THE MYSTERIOUS ORIGINS
OF HYBRID MAN
“Martinez’s innovative and scalpel-like research upends the academy’s cherished (but clearly warped) perspectives on evolution and humanoid history. Her research reveals the flimsy establishment arguments for accidental mutation as the cause of speciation. Interbreeding of quite different early and contemporaneous subspecies is the most plausible explanation for the variety of modern races and genotypes.”
PAUL VON WARD, AUTHOR OF WE’VE NEVER BEEN ALONE AND THE SOUL GENOME
“Susan B. Martinez, Ph.D., has given all those who ponder the origins of humankind an extraordinary gift of remarkably thorough research. Martinez deftly weaves the progress of our hybrid species as a co-product of mixed earthly ancestry and the ministry of the ‘gods,’ the heavenly visitors. This remarkable book offers an extensively developed thesis that profoundly offers an alternative to evolution.”
BRAD STEIGER, AUTHOR WORLDS BEFORE OUR OWN AND CONSPIRACIES AND SECRET SOCIETIES: THE COMPLETE DOSSIER
Ihin-Ihuan-Yak.
Illustration from Oahspe.
Thank you, John White, my “jungle guide,” for
midwifing this project with such enthusiasm
and depth of understanding.
Much gratitude to Stephanie Howard
for expert scans.
And many thanks to Dr. Marvin E. Herring
(“meh”) for his wonderful cartoons, and to
Meghan MacLean for saving the (editorial) day.
Contents
Cover Image
Title Page
Epigraph
Acknowledgments
A Note on Evolution, Chronology, and Abbreviations
Introduction: The Unexpected Family TreeIN THE DOCKET
THE ONLY GAME IN TOWN
PALEOPOLITICS
THE TRUTH WILL OUT
THE NOOKIE FACTOR
THAT WAS THEN, THIS IS NOW
CAST OF CHARACTERS
Prologue: Diaspora - The Story of Pan THE LIGHT BEARERS FROM PAN
FIVE BROTHERS, FIVE RACES
WHERE DID WHITE PEOPLE COME FROM?
CAUCASIANS IN THE PACIFIC RIM
OCEANIA ITSELF
JAFFETH, SON OF NOAH, IN CHINA
GUATAMA, SON OF NOAH, IN THE AMERICAS
THE JAPANESE CONNECTION
Chapter 1. Our Knowledge Is Skeletal: The Truth behind the Bones MEET PROTOMAN: ASU
WAS AUSTRALOPITHECUS OUR ANCESTOR?: ARGUMENTS PRO AND CON
THE FIX IS IN
BARE BONES
DEAD ENDS AND HOMELESS FACTS
GOING IN CIRCLES
HOW THE MIGHTY ARE FALLEN
A PAEAN TO MOTHER NATURE
BLUEPRINT FOR A COMPETITIVE AGE
NOT A DOG-EAT-DOG WORLD
Chapter 2. Return of the Hobbit: Our Ancestors the Little People HOBBIT HULLABALOO
HOMO SAPIENS PYGMAEUS
A LOST RACE
NEGRITO PEOPLES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
THE SECOND RACE OF MAN
Chapter 3. Cheek by Jowl: Coexistence of the Early Races NEIGHBORS NOT ANCESTORS
ROCK BANGERS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS
INTIMATE RELATIONS
HYBRIDS, HYBRIDS, NOTHING BUT HYBRIDS
A MIXED BAG
HOPELESSLY MIXED
THE LONG AND THE SHORT OF IT
AND CAIN SLEW ABEL
CHILDREN OF ABEL
Chapter 4. “I Do Not Believe I Ever Was a Fish”: Debunking Evolution SPECIATION
WALKING WHALES AND OTHER CHIMERAS
PROMISSORY MATERIALISM
HIGGLEDY-PIGGLEDY
THE ISOLATION CARD
LEAPS AND BOUNDS
AN ABOMINABLE MYSTERY
AUTHOR’S INTERLUDE
GOOD-SHAPED MEN
SO LITTLE HAS CHANGED
A HORSE IS A HORSE IS A HORSE
Chapter 5. The Mating Game: Crossbreeding from Day One IS NEANDERTHAL OUR ANCESTOR?
KISSING COUSINS: HIGHLIGHTS OF NEANDERTHAL DISCOVERIES
DIVERGED OR MERGED?
