The Jew Who Defeated Hitler

by Peter Moreira

  seeking US aid, 162–63, 269–70

  Kintner, Robert, 18, 44, 69, 128

  Klotz, Henrietta, 17, 19, 23–24, 30, 39–40, 65, 89, 112, 139–40, 157, 172, 184–85, 191, 235, 274, 277, 287, 288

  and Jews, 197, 221, 271–72

  Knox, Frank, 116, 129, 133, 134, 144, 152, 161, 171, 205, 212

  Knudsen, William, 125, 131, 133, 136, 141, 152, 156, 164

  Kristallnacht, 46

  Krock, Arthur, 69, 75, 76, 81, 84, 101, 123, 158, 190, 214, 250, 265–66, 270

  Kung, H. H., 34, 55, 210, 233, 240, 271, 279, 281, 283

  La Guardia, Fiorello Henry, 12, 116

  Latin America, 23, 49, 153, 181–82, 210, 240

  Lazard (investment bank), 55

  Lebrun, Albert, 10

  LeHand, Missy, 29

  Lehman, Herbert, 12, 42, 46, 207–208

  lend-lease, 145, 147–53, 160–61, 165–66, 180–81, 232, 248, 263, 269–70, 281–82, 285, 292

  Lincoln, Abraham, 25

  Lindbergh, Charles, 122, 152

  Lippmann, Walter, 12, 76, 126, 225

  Lithuania, 172, 245

  Litvinov, Maxim, 64, 83, 180–81

  London, United Kingdom, 9, 10, 27, 82, 83, 90, 93, 128, 130, 135, 142, 152, 193, 205, 209, 217, 227, 233, 240, 242, 255, 262, 263, 280

  Morgenthau visits, 191–92, 247–49

  London Times, 242

  Long, Breckinridge, 217–18, 220

  Lothian, Lord (Philip Kerr), 128, 134, 136, 144, 162

  Marchandeau, Paul, 10

  Marshall, George, 54, 113, 117–19, 131, 142–43, 145, 167, 193, 201

  Marshall Plan, 150, 293

  McCloy, John J., 129, 201, 232, 237, 252, 257, 260, 267, 272–73, 275–76, 278

  McConnell, Robert, 257

  McCormick, Robert R., 68

  McReynolds, William, 56–57, 119

  Mellon, Andrew, 74, 86, 228

  Mexico, 23, 240

  Monnet, Jean, 41, 44–46, 52, 54–56, 91, 252, 285

  Montreal, Canada, 41

  Morgenthau, Elinor (née Fatman) (wife), 9–10, 14, 20–21, 26–27, 29, 40, 41–44, 48, 68, 79, 82, 93, 116, 139–40, 149, 172, 184–85, 191, 200, 207, 229, 274, 277–79, 280, 290

  intelligence of, 14, 41–42

  and Jews, 47, 48, 196–97

  Morgenthau, Helen (sister), 24

  Morgenthau, Henry, III (son), 9–11, 26, 41–42, 48, 81, 138–39, 172, 183, 184, 229, 246, 267, 290

  Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 14–15, 18, 24, 26, 46, 83–84, 157–58, 193, 290–94

  and the airplane program, 15, 38, 39–41, 44–45, 51–52, 54–56, 58–63, 87–88, 91, 103–104, 107–10, 112–14, 122–25, 127–29, 131–32, 133, 135–37, 141–44, 166–67, 292

  and the Bretton Woods Conference, 174, 242, 254, 260, 279, 280, 288

  and the British government, 16, 87, 89, 104–105, 127–29, 131–33, 140–43, 150–51, 163, 169, 174, 180, 232, 248, 261–64, 288–89, 292

  and China, 19, 20, 23, 34–35, 46, 50–51, 61, 64, 71, 114, 134, 137, 160, 169, 181, 201, 201, 226, 232, 240, 270–71, 281, 282, 283–84, 291

  and Congress, 16, 81, 86, 97, 113, 122–26, 144–45, 147–52, 156, 175, 186, 209, 213–14, 215, 223–24, 227, 231, 236, 242, 269, 280, 293

  and Cordell Hull, 21–22, 34–35, 50, 65, 70, 73, 110, 127, 147, 150, 164–65, 210

  economic policies of, 14, 15, 39, 66–70, 72–73, 74–79, 81–82, 87, 93–100, 107, 109–12, 114, 118–19, 123–26, 144–45, 154, 159–61, 175–78, 185–90, 200–201, 211, 223–25, 269, 281

  and Eleanor Roosevelt, 79–81, 213, 247, 256–57, 261

  and family, 9–11, 20, 26–27, 31, 41–42, 79, 83–84, 138–39, 171, 183–85, 196, 199–200, 229–30, 235–36, 267–68, 277–78

