by Amy Chua
9. The per capita income, literacy, and infant mortality figures are from The World Bank, 2000 World Development Indicators Database (updated April 2002).
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10. See Seymour M. Hersh, “King’s Ransom,” The New Yorker, October 22, 2001, p. 35, and Stephen Glain, “Slide Rule,” The New Republic, November 19, 2001, p. 20. The literacy statistic for Saudi Arabia is from the CIA World Factbook, available at http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sa.html. On unemployment, see Mark Katz, “Saudi Economic Woes Could Have Implications for Anti-Terrorism Campaign,” Eurasia Insight, December 18, 2001, available at http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav121801.shtml.
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11. Mary Anne Weaver, A Portrait of Egypt (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000), pp. 11–12, 81–83.
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12. Limor Nakar, “Peace slow, but Israeli economy on fast track,” Chicago Sun-Times, January 27, 2001, p. 16.
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13. These statistics are from Michael Wolffsohn, Israel: Polity, Society, Economy, 1882–1986, Douglas Bokovoy, trans. (New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1987), especially pp. 268–69.
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14. See, for example, David Remnick, “In a Dark Time,” The New Yorker, p. 51.
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15. Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, p. 232.
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16. As reported in Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites, p. 229.
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17. Ibid., p. 269.
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18. This is from an interview with Fouad Ajami, professor of Middle East Studies at Johns Hopkins University, by Neal Conan on NPR’s Talk of the Nation, broadcast November 13, 2001.
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19. Remnick, “In a Dark Time,” p. 51, and Abraham Rabinovich, “Hezbollah fires on Israeli border,” Washington Times, February 7, 2002.
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20. Thomas L. Friedman, “Today’s News Quiz,” New York Times, November 20, 2001, p. A19.
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21. Fareed Zakaria, “How to Save the Arab World,” Newsweek, December 24, 2001, p. 22.
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22. Ibid.
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Chapter 11
1. Neal Ascherson, “11 September,” London Review of Books, October 4, 2001 (italics added).
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2. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Anchor Books, 2000), pp. xix, 13, 381–82.
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3. Mortimer B. Zuckerman, “Still the American century,” U.S. News & World Report, February 10, 1997, p. 72.
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4. These figures are from the CIA’s official website. See http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/us.html.
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5. Thomas Frank, One Market under God: Extreme Capitalism, Market Populism, and the End of Economic Democracy (New York: Doubleday, 2000), p. 12; Edward Luttwak, Turbo-Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999), pp. 1, 2, 22; and Paul Krugman, “America the Polarized,” New York Times, January 4, 2002, p. A21. On poverty in the United States, see Almanac of Policy Issues, available at http://www.policyalmanac.org/social_welfare/poverty.shtml.
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6. Jonathan Freedland, “The Right Turns against America,” Spectator, April 21, 2001, pp. 22–24.
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7. See Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, p. 437, and Joseph Kahn, “Globalization Proves Disappointing,” New York Times, March 21, 2002, p. A8.
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8. See Thomas Omestad, Bay Fang, Eduardo Cue, and Masha Gessen, “A world of resentment,” U.S. News & World Report, March 5, 2001, p. 32.
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9. Ibid., p. 32.
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10. See James Kitfield, “A Tale of Two Allies,” National Journal, February 10, 2001, p. 398.
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11. See Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 175–78.
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12. On the 1974 U.N. resolution, see Alan C. Swan and John F. Murphy, Cases and Materials on the Regulation of International Business and Economic Relations (2d ed.) (New York: Matthew Bender & Company, 1999), pp. 1057–58. On the May 2001 ouster of the United States from the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, see Dalia Acosta, “Rights: Cuba Applauds U.S. Removal from U.N. Rights Commission,” Inter Press Service, May 4, 2001.
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13. Claire Cozens, “U.S. brands suffer as anti-American feeling runs high,” Guardian (London), December 21, 2001.
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14. Mary Beard, “11 September,” London Review of Books, October 4, 2001.
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15. See David Ellwood, “French Anti-Americanism and McDonald’s,” History Today, February 1, 2001, p. 34–35.
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16. As reported in Ibid., p. 34.
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17. On Vedrine, see Philip H. Gordon, “The French position,” National Interest, fall 2000. Mitterand’s and Lang’s statements, and the quote from Le Monde, are reported in Ellwood, “French Anti-Americanism and McDonald’s,” pp. 34–36.
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18. David Pryce-Jones, “Toujours l’antiaméricanisme: The religion of the French elite,” National Review, June 11, 2001, p. 45.
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19. Ellwood, “French Anti-Americanism and McDonald’s,” pp. 34, 36; Gordon, “The French position”; and Pryce-Jones, “Toujours l’antiaméricanisme,” p. 45.
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20. Kitfield, “A Tale of Two Allies.” See also Elizabeth Pond, “Europe’s ‘anti-Americanism’ may reflect worry over Soviet military power,” Christian Science Monitor, July 15, 1981, p. 3.
