34 The Illustrated Police News (17/9/1887)
35 Police Code Book 1870 Northampton Record Office
36 The Illustrated Police News (12/3/1887)
37 The Graphic (27/8/1887)
38 Davis, `Prosecutions and Their Context, 411
39 See Drew D. Gray, Crime, Prosecution and Social Relations, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), for the use of this strategy by City of London justices in the late eighteenth century.
40 Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper (7/8/1887)
41 The Illustrated Police News (26/3/1887)
42 Pall Mall Gazette (29/4/1887)
43 Pall Mall Gazette (18/10/1887)
44 The Graphic (20/8/1887)
45 www.oldbaileyonline.org
46 www.oldbaileyonline.org
47 `Other' includes grave robbing, possessing navy stores and attempting to create mutiny on the high seas.
48 Clive Emsley, Crime and Society in England, 1750-1900, (London: Longman, 1997), 22
49 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18880730-720, trial of Weston Montacute, [30/7/1888] )
50 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18890204-253, trial of Peter Wallace [4/2/1889] and t18880917-882, trial of Alfred Stewart [17/9/1888] )
51 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18880528-578, trial of Margaretta Becker, [28/5/1888] and t18880917-879, trial of William John Milne [17/9/1888])
52 www.oldbaileyonline.org
53 www.oldbaileyonline.org
54 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18800803-499, trial of James Keightley, Hannah Keightley, Sarah Bennett, Richard William Wood, Mary Martha Wood, Benjamin Charles Norris [3/8/1880] )
55 www.oldbaileyonline.org (ti8800803-499, trial of James Keightley et al.)
56 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18810238-386, trial of Thomas Butler [27/3/1881] )
57 www.oldbaileyonline.org (ti8830625-654, trial of Henry Morris [25/6/1883])
58 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18860913-887, trial of Dennis Bryan, [13/9/1886])
59 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18880130-287, trial of Henry Burrows [30/l/1888])
60 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18880130-266, trial of Jane Ward [30/1/1888])
61 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18880702-672, trial of George Cullen [2/7/1888])
62 Reynolds's Newspaper (21/8/1881)
63 Punch (19/2/1881)
64 Funny Folks (8/10/1881)
65 Moonshine (London, England), Saturday, January 14, 1888
66 J. A. Sharpe, Dick Turpin: The Myth of the English Highwayman, (London: Profile, 2005)
67 Pall Mall Gazette (31/8/1887). The Gazette recorded Dudley's name as Webbers for some unknown reason. www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18870912-999, trial of James Flewitt [ 12/9/1899])
68 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18990306-235) trial of James Flewett [6/3/1899] )
69 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18880130-256, trial of John Kaylor and Thomas McCarthy [30/1/1888])
70 www.oldbaileyonline.org (ti8880730-734, trial of James Elliot [30/7/1888])
71 www.oldbaileyonline.org [ti8870627-713, trial of William Warner [27/6/1887])
72 Gatrell, `Crime, authority and the policeman-state, 244
73 Emsley, Crime and Society in England, 1750-1900, (London: Longman, 2005), 278
74 Philip Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives: English Prison Biography, 1830-1914, (London and New York: Methuen) 1985), 12
75 James Monro, Assistant Commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis, A Report of the History of the Department of the Metropolitan Police known as the Convict Supervision Office: Detailing System and Showing Results and Effects Generally on the Habitual Criminal Population, (London: 1886), 4-6
76 Monro, A Report, 10
77 Norval Morris and David Rothman (eds), The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)
78 Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: Penitentiaries in the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850, (London: Macmillan) 1978)
79 Quoted in Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives, 132-3
80 Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives, 124-31
81 Sir Edmund Du Cane, The Punishment and Prevention of Crime, (London: MacMillan) 1885), quoted in Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives, 194
82 Sir Edmund Du Cane, The Punishment and Prevention of Crime, (London: MacMillan, 1885), quoted in Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives, 195
83 Howard Association, Defects in the Criminal Administration and Penal Legislation of Great Britain and Ireland with Remedial Suggestions, (1872), quoted in Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives, 157
84 Quoted in Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives, 43
85 Quoted in Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives, 229
86 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, (London: Penguin, 1991)
87 Priestley, Victorian Prison Lives, 229
88 Morris and Rothman (eds), The Oxford History of the Prison
Notes to Chapter 8: Watching the Detectives: The Police and the Hunt for Jack the Ripper
1 Pall Mall Gazette (1/10/1888)
2 R. Reiner, The Politics of the Police, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) (3rd edition), 15