ROOM OF MIRRORS
A NEW RACE WAS BORN
LUMPERS AND SPLITTERS
CUTE IN THEIR OWN WAY
LAST DITCH: DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION
Chapter 6. The Timekeepers: The Uncertainties of Scientific Dating INFLATIONARY TIMES
ADDING ZEROS
WORLD’S GREATEST FOSSIL: NE PLUS ULTRA
CONTROVERSY, CONTAMINATION, AND CONFUSION
THE DIFFICULTIES OF ACCURATE DATING
A GEOLOGICAL NIGHTMARE
COSMIC CLIMATE
BIG POPULATIONS AND EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
Chapter 7. The Spark: Factoring In the Human Spirit MY SPECIAL HERESY
CHILD OF THE STARS
TIP OF THE RAY
RAISED UP
SONS OF HEAVEN, DAUGHTERS OF EARTH
ETERNAL LIFE
“I WILL HAVE NO CASTE”
Chapter 8. “That Mystery of Mysteries”: Science vs. Intelligent Design THE GOD PARTICLE
WHAT ARE THE ODDS?
LUNATIC FRINGE
OF ALL THE ANIMALS
CHIMPS AND CHUMPS
PONGIDS AND PUNDITS
WE WHO WALK ON THE “HIND PAIR OF HANDS”
BEYOND THE PALE
GODLIKE PRECISION
Chapter 9. Mutants, Monsters, and Morphogenesis: Back to the Facts THE WORM WHO WOULD BE MAN
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM: PULLING THE CLIMATE CARD
ON THEIR HIND LEGS
THE TOOL-FOOD-BRAIN CONNECTION
HOT FOOD AND BIG BRAINS
MAN THE HUNTER
TALKATIVE CHIMPS
THE MECHANICS OF SPEECH
MUTATION: DUMB LUCK
INDIVISIBLE COMPLEXITY
AN INTRICATE WEB
SPEAKING OF MONSTERS
Chapter 10. When the World Was Young: The Question of How Life Began SEMUAN BEGINNINGS
SOMETHING CAN’T COME FROM NOTHING
THE QUICKENING . . . AND THE COOLING
HOW OLD IS THE EARTH, REALLY?
EXTINCTIONS: A TIME TO LIVE AND A TIME TO DIE
HOMINID EXTINCTIONS
RACIAL DIVERSITY AND SKIN COLOR
Chapter 11. Not Out of Africa: The Many Gardens of Eden THE LONGEST HIKE
AFRICAN EXODUS PART TWO
BORN TO ROAM
POLYGENESIS AND THE RACE CARD
THE GREAT EXODUS
MOTHER ASIA—AND BEYOND
NO ONE KNOWS
HAM, SON OF NOAH
BLACKS DID NOT TURN WHITE
SEARCH FOR MODS TURNS UP MIXES
OCEANIA AND THE OOA THEORY
NEW WORLD NOT SO NEW
Chapter 12. Dead Man Walking: Living Evidence of Ancient Races SWAMPED
NEANDERTHAL: MISSING, PRESUMED DEAD
WHATEVER HAPPENED TO HOMO ERECTUS?
DEAD MAN WALKING
HOMO FERUS
BATS, BATAKS, AND BATUTUTS
AT THE END OF THE DAY
Appendices Appendix A: The Temples of Khu: A Word Study
Appendix B: Ghan: A Word Study
Appendix C: Ihuan: A Word Study
Appendix D: Evidence of High Civilization in Ancient Oceania
Appendix E: Some Anachronisms
Appendix F: New World Not So New
Glossary
Footnotes
Endnotes
Bibliography
Index
About the Author
About Inner Traditions • Bear & Company
Books of Related Interest
Copyright & Permissions
Beware the science of man.
&nbs
p; EDWARD BULWER-LYTTON, THE COMING RACE
I think I shall avoid the whole subject.
CHARLES DARWIN, IN 1857 WHEN ASKED IF HIS FORTHCOMING BOOK, THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, WOULD TREAT OF MAN’S EVOLUTION
A NOTE ON EVOLUTION, CHRONOLOGY, AND ABBREVIATIONS
When I use the word evolution it does not mean I endorse the concept. The word appears many times in references or inside quotes or as part of an argument. Also, when I cite certain dates, this does not mean an endorsement either, but quoted for the record and sometimes in a relative, not absolute, sense. When I mention such dates for man’s existence on Earth, particularly any date earlier than eighty thousand years ago (80 kya), it is only according to the evolutionists’ time scale—not mine! I do not take it as a true calendar date. There are many places in this book where I cite an age in the millions of years; while I don’t believe it for a second, I use it in the context of the argument presented. Please also note that the word man is used as a convenient shorthand for humanity (feminists, please forgive).