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21. As reported in Gordon, “The French position.” See also Freedland, “The Right Turns against America,” p. 22.
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22. These quotes are from Kitfield, “A Tale of Two Allies.”
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23. The former defense secretary is quoted in Ibid. See also Jason Beattie, “Cook to Launch Staunch Defense of Euro Army,” The Scotsman, April 25, 2001, p. 11.
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24. See George Soros, On Globalization (New York: Public Affairs, 2002), p. 10 (citing the 2001 United Nations Human Development Report). See also Robert P. Weiss, introduction to “Criminal Justice and Globalization at the New Millennium,” Social Justice 27 (Summer 2000): 1–15, and John Cassidy, “Helping Hands,” The New Yorker, March 18, 2002, p. 60.
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25. See The World Bank, Globalization, Growth and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World Economy (New York: The World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2002), chapter 1.
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26. “Why the world loves to hate America,” Financial Times, December 7, 2001, p. 23 (quoting Greek writer Takis Michas).
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27. Michael Mathes, “Many Vietnamese happy with attacks on U.S.,” Deutsche Presse Agentur, September 13, 2001.
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28. Ibid.
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29. See www.Daijhi.com. Daijhi is a weekly columnist for Nepal’s Samacharpatra newspaper. He is known in the West as Richard Morley.
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30. Michel Fortin, “Reflections on the Occasion of an Act of Terrorism,” Africana Plus, October 2001, available at http://pages.infinit.net/africana/terrorism.htm.
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31. Brazzil, November 2001, available at www.brazzil.com (letter to the Editor submitted by Paul Betterman).
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32. Robert Ryal Miller, Mex
ico: A History (University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), pp. 320–21; Harry K. Wright, Foreign Enterprise in Mexico (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), pp. 67–70; and Alan Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” in Leslie Bethell, ed., Mexico Since Independence (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 279–84.
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33. David Rock, Argentina, 1516–1982 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 258, 262–63, 283–86, 312, and James R. Scobie, Argentina: A City and a Nation (New York, London, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 143, 188, 196, 222–23, 235.
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34. On nationalizations in Chile, see Philip O’Brien, ed., Allende’s Chile (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1976), pp. 223–30; in Uruguay, see M. H. J. Finch, A Political Economy of Uruguay Since 1870 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), pp. 207–11; in Burma and Indonesia, see Frank H. Golay, Ralph Anspach, M. Ruth Pfanner & Eliezer B. Ayal, Underdevelopment and Economic Nationalism in Southeast Asia (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1969), pp. 188, 209–11, 215; and in Africa, William Redman Duggan and John R. Civille, Tanzania and Nyerere (New York: Orbis Books, 1976), pp. 192–94.
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35. Vidyadhar Date, “Trade Unions, Academics Plan Protests against Clinton’s Visit,” Times of India, March 24, 2000.
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36. David Lynch, “U.S. investors caught in Russian tug of war,” USA Today, December 17, 1999, p. 1B. See also John Varoli, “Revolutions Come and Go, but a Porcelain Factory Endures,” New York Times, December 21, 2000, p. F6.
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37. Lynch, “U.S. investors caught in Russian tug of war,” p. 1B, and Varoli, “Revolutions Come and Go, but a Porcelain Factory Endures,” p. F6.
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38. See Marcus W. Brauchli, “We Were the Guinea Pigs,” Wall Street Journal, April 27, 1995, p. A1.
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39. Donna Bryson, “U.S.-based energy company linked to human rights abuses,” Associated Press, January 24, 1999. See also “Anti-Enron Protesters to Step Up Campaign,” Gulf Daily News, February 10, 2001.
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40. Fouad Ajami, “The Sentry’s Solitude,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 2001, p. 2.
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41. Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America (Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing, 2001), pp. 269–70.
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42. Translation supplied by Associated Press, October 7, 2001, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/waronterror/story/0,1361,565069,00.html.
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43. Stephen Engelberg, “Carving Out a Greater Serbia,” New York Times, September 1, 1991, p. 19.
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44. See www.daijhi.com.
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45. Lamia Radi, “Bulls-eye say Egyptians as they celebrate anti-US attacks,” Middle East Times, available at http://www.metimes.com/2K1/issue2001-37/eg/bulls_eye_say.htm.
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46. Martin Peretz, “Death Trap,” New Republic, December 31, 2001 and January 7, 2002, p. 12.
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47. Robert Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy (New York: Random House, 2000), p. 42.
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48. Translation supplied by Associated Press, October 7, 2001, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/waronterror/story/0,1361,565069,00.html.
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49. Orhan Pamuk, “The Anger of the Damned,” The New York Review of Books, November 15, 2001, p. 12.
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Chapter 12
1. As reported in Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999), p. 5.
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2. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy (New York: Random House, 2000), pp. 63–78.
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3. Seymour Martin Lipset, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” American Political Science Review 53 (1959): 69–77, and Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1968).
