New York City Department of Health, 7, 20, 33, 44; “extraordinary and even arbitrary” powers of, 42, 69, 71, 82; and habeas corpus hearing, 76–77, 79–83, 85, 87–90; leadership of, in American public health policy, 40, 42; on necessity of isolating Mary Mallon, 97; and problem of finding and monitoring carriers, 55, 56–59; typhoid carriers under observation by, 160
New York College of Pharmacy, 184
New York Daily Mirror, 156
New Yorker magazine, 157, 169, 203
(New York) Evening Sun, 143
New York Herald, 143
New York Infirmary Medical College, 44
New York State, typhoid carriers in, 50–51
(New York) Sun, 149–50, 180
New York Supreme Court, see Supreme Court, New York
New York Times, 83, 143, 145, 151, 153, 227; and Cuban AIDS policy, 242; Lederle quoted in, 189; on George Francis O’Neill, 75; Op Ed articles in, 228, 239; “Personal Health” column in, 226
New York Tribune, 143, 151, 153–54, 248
New York World, 129, 130, 131, 143, 154, 155–56; articles on Mary Mallon in, 142, 143–44, 150–51, 181–82, 184
New York World-Telegram, 160
Nicholas, G. L., 122
Nicholson, George P., 79, 87
Nixon, President Richard, 227
Noble, W. Carey, 51–52
North Brother Island, 20, 123, 124, 134; group of patients on, 136, 137; illustrations of, 176–79; legal authority of Mary Mallon’s isolation at, 70, 72, 74, 76, 90; Mary Mallon’s cottage on, 177; Mary Mallon’s isolation at, 47, 54, 57, 58, 64; Mary Mallon’s life on, 176–83; Mary Mallon’s life on (after 1915), 192–99; media renditions of Mary Mallon’s life on, 143–44, 156–58, 180–83; panoramic view of, 136, 137; patient dining room at, 137, 138; return of Mary Mallon to, 67, 96, 204
Offspring, Adelaide Jane, 182–83, 192, 195, 199
O’Neill, George Francis, 9, 72–73, 74; death of, 75–76; and Mary Mallon’s case, 75, 76, 79–87, 90, 94, 138, 188
Overlander, C. L., 64
Park, William Hallock, 31, 35, 40, 72, 187, 237; on isolation of Mary Mallon, 47–48, 64, 70–71, 75, 134–36; legal authority of, 70; his paper on typhoid carriers, 127
Parsons, Estelle, 223
Pasteur, Louis, 23
Patraka, Vivian, 221
Patrick, Albert, 75
Pendleton, Francis K., 79
People with AIDS Coalition, 223
Perez, Ramon, 238–39
Piercy, Marge, 227
Plague, efforts to stem outbreak of, 246
Plavska, Alexandra, 194–95, 199
Public health: in early twentieth century, 39–43; and problem of isolation of carriers, 47–69; shift in emphasis in, 25–26
Public health policy makers’ perspective on Mary Mallon, 7–8. See also Chapter Two
Pulitzer, Joseph, 129, 131, 143–44
Punch, 147
Pushcart Award, 229
Quarantine laws, vagueness of, 124–25
Quarantines, 8. See also Isolation
Recorder, The, 212
Reeve, Arthur, 146–47
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 15
Responsibility, blame and, 248–54
Retellings of Mary Mallon’s story, 11–13. See also Chapter Seven
Rice, George Marsh, 75
Riverside Hospital, 33, 89, 111, 168, 181, 182; healthy typhoid carriers in, 57, 121, 123; illustrated, 176; Mary Mallon’s isolation cottage on grounds of, 20, 64, 76, 198; Moersch’s employment at, 124; and Alexandra Plavska, 194, 195; release of Mary Mallon from, 188–89; tuberculosis patients at, 70, 177
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 50
Rodman, Dennis, 227
Roosevelt, President Theodore, 251
Rosenau, Milton J., 35, 49, 63, 65, 95; and first use of term “Typhoid Mary,” 127, 128, 237; public health textbook of, 61–62
Roueché, Berton, 203–4
Royster, Vermont, 216–17
Sabia virus, 215
St. Germain, Mark, Forgiving Typhoid Mary, 223–25
St. Luke’s Roman Catholic Church, 160, 199
Salmonella typhi bacillus, 29, 30, 36, 234
San Francisco, 246
Sanitation projects, urban, 22 Schenkar, Joan, 222; Fulfilling Koch’s Postulate, 220–21
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 241, 242
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 227 Scientific American, 152
Scott, James C., 232–33
Sedgwick, William T., 29
Sensationalism, media, 131–32, 143
Services provided for carrier breadwinners, 60–61
Sewage-treatment plant, 27
Sewerage, provision for sanitary, 22
Sherman, Emma Rose, 123, 195–96, 198–99
Sherman, Marc L., “Diptych,” 229–30
Shilts, Randy, And the Band Played On, 235
Sloane Maternity Hospital, 20, 54, 66, 151, 191, 192