In addition to being able to recognize the frequently mentioned fossil men throughout this book, it may be useful to be familiar with the following abbreviations:
Abbreviation Meaning
AMH anatomically modern human
Ar. Ardipithecus (genus)
Au. Australopithecus (genus)
Au australopithecine, australopith
BP before present
[e.a] emphasis added (to a quote)
H. Homo (genus)
kya thousand years ago
kyr thousand years old
mod morphologically modern
mya million years ago
myr million years old
Below is a table of the fossil types most frequently referenced throughout the text, with the corresponding date or range of dates attributed to them, along with a brief description of relevant features.
HOMINID GALLERY
Most Frequently Mentioned Fossil Men
Names Where/When Description
Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi, Asu) Ethiopia/4.4 myr Curved fingers, 350 cc
Australopithecus/Praeanthropus anamensis (Kanapoi) Kenya/4.2 myr No chin but mod tibia
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) Africa/3 myr (date controversial) Pygmy sized, modern footprint
Australopithecus africans (Mrs. Ples) South Africa/1 to 3 myr Au but mod pelvis
Australopithecus africanus (Taung Child, Dart’s Child) South Africa/2 myr Brain and teeth more mod than face
Australopithecus/Paranthropus robustus Southern Africa/2 myr Stocky, rugged, huge molars
Australopithecus sedipa South Africa/2 myr Upgraded Au
Homo habilis (handy man) East Africa/2 myr Short, gracile, long arms; apparently an improved Au
Homo rudolfensis (Skull 1470) East Africa/2 myr Pre–H. erectus with mod-shaped brain
Australopithecus/Paranthropus boisei (Zinj) East Africa/1.7 myr Robust Au with huge cheek teeth
Homo ergaster (ER 3883, 3733) Koobi Fora, Africa/1.5 to 1.75 myr Tall, early H. erectus?; archaic features mixed with modern ones
KNM-WT 15000 (Turkana Boy) Kenya/1.6 myr Mosaic: primitive head on mod body
Homo erectus (Druk, ground people) Various locations/1.8 myr to 300 kyr Some very large
Homo heidelbergensis (Mauer Man, Heidelberg man) Europe, China, Israel/130 to 750 kyr Pre-Neanderthal but modern dentition
Pithecanthropus erectus (Java Man) Java/500 kyr First H. erectus discovered
Homo rhodesiensis/heidelbergensis (Kabwe Man, Rhodesian Man, Broken Hill Man) Zambia/40 to 400 kyr Tall, strong H. erectus–Neanderthal mix
Sinanthropus/Homo erectus pekinensis (Peking Man) China/300 kyr Classic burly H. erectus
Qafzeh hominid Israel/30 to 100 kyr Proto-Cro-Magnons contemporary with Neanderthals
Homo floresiensis (hobbit, Flo) Flores, Indonesia/12 to 95 kyr Tiny, very mixed morphology
Skhul hominid Israel/40 to 80 kyr AMH crania and vocal tract mixed with Neanderthal traits
Fontéchevade Man France/70 kyr? Pre-Neanderthals with mod traits
LM1, LM2, LM3 (Mungo Man) Australia/up to 60 kyr Delicate AMHs before erectoids
Denisova hominid Altai, Siberia/40 kyr Confusing hybrid of mod and primitive
INTRODUCTION
THE UNEXPECTED FAMILY TREE
How was the beginning of man? How was it with the first of the living?
OAHSPE, BOOK OF JEHOVIH, 6:8
IN THE DOCKET
As the world looks on, America the beautiful has a nasty squabble on its hands that won’t go away. We just can’t seem to agree on the right way to teach human origins to our schoolchildren. More than once, the U.S. Supreme Court has stepped in, slapping the wrist of Bible belt states that saw fit to introduce creation science to the curriculum.*1 Emotional, confrontational, and guileful, too, the schism between God-free science and intelligent design (ID) has laid bare a great divide in our country—and in our world.
