by Dawn Raffel
Moe saw Martin crying: Moe Goldstein, interview with Lawrence and Carol Gartner, April 22, 1970.
Ten of the foreign nations . . . Finland’s closed mid-season: James Mauro, Twilight at the World of Tomorrow: Genius, Madness, Murder, and the 1939 World’s Fair on the Brink of War (New York: Ballantine Books, 2010), p. xxiv.
The night that Germany invaded France: Moe Goldstein, interview with Lawrence and Carol Gartner, April 22, 1970.
the city didn’t want it: I can find no record of Couney’s having repeated the offer to donate right when the fair ended; by that time, his relations with everyone involved were badly frayed, and he was unable to retire. Dr. Thurman Givan wrote that when Couney did retire, three years later, he requested Givan’s help in making the donation and that New York City (presumably through its health commissioner) rebuffed the offer. Julius Hess gladly accepted the equipment. Letter from Thurman Givan, M.D., to Lawrence Gartner, M.D., January 18, 1971, Newborn Medicine History Collection, Pediatric History Center, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Winter
“just in case”: Carol Boyce, interview with the author, September 25, 2015.
“He had the ability to put you at ease right away”: Betty Boyce, interview with Lawrence Gartner, April 30, 1970.
Dr. Frederick Freed, disappointed at being rejected: Letter from Dr. Frederick Freed to Captain Moe Goldstein, December 30, 1942, courtesy Dr. Lawrence Gartner.
“When they first discovered retrolental fibroplasia”: Moe Goldstein, interview with Lawrence and Carol Gartner, April 22, 1970.
a gift from Julius Hess or Thurman Givan: A letter from Thurman Givan, M.D., to Lawrence Gartner, M.D., December 17, 1970, states that he and Julius Hess were sending money. Courtesy Dr. Lawrence Gartner.
Already, the deed to the house: Records for 3728 Surf Avenue (Section 21, Block 7031, Lot 10) show that the ownership of the house passed to Hildegarde Couney on May 2, 1941. She sold it on July 18, 1950. Kings County Register of Deeds.
“In the last year”: Ilse Ephraim, interview with Lawrence Gartner, 1980 (exact date unknown).
Epilogue
At 8:40 that morning: Some reports have the actual takeoff, on September 26, 2015, delayed by about twenty minutes.
Uptown at Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital: The depiction of care is based on my visit on October 28, 2015, arranged courtesy Dr. Richard Polin.
skilled nursing, hand hygiene . . . Parental bonding: Dr. Richard Polin, e-mail response to a question from the author, July 7, 2017.
Luna Park Building 2: According to Jay Singer, a docent at the Coney Island Museum, this was the location of the sideshow for at least part of its run.
This twenty-first-century gathering: This was held on September 26, 2015.
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INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abt, Isaac, 115
adoption, 168–69
African-American babies, 188
Allen, Beth Bernstein, 88–92, 89, 91, 127, 220–21, 221
Altmann, Paul, 44–46
Amatruda, Catherine Strunk, 207–8
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 83
animal cruelty, 82–83
animals and Dreamland fire, 126–28
anti-Semitism, 24, 47, 151, 170, 193–94
Appleton, Jean Dubinsky, 160–62
Appleton, Ryna, 161–62
Arcturus (star), 176
Are You Fit to Marry? (film), 159. See also Black Stork, The
Arlene (infant patient), 174–75
Ashe, John, 210–12, 211
Ashe, Katherine. See Meyer, Katherine Ashe
Ashe, Ruth, 210–12, 211
assassination of President McKinley, 70–73
Asylum for Lying-in Wo
men (New York), 125
Atlantic City, 7, 93, 172–74, 186, 187, 216
Atlantic City Hospital, 173–74
Augusta Victoria, Empress, 140–41
Ault, Whitney, 83
Auvard, Alfred, 29
Babies Hospital (New York), 126
baby health contests, 117–18, 132–34, 143–44, 152, 157
Balbo, Italo, 179, 185
Ballowitz, Leonore, 238n44, 252n136
barkers at Coney Island, 165–66
Bates, Mary, 134, 143–44
Bayliss, Edward M., 70, 95, 98, 100
beer for increasing milk production, 58, 58–59, 69
Bel Geddes, Norman, 198
Bernstein, Beth. See Allen, Beth Bernstein
“best preemie” contest (Chicago, 1919), 117–18
Better Baby Campaign, 132–33
Black Stork, The (film), 153, 158–59
Boyce, Betty, 216–17
Boyce, Carol. See Heinisch, Carol Boyce
Boylan, Anne J., 111
breastfeeding, 42, 43, 58–59, 65, 104–5, 164, 167, 219
Brisbane, Arthur, 66–67
Brooklyn Eagle, The, 86, 107
Budin, Pierre-Constant, 15, 27, 29, 43–44, 104–5, 139, 155, 156–57, 185, 202
Buffalo Children’s Hospital, 73–74
Buffalo Medical Journal, 67–68
Buffalo News, The, 66
Buffalo World’s Fair (1901). See Pan-American Exposition
Bundesen, Herman, 10, 15, 19, 177, 185, 189
Burke, Michael, 73
Butterfield, L. Joseph, 31, 77, 139, 144
Carney, Don (“Uncle Don”), 165
causes of prematurity, 163–64
Century of Progress, A (Chicago World’s Fair)
Adler Planetarium, 176
city’s health initiatives for preemies after, 189
city’s heat and environment, 5–6, 56–57
daily extravaganzas, 6
degenerates family tree, 133
featured exhibits, 7, 178–79
incubator concession, xiii, 8, 21, 53
preemie twins Barbara (Gerber) and Joanie, 181–82