  and Franklin Roosevelt, 15, 18, 24, 28–29, 30, 33–36, 69, 72–78, 81–82, 86, 95, 96–98, 100, 105, 110, 113, 115, 118–20, 138, 142, 145, 149, 155, 167–68, 183, 189, 193, 195, 206, 213–15, 225, 229, 242, 253, 260, 262, 278–79, 280, 284

  and his hatred of Nazis, 13, 21, 22–23, 34, 121, 246–49, 252–58, 260

  and his love of liberty and democracy, 20, 35, 44

  and James Byrnes, 199–200, 205–208, 212–13, 228, 285, 286–88

  and Jews, 11, 20, 22, 28, 42, 47–49, 70–71, 92–93, 95, 140, 158, 195–98, 203–204, 216–21, 229, 231–32, 242, 253, 255, 271–72, 289

  and John Maynard Keynes, 162–63, 236, 284

  and lend-lease, 147, 148–51

  and the Morgenthau Diaries, 14, 74

  and the Morgenthau Plan, 246–49, 252–59, 261–63, 265, 272–73, 291

  at the second Quebec Conference, 261–63

  and the State Department, 22–23, 34–35, 50–51, 134–37, 164–65, 169, 288

  as a target of Nazi propaganda, 12, 265–66

  travels to Africa and Italy in 1943, 214–15

  travels to Britain and France in 1944, 245–49

  travels to Britain in 1942, 191–92

  as Treasury secretary, 17–22, 30–33, 66–68, 86–87, 173, 176, 189, 225, 228, 254, 286–88

  and Treasury staff, 18, 24, 32, 39–40, 53–54, 56, 61, 64–66, 84–85, 125, 153, 172, 184, 199–200, 216–17, 219–21, 255–57, 287, 290

  and the war-bond program, 115–16, 155–57, 159, 170–71, 178–80, 184, 186–89, 192, 198–201, 202–203, 205, 211–12, 214, 223, 225, 226, 268, 285, 293–94

  and the War Refugee Board, 15, 219–21, 231–32, 271–72

  and Winston Churchill, 191, 247–48, 257, 261–63

  Morgenthau, Henry, Sr. (father), 10–11, 24–26, 47–48, 130, 139, 183, 290

  Morgenthau, Joan (daughter), 9–10, 138, 184, 279, 290

  Morgenthau, Josie (née Sykes) (mother), 25, 80, 138

  Morgenthau, Lazarus (grandfather), 24, 25

  Morgenthau, Robert (son), 9–10, 41, 84, 138, 160, 171, 183–84, 229, 230, 267, 274, 290

  Mount Washington Hotel (in Bretton Woods), 235–36, 123, 212

  Munich, Germany, 20, 35, 41, 72, 75

  Mussolini, Benito, 20, 64, 75, 212, 245

  Nazis, 11–13, 16, 20, 34, 46–47, 49, 65, 70, 71, 81, 83, 88, 92, 93, 106, 115, 117, 121, 122, 129, 160, 168, 176, 193, 196–97, 201, 210, 216, 230, 237, 246, 249–51, 272–73, 276, 282

  Neutrality Acts, 21, 34, 50, 51, 87, 148–49

  New Deal/New Dealers, 13, 15, 30, 32–33, 40, 49, 58, 66, 67, 79, 85, 94–95, 110, 116, 158, 159, 162, 178, 190, 200–202, 210, 214, 259, 265, 266, 289, 291, 294

  Newfoundland, Canada, 84, 163

  New York, New York, 9, 15, 19, 25–28, 32, 39, 42, 46, 48, 76, 92, 95, 105, 116, 125, 158, 170–71, 178, 183, 185, 203, 223, 242, 274, 280, 289

  New York Herald Tribune, 62, 96

  New York State, 28, 42–43, 68, 80, 207, 232, 255

  New York Stock Exchange, 72

  New York Times, 25, 28, 43, 44, 57, 62, 69, 75, 101, 108, 113, 121, 123, 139, 166, 168, 176, 177, 187, 200, 202–203, 205, 214, 224, 249, 280

  coverage of the Bretton Woods Conference, 238–39, 242

  coverage of the Holocaust, 193

  and Morgenthau, 69, 76, 108, 156, 158–60, 230, 293

  Nixon, Richard, 14

  Normandy, 228, 234

  Morgenthau visits, 246–47, 249

  See also D-Day (Invasion of Normandy)