3 See D. Gray, Crime, Prosecution and Social Relations, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); A. Harris, Policing the City. Crime and Legal Authority in London, 1780-1840, (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2004); R. Paley "'An imperfect, inadequate and wretched system"? Policing London before Peel, Criminal Justice History, 10 (1989), 95-130; E. Reynolds, Before the Bobbies: The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1720-1830, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998); for a definitive history of the Police see C. Emsley, The English Police. A Political and Social History, (London: Longman, 1991)
4 Gray, Crime, Prosecution and Social Relations
5 R. Storch, `The plague of the blue locusts: police reform and popular resistance in Northern England, 1840-57, International Review of Social History, 20:1 (1975), 61-91
6 Storch, `The plague of the blue locusts'
7 D. Taylor, The New Police in Nineteenth-Century England. Crime, Conflict and Control, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 105
8 S. Inwood, `Policing London's morals: the Metropolitan Police and popular culture, 1829-1850', The London Journal, 15:2 (1990), 129-46
9 R. Storch, `The policeman as domestic missionary: urban discipline and popular culture in northern England, 1850-1880, journal of Social History, 9:4 (1976), 481-509
10 J. Davis, A poor man's system of justice: the London police courts in the second half of the nineteenth century, Historical Journal, 27:2 (1984), 309-35
11 D. Phillips, "'A New Engine Power and Authority": The Institutionalization of Law-Enforcement in England 1780-1830', in V. A. C. Gatrell, Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker, Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe Since 1500, (London: Europa, 1980)
12 Pall Mall Gazette (1/10/1888)
13 `Military drill v. police duty, Funny Folks (15/9/1888)
14 Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser (19/4/1842)
15 K. R. M. Short, The Dynamite Wars: Irish-American Bombers in Victorian Britain, (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1979), 205
16 www.oldbaileyonline.org, (t18850420-532, trial of Harry Burton and James George Gilbert)
17 Pall Mall Gazette (3/1/1885)
18 Pall Mall Gazette (3/1/1885); Daily News (3/1/1885)
19 Short, The Dynamite Wars, 200
20 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18850420-532, trial of Burton and Gilbert)
21 Short, The Dynamite Wars, 184
22 Hull Packet and East Riding Times (2/1/1885)
23 Short, The Dynamite Wars, 13-15
24 Short, The Dynamite Wars, 75
25 A pledge by Timothy O'Sullivan to work for the liberation of Ireland as a member of the Fenian Brotherhood, undated, Baltimore, Maryland, Fenian Brotherhood Collection, www.aladin.wrlc.org/gsdl/collect/fenian/fenian.shtml (accessed 16/4/09)
26 Short, The Dynamite Wars, 202
27 Daily News (26/1/1885)
28 Daily News (26/1/1885)
29 Daily News (26/1/1885)
30 Pall Mall Gazette (26/1/1885)
31 Short, The Dynamite Wars, 208
32 `The dynamite explosions in London, The Graphic (1/31/1885)
33 The Times (26/1/1885)
34 Morning Advertiser (26/1/1885)
35 Daily Chronicle (26/1/1885)
36 Standard (26/1/11885); Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper (4/1/1885)
37 Daily Telegraph (26/1/1885)
38 Pall Mall Gazette (26/1/1885)
39 Pall Mall Gazette (26/1/1885)
40 Pall Mall Gazette (26/1/1885)
41 Daily News (27/1/1885)
42 www.oldbaileyonline.org (t18850420-532, trial of Burton and Gilbert)
43 Pall Mall Gazette (1/10/1888)
44 Pall Mall Gazette (1/10/1888)
45 'Blind-man's buff, Punch (22/9/1888)
46 Donald Rumbelow, The Complete Jack the Ripper (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson) 1987), 71
47 The Times (18/9/1888)
48 P. Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History (London: Longman, 2004), 203
49 J. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, 1660-1800, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press) 1986), 50-2
50 Rumbelow, The Complete Jack the Ripper, 73
51 The Times (13/11/1888)
52 The Times (15/10/1888); (10/11/1888)
53 The Times (15/11/1888)
54 The Times (15/11/1888)
55 The Times (12/11/1888)
56 Pall Mall Gazette (1/10/1888)
57 Pall Mall Gazette (1/10/1888)
58 The Graphic (27/8/1887)
59 Haia Shpayer-Makov, The Making of a Policeman: A Social History of a Labour Force in Metropolitan London, 1829-1914, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002)
60 Wilbur R. Miller, `Review; Crime, History & Society, 8:2 (2004)
61 Begg, Jack the Ripper
Notes to Chapter 9: London's Shadows: The Darker Side of the Victorian Capital
1 Walter Dew, I Caught Crippen (London: Blackie & Son, 1938), 85
2 Albert Hughes and Allen Hughes, From Hell, (Los Angeles: Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 2001) (DVD)
3 Eastenders is the BBC's long running soap set in the fictional Albert Square where the Queen Vic pub is the focus of the local community.
4 John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History, (London: Longman, 1991) (2nd edition), 132
5 E. H. Carr, What is History? (London: Penguin, 1964), 11
6 Carr, What is History?, 11
7 www.oxfam.org.uk
8 W. Churchill, Liberalism and the Social Problem, (London: Hodder & Stoughton) 1909),363
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London's Shadows: The Dark Side of the Victorian City Page 35