil, al-Qadi al-, 335
Fatimid caliphs, 334–5, 342
Fayyum region (Egypt), 89–90
Feibush, Joel ben Simon, 371
Ferdinand of Aragon, king of Spain, 403–5, 407, 409–10, 416
Ferrer, Jaume, 377, 413
Ferrer, Vicente, 388–90, 395, 403
Ferruziel, Shlomo ibn, 281
Ferruziel, Yosef ibn, 281
Fez, Morocco, 329–30, 387
Fidago, Shemtob and Oraboe, 417
Finkelstein, Israel, 74
Flaccus, Roman governor of Egypt, 157
France: position of Jews in, 293–4, 296, 302–3; opposition to Maimonides, 353; see also Paris Franciscan Order, 352
Franco, Yucef, 409
Freud, Martha, 93
Fulvia: converted to Judaism, 159
Fustat, 241, 244, 246–50, 253–9, 289, 334, 346
Gabbai, Shlomo ibn, 288, 290
Gabirol, Solomon ibn, 345
Galil, Gershon, 83
Galilee: Vespasian conquers, 148
Galla, wife of Theodosius, 205–6
Gallus, Cestus, Roman co-emperor, 193
Gama, Vasco da, 418–19
Gamaliel II, Rabbi, 186
Gamaliel VI, Rabbi, 219
Gamaliel, Rabban, 177, 183, 351
Ganor, Saar, 80
Gaon, Abraham ibn, 401
Garcia, Benito, 408
Garfinkel, Yossi, 79–84, 86
Gath, 80, 82
Gaza, 109
Gedaliah Over the House, 79
Ge’ez language, 163
Geldern, Simon von, 250
Gemara (commentary), 221
Gemaryahu (son of Shaphan), 79
Genesis: on Jewish bondage in Egypt, 10; on Abraham, 209; and Creation story, 236–7
Genesis Apocryphon, 162–4
Geniza see Cairo Geniza Gentiles: follow Jewish rituals, 210–11
Gentilla, 320
Germany: Jews murdered by Crusader bands, 295–6, 298–302; massacres by Rintfleisch followers, 366–7
Gerondi, Ephraim, 381
Gershom ben Jufah of Mainz: The Light of Exile, 313–4
Geshem the Arabian, 30–1
Gessius Lorus, 142
Gezer, 6, 78, 82
Giants, Book of, 163
Gibson, Margaret, 250
Gihon, spring of, Siloam, 54, 60
Glainville, Ranulph de, 305
Gnosticism, 163, 211 gods: local and cultic, 35
Gois, Damiao de, 417
Goitein, S. D., 246, 250–2, 258
Golb, Norman, 165
Golden Haggadah (Aragon), 370
Goliath, 80, 175, 181
Granada, 270, 273, 275–80, 391, 393, 400, 404, 407–8; see also Spain Greek language, 221
Greeks: culture and values, 88–9, 284;
Jewish relations with, 89–100, 108–9, 123
Gregory VII, Pope, 302
Gregory IX, Pope, 350–1, 354, 360
Grove, George, 62–3, 65–8
Guzman (mayor of Seville), 383
Habakkuk, 162
Habbus (patron of Naghrib), 273
Hachlili, Rachel, 123
Hadrian, Roman emperor, 167–8, 182
Haggadah, 16
Haggadah illustrations, 176, 367–71
Hakim bin Amr Allah, caliph, 247
Hakohen, Yehiel ben Menahem, 366
Halevi, Solomon see Santa Maria, Pablo de Halevi, Yehudah, 279–83, 286–91, 332, 334, 345, 350, 391; Kuzari, 265, 283–6
Halicarnassus mausoleum, Rhodes, 122
Halorki, Joanna, 385
Halorki, Joshua see Santa Fe, Geronimo de Ham (son of Noah), 89
Haman (Persian), 88, 180, 220, 308
Hamath, battle of (605 BCE), 42
Hammam-Lif (or Naro), Tunisia, 190–2, 201
Hammath Tiberias, 195–6
Hananiah, 17–18, 23, 24
Hananiah, Rabbi, 299
Hananiah, Shmuel ibn, 289
Hanasi, Yehudah, 193, 333
Hannah (daughter of Doulcea), 292, 311–12
Hanoch ben Moshe, 270
Hanukkah (festival), 103, 115–17, 120, 124, 130
Haram al-Sharif see Temple Mount Harmon, 103
Harold (Gloucester boy), 309
Hasdai ibn Shaprut, 259–65, 267–9, 282–3, 335
Hashavyahu, Mazad, 93
Hasmonean dynasty: recreates Jewish state, 108, 115; as guardians of Torah, 112, 116; establishes legitimacy, 115, 119; and writing of Maccabees, 115–16; institutes Hanukkah festival, 117, 124; Greeks influence, 121; mausoleum and tombs, 122; images, 123; rivalry with priests, 125–9; treaties, 125; and Jewish civil war, 126–7; succession contended, 129–30; expansionism, 133; and Seleucids, 206
Hassun of Ascalon, 258–9
Hayyim, Joseph ibn, 402
Hazael, Aram king, 78
Hazarfati, Joseph, 401