The U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment—ironically?—favors the nonbelievers, for religious doctrines may not be imposed (by law) on Americans. Yet religious Americans themselves feel imposed upon by school boards that have swung to the science side, not allowing God or design into the discussion. Science and religion, argued one of Darwinism’s more fluent advocates in 1999, Stephen Jay Gould, are “totally separate realms.”1 Yet today, with the theory of everything (ToE) looming large on the science horizon, Gould may be proven quite wrong about this intellectual apartheid. The single axiom, the great unity, that final theory that has not yet been ferreted from nature, promises to be sweeping enough to include amoeba, galaxy—and God.
Gould was not above using condescending terms like ignorance, absurdity, and anti-intellectualism in his (1999) polemic against America’s “religious fundamentalists.” He frankly thought God “an illusion” and the concept of soul “antiquated” (Ever Since Darwin). Like-minded citizens (most recently in Kansas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Michigan, and Ohio) resent the creationist agenda for “posing a threat to the minds of our children.” Could well-educated people “really believe that ID [intelligent design] can rival evolution?” asks New Scientist, the influential British magazine that is today’s leading anticreationist gladiator; they swear that this is one “battle we cannot afford to lose.”2
They are right. Intelligent design is an awesome rival that could put them all out of business. ID has been around a lot longer than “AD,” Darwin’s accidental design (I jump into the debate in chapter 8). Although ID is labeled a creation myth by opponents, evolution itself is beset with so many indefinites as to qualify as our own state mythology, an unimpeachable sacred cow. It is ironic that the word indoctrination, which was once applied to the overbearing dogmas of religious teaching, can now apply to the tenets of atheism and its pet theory—evolution.
Gould’s remarks in that 1999 article make it abundantly clear that evolution brooks no heretics, for it is “one of the greatest triumphs of human discovery . . . as well documented as any phenomenon in science, as strongly as the earth’s revolution around the sun”; therefore “no one ignorant of evolution can understand science.” At the end of this book you are holding, the Earth will still be revolving around the sun, but will inquiring minds be revolving around Darwin’s pedigree for man? I hope not.
THE ONLY GAME IN TOWN
If Darwin’s evolution was the subversive underdog in the mid-nineteenth century, to oppose it today is the subversive, even unthinkable thing. Freedom of thought and speech? Not really. The new religion of the intelligentsia is nonreligion. This is a one-party system with its own secret policing, a kind of oligarchy, poised to keep adversaries at bay. Few among the educated, commented American anthropologist C. Loring Brace, could doubt evolution. What was once a nineteenth-century struggling theory is now an idée fixe. Human descent with modification (from apes) is now “an established truth . . . [like] the existence of atoms.”3 Darwinism, declared evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr,
is “the greatest intellectual revolution experienced by mankind.”4 But grandstanding doesn’t make it so.
Politicized, the functionaries of evolution deliver explanations in standardized terminology that serves as the straitjacket of evolution; for example, the term Java ape-man clearly prejudices things in favor of a missing link. Anthropoid, which means “manlike,” includes apes, humans, and monkeys! Even the agreement on a superfamily called Hominoidea is biased, for it lumps together the great apes and ourselves. Australopiths (Au) are called bipedal apes,5 though, as we’ll see, they were humans, not apes. Very recently indeed (2010) Douglas Palmer, like most other British anthropologists, still refers to Australopithecus afarensis as “these apes.” (Au. afarensis, we will see in chapter 1, were the earliest humans—not apes at all.) But the deck is loaded: Definition of hominid? All primates more like man than ape.
Biased terminology sets the stage, the new word hominin means any descendant of the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, including humans and their ancestors, as well as apes (chimps and gorillas). But the common ancestor dogma is pure assumption, which I confront in chapter 10.
PALEOPOLITICS
The subtext of all this confidence, this bravado, is the tumbling house of cards called evolution, laced with self-congratulation and softened with false modesty: When older Darwinian ideas are trumped by new evidence, why, this only shows that evolution is a marvelously flexible, healthy, and self-correcting science. But this is really built-in deniability, clothed as flexibility. John Feliks, writing about this, has said: “There is one far-reaching and influential field in which the quality of self-correction is notably absent. This is the field of human origins.” Feliks goes on to comment that “the system of peer review in paleoanthropology is devoted entirely to belief in Darwinian evolution. . . . Conflicting evidence must be kept from publication.”6
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