Smallpox, 8, 21, 40, 70, 217; and Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 78
Smith, E. E., 17
Social deviant, view of Mary Mallon as, 148, 149
Social expectations and prejudices’ perspective on Mary Mallon, 9–10. See also Chapter Four
Society of Authors/Pye Award, 215 Soper, George, 14–16, 32, 34, 38, 66, 76, 170; animosity of Mary Mallon toward, 184; characterized, 102–4, 111; class bias of, 109; his conclusions on Mary Mallon, 18–20, 47, 128; his confrontations with Mary Mallon, 43–44, 101, 105, 171–72, 173; his descriptions of Mary Mallon, 105–14, 151, 195, 196; gender bias of, 98, 104–5, 111; and identification and labels, 234–35; his job history of Mary Mallon, 16–18, 72, 100–101, 134, 136, 163, 168–69, 190–91; and legal authority surrounding isolation of Mary Mallon, 82, 85, 87, 90; and Mary Mallon’s cohabitation with A. Briehof, 32, 108, 167–68, 173, 191; and media’s turning against Mary Mallon, 151, 152, 157–58; his method of discovery, 52; and problem of isolation of Mary Mallon, 65, 67; and retellings of Mary Mallon’s story, 204, 208–9, 215–16, 218, 225
South Brother Island, 176–77
Starr, Louis, 17
Starry Cross, The, 183–84
Stereotyping, social, 126
Stiles, C. W., 18
Strasser, Susan, 165
Studdiford, William H., 186
Subsidy program for carrier breadwinners, 60
Sufrin, Mark, 208, 210, 212
Supreme Court, New York, 20, 76–77, 81–82, 93, 141
Supreme Court, United States, 78
Survey, The, 146
Sweden, efforts of, to control AIDS, 245
Syphilis, 3, 240, 246
“Tale of Typhoid Mary, The,” 218–19
Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. George, 14, 15
Time Magazine, 223
Tobey, James, 78–79
Today’s Health, 206
Toxic shock syndrome, 215, 226
Tuberculosis, 2, 40, 75–76, 134, 199–201; drug-resistant, 4, 11, 21, 95, 215, 233; international conference on, 41; among Irish women, 164; isolation of people with, 69, 70, 113; patients at Riverside Hospital, 70, 177
Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 246
“Typhoid Carol,” 228
Typhoid fever, 1, 6; fatality rate of, 27, 29; history of, 26–30; household outbreaks of, 14–19; and Tony Labella, 119; and laboratory studies of Mary Mallon, 30–38, 39; and public health policy, 41, 42, 43–69; transmission of, by healthy people, 7, 15, 19, 29–30, 38. See also Mallon, Mary
“Typhoid John,” 93, 120
“Typhoid Mary”: definitions and use of term, 226–28; origin of term, 127–28. See also Mallon, Mary
Typhus, 27
United States Public Health Service, 55, 246
Urotropin, treatment with, 34, 185
Vaccination, 141–42; compulsory, 78–79, 217; value of, 84 Village Voice, 223
Viskupic, Gary, 210–12
Voigt, Richard, 121
Vorse, Mary Heaton, 165
Wald, Karen, 241–42
&
nbsp; Walker, Stanley, 157–58, 169, 198
Wall Street Journal, 216, 227
Wandering Jew, analogy of Mary Mallon to, 152
Warren, Charles Henry, 14, 17, 100, 170
Warren, Mrs. Charles Henry, 15, 17, 170
Washington, D.C., number of typhoid carriers in, 49
Water: controls, 63; filtration system, 29; provisions for clean, 22–23, 26, 29
Waters, Bill, 122
Welch, William, 42
Westmoreland, Fred S., 33, 34, 89
Whipple, George, 127–28
Willard Parker Hospital, 47, 110, 116, 173, 179–80; Mary Mallon in bed in, 106, 107, 136, 156; Mary Mallon taken by force to, 20, 70, 76, 117
Wilson, R. J., 17, 34, 185, 186
Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory, 26, 37, 193
Woman’s Municipal League of New York, 166
Women vs. men carriers of typhoid fever, 97–100
Yeats, William Butler, 212
Yellow fever, 21
Ziporyn, Terra, 141
Beacon Press
Boston, Massachusetts
Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.
© 1996 by Judith Walzer Leavitt
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Printed in the United States of America
Text design by Christopher Kuntze
Composition by Wilsted & Taylor
Printed on acid-free paper
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Leavitt, Judith Walzer.
Typhoid Mary : captive to the public’s health / Judith Walzer Leavitt.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
e-ISBN: 978-0-8070-9559-1
ISBN 978–0–8070–2103–3
1. Typhoid Mary, d. 1938. 2. Typhoid fever—New York (N.Y.)—History. 3. Quarantine—New York (N.Y.)—History. I. Title.
RA644.T8L43 1996
614.5’112’097471—dc20 95–43486
Typhoid Mary Page 36