  Nova Scotia, Canada, 11, 110, 128

  Nuremburg Laws, 11

  Office of Price Administration, 19

  Oliphant, Herman, 17–23, 31, 32, 34, 49–50, 51, 53–54, 57–58, 64, 65, 106, 158

  Palestine, 48–49, 196–97, 203, 231, 253, 289

  Palmer, Harold, 274

  Paris, France, 9–10, 46, 55, 64, 121, 126, 226, 249, 285–86

  Patenôtre, Raymond, 9

  Patterson, Robert, 129, 141

  Patton, George, 290

  Paul, Randolph, 125, 184, 210, 212, 217–19, 221, 224

  Pearl Harbor, 19, 162, 171–72, 174, 178, 198, 282

  Pearson, Drew, 6, 228, 265, 271, 288–89

  Pehle, John,
65, 168, 184, 204, 216–17, 219–21, 230–32, 252–53, 256, 271, 287

  Peoples, Christian, 54, 86

  Perkins, Frances, 18, 187

  Pétain, Philippe, 130

  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 39, 105, 274

  Philips Exeter Academy, 26

  Photomaton (photo booth company), 27

  Pleven, René, 104–105, 107

  Poland, 83–84, 88, 93, 96, 114, 121, 123, 130, 163, 193, 231, 240, 257, 271, 274

  Poughkeepsie, New York, 19, 26, 186, 230

  Pratt and Whitney (aircraft manufacturer), 58, 62, 109

  Preziosi, Giovani, 12

  Purvis, Arthur, 91, 104–105, 114, 128–29, 131–36, 140–42, 149, 152, 248, 292

  death of, 164, 183

  friendship with Morgenthau, 104, 153, 164

  Quebec, 11, 261–63, 265–67, 269–70, 284–85

  Rayburn, Sam, 152, 154

  Rhineland, 12, 20, 114, 258

  Rhine River, 11

  Riegner, Gerhart, 203–204, 218

  Romania, 93, 203–205, 220, 245, 253

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 42–43, 114, 147, 147, 156, 183, 226, 290

  friendship with Morgenthau, 79–81, 213, 247, 256–57, 261

  friendship with the Morgenthau family, 43, 138–39, 196, 277, 279–80

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 9, 21, 22–23, 28, 50–51, 52, 79, 85, 91, 95, 103, 105, 112, 116, 126–27, 129–30, 163, 173, 175, 202, 205, 228, 233, 268, 271

  and the armament program, 57–59, 62, 90, 103–105, 109, 112–13, 115, 118–20, 122–23, 125, 127–28, 132–33, 136–37, 141–44, 150, 152–53, 165, 167, 181, 210

  dealings with Congress, 21, 59, 86–88, 94, 99, 107, 113–14, 118, 120, 122–26, 133, 147–52, 159, 160–61, 171, 190, 200, 211, 223–24, 231

  death of, 278–79, 290

  economic policies of, 57, 66–70, 74–78, 81–82, 96–101, 110–11, 114, 118, 126, 150, 153–54, 160, 161, 175–77, 189, 191, 198, 200, 211, 213, 224, 261, 269

  and Henry Morgenthau Jr., 15, 18, 24, 28–29, 30, 33–36, 69, 72–78, 81–82, 86, 95, 96–98, 100, 105, 110, 113, 115, 118–20, 138, 142, 145, 149, 155, 167–68, 183, 189, 193, 195, 206, 213–15, 225, 229, 242, 253, 260, 262, 278–79, 280, 284

  and Jews, 12–13, 48, 92–93, 196–98, 219–20

  and lend-lease, 145, 147–53, 160–61, 165–66, 180–81

  opposing Nazis, 34, 47, 83–84, 106, 107, 115, 163, 201

  and Pearl Harbor, 171, 173

  and postwar Germany, 192, 227, 248, 251, 255–56, 258, 261, 262–63, 265–67, 272–73, 274–77

  Roosevelt, Elliott (FDR’s son), 184

  Roosevelt, James (FDR’s father), 28

  Roosevelt, Sara (FDR’s mother), 28

  Rosenman, Sam, 12, 191, 197, 273, 287–88

  Saturday Evening Post, 18, 33, 44, 137

  Schlesinger, Arthur M., 14, 18, 198, 290

  Scotland, 91, 93, 164, 245

  Secret Service, 15, 19, 85–86, 172, 259, 294

  Sheppard, Morris, 62

  Silversmith, Gregory, 173

  Smith, Bedell, 246

  Smith, Fred, 225–26

  Soong, T. V., 71–72, 134, 181, 271, 281–84

  Soviet Union, 13, 20, 37, 65, 83–84, 91, 114–15, 172–73, 227–28, 248–49, 261, 272, 274–75, 290, 291

  and the Bretton Woods Conference, 232, 234, 236–38, 240, 242

  US aid to, 164–66, 180

  war with Germany, 163–64, 174, 188, 235, 245

  Spain, 20, 37, 46, 61, 114, 123, 163, 168, 230

  Stalin, Joseph, 13, 50, 83, 164, 166, 188, 209, 229, 234, 248, 274, 286, 291

  State Department, 21, 22–23, 50–51, 70, 73, 128, 141, 149–50, 182–83, 192, 202, 227, 245, 253, 281, 284, 285