Hazor, 74, 78
Hebrew language: Biblical and demotic, 50–1, 77; alphabets, 51–6, 117; and literacy, 51; development of standard form, 52; origins, 82–3; medieval literary revival and poetry, 221–3, 268–72, 274, 278–81; refined by Dunash (yahudiyyah), 268–9; Halevi defends, 283–4
Hecataeus of Abdera, 105
Hegra, 232
Heine, Heinrich, 250 hekhalot literature, 223
Helena, queen of Adiabene, 159
Heliodorus, 112
Helios (sun god), 196–7
Hellenism see Greeks Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm: Book of Moses Illustrated with Egyptian Monuments, 69
Henry II, king of England, 316
Henry III, king of England, 310, 317–23
Henry III, king of Castile, 383–4
Henry IV, German emperor, 302
Henry V, German emperor, 302
Hephaistias, Egypt, 100
Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, 228, 266
Herakleopolis, Egypt, 90, 100–1
Herod the Great: and Hezekian conduits, 64; elaborate building, 124; and Hasmonean rule, 130; accepts Roman conditions, 131–2; rule, 132–7, 139–41; Jewish legitimacy, 133; ailments and death, 140; kills family members, 140; builds Masada fort, 154; controls Antioch, 206
Herodotus, 9, 12, 88, 145
Hezekiah, king of Judah: Isaiah warns against buying horses in Egypt, 11; water conduit, 12, 54–9, 64, 76, 78; and building of temple, 13; as refor
mer, 38–9, 47; purges, 76; and Hebrew language, 77 hiddur mitzvah, 137
Hijaz, the, 232, 234–6, 241
Hilkiah, 40
Hillel II, patriarch, 216
Hillel (scholar), 132–3, 149, 183, 227
Himyar, kingdom of, 232–5, 239
Hirra al Yahudiya, 238
Hisdai, brothers ibn, 353
Hiyya, Rabbi, 226–7
Holland, Revd F. W., 68 holocaust, 104
Holy Land: photographed and mapped, 61, 66 homosexuality, 98
Hopkins, Clark, 173, 175, 177
Hosea (two, of Elephantine), 26
Hoshayahu, 44, 51
House of the Nile, Sepphoris, 192
Hugh (child of Lincoln), 310
Huyayy ibn Akhtab, 240
Hyrcanus II, Hasmonean king, 129–32
Hyrcanus, John, 116, 120, 124, 126–7
Hyrcanus (Tobiah’s grandson), 107–8, 113–14
ibn Abbas, 233 ibn Hazm, 272, 277 iconography see images idolatry, 75
Idumeans, 133, 148–9 illumination (manuscripts), 367–72, 381, 401–3 images, 176–81, 190, 192, 194, 196, 367–73, 402
Inca, Majorca, 387
Innocent III, Pope, 319, 353
Innocent IV, Pope, 354, 360
Inquisition: in Spain, 396–8, 401, 404–6
Iona (Philippa’s mother), 101 Ioudaikon, 99
Iraq al-Amir see Qasr el-abd Isaac (Abraham’s son), 46, 178, 195, 237, 369
Isaac bar David, 301
Isaac of Diocaesarea, 193
Isaac ibn Shaprut, 261–2
Isabella of Castile, queen of Manuel I of Spain, 403–5, 407, 409–11, 416
Isabella, queen of Manuel of Portugal, 416
Isaiah, Book of, 47–8, 76, 162, 358
Isaiah (prophet), 11, 354
Islah (of Elephantine), 16
Islam: as true Abrahamic faith, 235; beginnings, 236; position of Jews under, 242–3, 246; spread, 242; cultural affinity with Judaism, 252–3; worshipping practice, 348; ends in Spain, 408
Ism’ail (Ishmael), 237
Israel: destroyed by Assyria, 4, 12, 35, 47; early kingdom, 74; see also Palestine Israel (modern): wars, 73
Israelites: exodus from Egypt, 3, 71–2; return to Egypt, 4, 12; exile in Egypt, 11; migrate to Jerusalem, 35; and Palestine Exploration Fund survey, 68–9; archaeological evidence, 74
Itureans, 133
Izzet Pasha, 59
Jacob, 46, 98, 369
Jacob ben Nissim ibn Shahim, 184
Jaddua, high priest of Jerusalem, 94
Jaffa, 134
Jaime I, king of Aragon, 355, 359–60, 362 jaliya poll tax, 246
James the Just, 209
Jason of Cyrene, 117–18
Jason (high priest), 108, 110–14; tomb, 122
Jedaniah bar Gemariah, 17–18, 24–6
Jedaniah (husband of Mibtahiah), 22, 24
Jehohanan (high priest), 25
Jehoiachin, king of Judah, 29
Jehoiahaz, king of Judah, 42