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4. Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Saudi King Rules Out Free Elections,” New York Times, March 30, 1992, p. A6.
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5. See Takashi Inoguchi and Edward Newman, “Introduction: ‘Asian Values’ and Democracy in Asia,” available at http://www.unu.edu/unupress/asian-values.html.
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6. Fareed Zakaria, “Culture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 1994, pp. 113, 119.
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7. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy, p. 60.
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8. See the excellent essays in Larry Diamond and Mark F. Plattner, eds., Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), and especially Adam Przeworski, “The Neoliberal Fallacy,” pp. 39–53. See also Larry Diamond, “Democracy and Economic Reform: Tensions, Compatibilities, and Strategies for Reconciliation,” in Edward P. Lazear, ed., Economic Transition in Eastern Europe and Russia: Realities of Reform (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1995), pp. 107–246.
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9. See Robert Klitgaard, Adjusting to Reality (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1991), pp. 214–15, and Harry Anthony Patrinos, “Differences in Education and Earnings across Ethnic Groups in Guatemala,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 37 (1997): 809–21.
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10. For further reading, see the sources listed in notes 34 and 35 to chapter 1.
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11. See Klitgaard, Adjusting to Reality, p. 188.
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12. Gunnar Myrdal, “International Inequality and Foreign Aid in Retrospect,” in Gerald M. Meier and Dudley Seers, eds., Pioneers in Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 151, 154.
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13. Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
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14. John C. Coffee, Jr., “The Future as History,” Northwestern University Law Review 93 (1999): 641, 706.
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15. Milton J. Esman, “Ethnic Politics and Economic Power,” Comparative Politics 19 (1987): 395–418, especially pp. 396–401.
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16. Ibid., pp. 395–96, 399.
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17. See Sumit Ganguly, “Ethnic Policies and Political Quiescence in Malaysia and Singapore,” in Michael Brown and Sumit Ganguly, eds., Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997), pp. 233–72.
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18. Ibid., p. 251.
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19. See James V. Jesudason, Ethnicity and the Economy (Singapore and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 72, 137, 141; Ganguly, “Ethnic Policies and Political Quiescence in Malaysia and Singapore,” pp. 257–63; and Steve Glain, “Malaysia’s Grand Social Experiment May Be Next Casualty of Asian Crisis,” Wall Street Journal, April 23, 1998, p. A15.
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20. These statistics are from Ganguly, “Ethnic Policies and Political Quiescence in Malaysia and Singapore,” p. 261, and K. S. Jomo, “A Specific Idiom of Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia,” in Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds., Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1997), pp. 237–57, especially p. 244.
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21. Thomas Sowell, Preferential Policies: An International Perspective (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1990), p. 49.
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22. See Murray Hiebert and S. Jayasankaran, “Formative Fury: Affirmativ
e action policies enacted after riots 30 years ago still play a vital role in fostering racial harmony,” Far Eastern Economic Review, May 20, 1999, p. 45.
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23. Ibid., p. 45.
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24. Sowell, Preferential Policies, pp. 49–50, and Jill Eyre and Denis Dwyer, “Ethnicity and Industrial Development in Penang, Malaysia,” in Denis Dwyer and David Drakakis-Smith, eds., Ethnicity and Development (Chichester and New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), pp. 181–94.
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25. See Sowell, Preferential Policies, pp. 15, 53, 57, 74–75, and Myron Weiner and Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, India’s Preferential Policies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 147.
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26. On this point, see the excellent essays in Manuel Antonio Garretón M. and Edward Newman, Democracy in Latin America (New York, Paris, and Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2001). See also Mariano Tommasi and Andrés Velasco, “Where Are We in the Political Economy of Reform?” Policy Reform 1 (1996): 187, 220.
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27. Minxin Pei, “Is China Democratizing?” Foreign Affairs, January/February 1998, p. 68.
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28. Ibid.
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29. Fareed Zakaria, “How to Save the Arab World,” Newsweek, December 24, 2001, p. 22.
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30. As reproduced in Jonathan G. Katz, “Muslims Caught in the Middle,” Sunday Oregonian, September 30, 2001, p. B1.
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31. Abdolkarim Soroush, “Tolerance and Governance: A Discourse on Religion and Democracy,” in Reason, Freedom & Democracy in Islam, Mahmoud Sadri and Ahmad Sadri, trans. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
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32. Zakaria, “How to Save the Arab World,” p. 22.
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33. See Linda Y. C. Lim and L. A. Peter Gosling, “Strengths and Weaknesses of Minority Status for Southeast Asian Chinese at a Time of Economic Growth and Liberalization,” in Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds., Essential Outsiders, pp. 285–317, especially p. 293; Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Indonesian Politics under Suharto (3d ed.) (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 41; and Jomo, “A Specific Idiom of Chinese Capitalism,” p. 252.
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34. Leah Makabenta, “Indonesia: Ethnic Chinese Economic Success Fuels Racial Tension,” Inter Press Service, March 25, 1993.