  hindered refugee efforts, 92, 93, 193, 198, 203–205, 216–20, 271–72

  and postwar Germany, 245, 251, 266, 272, 275–76, 280

  rivalry with Treasury, 22–23, 34–35, 50–51, 134–37, 164–65, 169, 288

  Statendam (ocean liner), 9

  Stettinius, Edward, Jr., 72, 85, 134, 220, 268, 269, 272, 275–76, 279

  Stimson, Henry, 51, 129, 133–37, 141–45, 167, 171, 174, 193, 205, 210, 212, 220

  opposed to Axis, 51, 135–37, 149–50, 152, 161

  on postwar Germany, 201–202, 231, 252–53, 255, 257–59, 261, 265–67, 272, 275, 277, 285

  Stopford, Robert Jemmett, 168

  Sudetenland, 12, 20, 35, 49

  Sullivan and Cromwell (law firm), 28, 52

  Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 28, 46, 158, 230, 239, 242

  Switzerland, 11, 203–204, 230

  Taft, Robert, 122, 154, 200

  Taney, Roger, 40

  Taylor, Wayne, 64–65

  Taylor, William H., 210

  Texas, 26

  Time (magazine), 18, 19, 31, 37–38, 103, 152, 190, 200

  Tripartite Pact (1936), 10, 33, 174, 255

  Trotsky, Leon, 12

  Truman, Harry, 243, 279–86

  and Morgenthau’s resignation, 286–90

  Turkey, 26, 196, 230, 231

  Underwood Typewriter Company, 25

  United Kingdom. See Great Britain

  University of Chicago, 32

  US Army, 37, 53, 54, 56–59, 60, 63, 86, 90, 103, 105, 107, 112, 117–20, 124, 127, 131, 136, 141, 154, 174, 176, 180, 184, 191, 252, 268, 271

  US Navy, 28, 40, 51, 57, 63, 86, 104, 105, 108, 113, 116, 119, 120, 124, 127, 129, 131, 141, 161, 174, 184, 188, 191

  Vassar College, 26, 42, 279

  Vinson, Fred, 199, 205–207, 212–13, 237, 284–88

  Wallace, Henry, 72, 110, 129, 187

  Wall Street, 68, 85, 129, 157, 160, 209, 213, 225, 242, 255

  Wall Street Journal, 29, 33, 66, 76, 109, 125, 161, 173, 180, 212, 265, 280, 294

  war bonds, 115–16, 157, 159, 171, 178–80, 184, 186–89, 192, 198, 202–203, 205, 214, 225, 226, 285, 293

  first war-bond drive, 199–201

  second war-bond drive, 202–203

  third war-bond drive, 211–12, 215

  fourth war-bond drive, 223

  fifth war-bond drive, 226

  sixth war-bond drive, 268

  seventh war-bond drive, 285

  eighth war-bond drive, 294

  War Refugee Board, 16, 220, 228, 230, 271, 272, 289

  Washington Heights (neighborhood in New York City), 25

  Washington Post, 62, 265, 269, 271, 288

  Watson, Pa, 107, 112, 129

  Welles, Orson, 226

  Welles, Sumner, 23, 50, 52, 70, 85, 134, 137, 164–65, 204, 216, 219–20, 250, 255

  White, Harry Dexter, 17–24, 36, 41, 44, 57, 64–66, 71, 73, 82, 88, 94, 106, 144, 169, 172, 181, 184, 191–92, 201, 202, 210, 219, 221, 234, 236–41, 242–43, 260, 269, 271, 276, 285, 287

  and the Bretton Woods Conference, 174, 208–209, 227–28

  and postwar Germany, 245–46, 249, 252, 256–58, 261, 263, 267, 271, 275

  suspected Communist spy, 172–73, 290

  Willkie, Wendell, 101, 132, 141, 144, 225

  Wilson, Woodrow, 25, 163

  Winant, John Gilbert, 116, 217, 247–49, 251

  Wood, Kingsley, 191

  Woodin, William, 30, 31

  Woodring, Harry, 21, 54–56, 58–59, 63, 85, 103–104, 113, 115–16, 118–20, 126–29

  Works Progress Administration, 39

  World War I, 12, 26, 33, 37, 44, 49, 52, 57, 83, 85, 88, 130, 154, 155, 187, 196, 200, 268

  Yalta, 274, 275

  PETER MOREIRA is the author of Hemingway on the China Front: His WWII Spy Mission with Martha Gellhorn and Backwater: Nova Scotia’s Economic Decline. He is also the principal of Entrevestor, a consultancy that promotes and analyzes technology startups in Eastern Canada. For many years he also worked as a reporter for The Deal, Bloomberg Financial News, and Knight-Ridder Financial News.

  Photo by Marvin Moore

 
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