Jehoiakim, king of Judah, 42–3
Jehoishima, 21
Jereboam II, king of Israel, 79
Jeremiah (prophet): warns against return to Egypt, 4, 9, 11, 13, 17; Book of, 35, 43, 76; on Babylon, 43; on Jewish suffering as God’s plan, 127
Jericho, 134
Jerome, St, 217
Jerusalem: altitude, 4; Nebuchadnezzar besieges, 12; water tunnels, 12; Jews return to from Babylon and rebuild, 28–32; kinglessness, 32; besieged (588 BCE), 44; destroyed (587 BCE), 45; Hezekiah’s water conduit, 54–9, 64, 76; surveyed, 60, 66; water supply, 63–4; origins, 74; and monotheism, 76; as centre of mini-state, 78; restored by Persians, 88; Romans destroy, 93, 148–9; Alexander the Great in, 94; Greeks in, 96, 105, 111; population growth (200 BCE), 105; ruling bodies, 106–7; excavations uncover rich houses, 109; gymnasium, 110; Akra citadel for foreign troops, 112–13, 120, 124; Antiochus IV suppresses Jason’s coup in, 113–14; expanded under Hasmoneans, 123; Hasmonean building in, 124; and Oral Law, 128, 137; invested by Romans, 130, 151–3; improvements and expansion under Herod, 134–6; plundered by Romans, 153–4; Herod’s wall survives, 215; massacre of Jews (1099 CE), 282; Crusaders occupy, 286, 302, 331, 333; synagogue burned by Crusaders, 302; Maimonides visits, 333–4; see also Temple Jerusalem Water Relief Society, 65
Jesus ben Sirach: Wisdom of, 92, 162, 250
Jesus of Nazareth: birth, 3; Jewishness, 62; tried by Caiaphas, 136; and civil unrest, 140; descent from David, 167; speaking style, 187; and Jewish ritual practices, 199; killed by Jews, 202–3, 210, 213, 296; accepted as Messiah by Ebionites, 208; Jewish teachings, 208; on circumcision, 209–10; torments imitated, 365
Jesus, son of Ananus, 152
Jews: settlers and life in Egypt, 4–9, 16–18, 21–4, 26–7, 35, 97–104, 129–30; names, 8, 15; captivity in Babylon, 10–12, 28; and religious observance, 16–18, 34; dietary laws, 18, 98, 105; identity, 36; sacred scrolls and writings, 36–8, 41; archaeological records, 49–50; early history questioned, 74–5, 77–8; early religion, 74–5; Hellenised, 89–91; relations with Greeks, 89–100, 108–9, 123; adopt Greek names, 90; fiction narratives, 92; singularity, 99; cultural persecution by Seleucids, 114; feasts and festivals, 117; tombs and burial, 122–3; rivalry between priests and rulers, 125–9; migrants under Herod, 134; prosper under Herod, 135–6; law, 137; in Rome, 156, 221; Roman view of, 157–61; accused of cannibalism, 158; as teachers of others, 161; rebellions against Rome, 166–70, 193; picturing and imagery proscribed, 176–7; burial practices, 199–201; blamed for killing of Jesus, 202–3, 210, 213; accused of sorcery, 204; demonised, 204, 206, 212–13, 220, 365–7; denounced by John Chrysostom, 206, 212–14; in Antioch, 207, 212; early persecution by Christians, 218–19; patriarchate abolished, 219; in Persian Babylonia, 223–8, 253; in Arabia, 230–6; reject Muhammad, 236–7; massacred by Muhammad, 239–40; as People of the Book, 240; driven from Arabia, 241; status under Islam, 242–3, 246, 253; dress, 244–5, 247, 319, 353, 390; taxed, 246–7; life in Fustat, 254–5; international trading, 255; attitude to material wealth, 256; doctors and medicine, 262, 335, 381; men’s supposed bleeding, 264; murdered and persecuted in medieval Europe, 292–304, 366–7; supposed killing of children, 293–4, 307–10, 409; as moneylenders and source of finance, 296–7, 315–17, 323; forced conversions to Christianity and Islam, 306, 308, 327, 330–1, 362, 386–8, 396; expelled from England (1290), 315, 322, 325–6; as cross-bowmen, 317; wear badge of difference, 319, 323, 390; in Christian society, 353; disputations with Christians, 355–62; supposed desecration of Christian holy objects, 365–6; caricatured, 367; see also Judaism Jezebel, 74
Joan, infante of Aragon, 375
João II, king of Portugal, 414–15
Job, Book of, 162
John, Bishop of Speyer, 298
John the Evangelist, 187
John of Gischala, 139, 147–8, 151
John the Gospel maker, 202
John, king of England, 317–18
Jonah, 66
Jonathan, son of Saul: death, 46
Jonathan (Ahibi’s partner), 101
Jonathan (brother of Judas Maccabeus), 120, 122
Jonathan, Hasmonean king, 92
Jonathan, Rabbi, 226
Josce of York, 304, 306
Joseph, 46, 99, 117, 370 Joseph and Asenath (story), 99, 117
Joseph, king of the Khazars, 260, 262, 264–5, 283
Joseph, Rabbi Maimon ben (Maimonides’ father), 328–9, 334
Joseph, son of Caiaphas, 136
Joseph, son of Tobiah, 107
Josephus, Flavius: on Israelites in Egypt, 11; on Greek atrocities, 89; on Alexander the Great, 94–5; on Ptolemy’s supposed atrocity against Alexandrian Greeks, 103; on council of elders, 106; and Tobiah and son Joseph, 107; on Hasmonean treaties, 125; on Hyrcanus and Pharisees, 126; on Hasmonean succession, 129; on Roman intervention in Jewish affairs, 130; on Essenes, 137; on Pharisees and Sadducees, 137; on sicarii, 140; on Roman corruption, 142, 146; at siege of Jo
tapata, 143–6, 155; defects to Romans, 143–4, 146–7; injured by Jerusalemites, 143; refers to mother, 143–4; on Roman Passover massacre, 143; on destruction of Jerusalem and Temple, 147, 149; status, 148; recounts story of Yohanan ben Zakkai, 150; on conditions in siege of Jerusalem, 151–2; exile in Rome, 151, 156; on Masada, 154–6; explains Jews and Judaism to Gentiles, 159–60; and accusations of child abductions, 294; Against Apion, 138, 154, 156, 158; The Antiquities of the Jews, 92, 137, 156; The Jewish War 147; Josippon, 295
Joshua: conquests, 46, 66, 72–3; and Torah, 183; images, 370
Joshua, son of Yohanan ben Zakkai, 149
Josiah, king of Judah, 4, 38–42, 47, 53, 76–8
Jotapata, siege of, 143–5, 150, 155 Journal of Sacred Literature and Biblical Record, 64
Juan I, king of Castile, 383–5
Jubilees, Book of, 162–3
Judaea: Bible writing, 10; invasions, 19; deportations from, 35; and Khirbet Qeiyafa site, 82; rebellion against Rome (c.132 CE), 167–8; renamed Syria Palestina by Hadrian, 168
Judah I (patriarch), 182
Judah: conquered by Babylonians, 4; and exile in Egypt, 12; plays off Egypt and Mesopotamia, 12; kings, 38–44; early kingdom, 74
Judah ben Ilai, Rabbi, 100
Judah, Rabbi Isaac ben, 395
Judah the Levite, 301
Judah the prince, 190, 219
Judaism: as people’s religion, 32; and obedience, 88; Yohanan ben Zakkai preserves, 150; tolerated by Romans, 156–7, 182, 217; monotheism, 158–9; converts to, 159; wickedness and tribulation, 161–4; relations with early Christianity, 199; Christianity separates from, 202, 207–12, 217; Romans turn against, 220; cultural affinity with Islam, 252–3; see also Jews Judanes, husband of Babatha, 169
Judas Iscariot, 363
Judas Maccabeus, 116, 119–20, 122, 125
Judas of Sepphoris, 136
Judges, Book of, 47; Song of Deborah, 46
Judith, Book of, 162
Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor, 215–17
Juliana of Hammam-Lif, 191
Juna ben Nathan, 224
Justin I, Byzantine emperor, 235
Justin Martyr, 181, 208, 212
Justinian, Roman emperor, 220–1, 230
Juvenal, 156, 364
Ka’b al-Ahbar, 233
Kabbalism, 372, 380, 385
kabod, 77
Kaleb, Aksumite king of Ethiopia, 234–5
Karaites (sect), 253, 267, 350–1
Karima (Al-Wuhsha the Broker), 258–9
Kerkeosiris, Egypt, 100
Ketef Hinnom, 77, 86, 89 kharm (courtyard garden), 278
Khatib, Ibn al, 273