Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre, 56, 704
Britain. See England; Great Britain
British West Indies, 193, 197
Brock, Isaac, 679
“broken voyage” concept, 624
Brown, Charles Brockden, 335, 356, 394, 470n4, 507
Brown, David, 261–62
Brown, John, 113, 725
Brown, Moses, 702–3
Brown, Nicholas, II, 623
Brown, William Hill, 566
Brown College, 343, 344
Bryan, Andrew, 599
Bryan, Samuel, 38
Bunyan, John, 475
Burgoyne, John, 690
Burke, Edmund, 46, 176, 257–58, 406
Burnaby, Andrew, 546
Burr, Aaron: and duels, 238, 717
and the 1800 election, 278–82, 282–86, 436
and the 1804 election, 313
on excessive democracy, 370
and Hamilton duel, 382–85
and honor codes, 237
and political campaigning, 160
and presidential elections, 212
and religion, 590
and separatist schemes, 385, 483
and slavery, 279
and treason trial, 439–40
and Washington’s reelection, 158
and women’s rights, 500
Butler, Pierce, 73, 118, 211–12, 384
Butler, Richard, 129–30
Byrd, William, 10, 517
Byron, George Gordon, 574
Cabot, George, 118, 177, 258, 304, 305
Cadore letter, 665–66, 667
Caldwell, Charles, 390, 540
Calhoun, John C., 485, 661, 702, 707
Callender, James Thomson, 237, 258, 261
Calvinism, 326, 603–5, 608–9, 614, 618
camp meetings, 596–97, 610
Campbell, George W., 692, 734
Campbell, Thomas, 607, 610, 613
Canada: and the Articles of Confederation, 7
and the Embargo Act, 653
and the French wars, 186
and international commerce, 193, 194
and Native Americans, 130
and the trans-Appalachian West, 112
and U.S. expansionism, 375–76
and the War of 1812, 661, 672, 674, 676–80, 678, 683–84, 688–90, 693
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 137
canals, 265, 479, 483–85, 619, 706–7
“A Candid State of Parties,” 161
Cane Ridge, Kentucky, 596–97
caning, 334
capital city, 79–80, 289–91. See also Federal City; Washington, D. C.
capital markets, 323
capital punishment, 492
capitalism: and judicial review, 459
and national bank plans, 99
and political parties, 171
and property rights, 19
and religion, 614
and rural commerce, 322–23
and slavery, 538
Capitol Building, 80, 289–90, 477, 690
Carey, James, 252
Carey, Mathew, 252, 489–90, 592, 612, 693
Caribbean, 509, 622–23. See also specific islands
Carleton, Guy, 194
Carnot, Lazare, 620
Carolina Upcountry, 528
Carroll, John, 591–93
carrying trade, 622–26, 639–46, 654, 706. See also neutral shipping rights
Cartwright, Peter, 595–97
Casey, Silas, 409n25
Catherine the Great, 376
Catholic Church, 337, 549, 591–93
celibacy, 598, 601–2
Celtic culture, 328
censorship, 258. See also Sedition Act
census of 1790, 39
Cent Institution, 490
Ceracchi, Giuseppe, 567
Champion and Dickason v. Casey, 409n25
Channing, William Ellery, 696
Charbonneau, Toussaint, 379
charitable organizations, 485–86. See also benevolence
civil society
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 462
Charleston, South Carolina, 104, 593
Charlotte Temple (Rowson), 341–42, 569
charters of incorporation, 460–61, 461n78
Chase, Samuel: and the federal judiciary, 413, 421
and grand jury charges, 438
impeachment trial, 422–24
and judicial reforms, 421
and judicial review, 447, 459
and the Sedition Act, 261, 262
on state power, 97
Chauncey, Charles, 26
Chauncey, Isaac, 685
Cheetham, James, 383
chemistry, 724–25
Cherokee Indians, 123, 125, 133, 398
Chesapeake region, 509–14, 526, 688, 690
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of, 22, 716–17
Cheves, Langdon, 684, 702
Chickasaw Indians, 123, 125
China, 202, 623
Chipman, Nathaniel, 227–28, 229
Chippewa Indians, 123, 126
Chisholm v. Georgia, 415
Choctaw Indians, 123, 125
Christian Constitutional Society, 589–90
Christianity. See evangelical Christianity
specific denominations
Church of England, 579, 581
Cicero, 213
Cincinnati, Ohio, 316
Cincinnatus, 25, 73
circuit courts, 410, 419
circuses, 725
citizenship: and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 248
Aristotle on, 21–22
and the Articles of Confederation, 7–8
and the Bill of Rights, 65–66
and impressment, 642–43
and political engagement, 22
and slavery, 540–41
and western settlement, 122
and women’s rights, 505–6
Civil Code of Napoleonic France, 403
civil disobedience, 655
civil disputes, 432
civil justice, 407
civil rights, 33, 430
civil society, 13, 203, 473, 485–90, 495, 507
Civil War, 738
Claiborne, William, 372–73
Clarissa (Richardson), 499–500
Clark, George Rogers, 125, 186, 201, 376–82
Clark, William, 377–78, 381
class divisions and conflict: and Adams’ election, 209–16
and the arts, 548, 549–50, 561–62, 569–70, 571–72
and Baltimore riots, 336–38
and civil society, 488–89
and consumerism, 324
and democratization of politics, 712–21
and domestic commerce, 708–12
and education, 472, 473, 474
and egalitarian politics, 332–33
and finances, 230–34
and Findley, 218–23
and the French Revolution, 178–79
and governmental structure, 214–15, 216–18
and honor, 235–38
and indentured servitude, 345–47
and labor divisions, 349–50
and libel, 257–58
and Lyon, 227–30
and Madison, 662–63
and market economics, 320–24
and the middle class, 27–31, 355–56
and monarchism, 82
and national identity, 732–33
and Orleans Territory, 373
and partisanship, 171, 216–18
and Peck, 223–27
and political conflicts, 156
and political leadership, 218–23, 230–34, 280
and religion, 576, 580, 610–11, 613–15
and the Sedition Act, 261–62, 309
and self-interest, 20–22
and social leveling, 727
and social mobility, 223–27, 712–21
and social reforms, 476
and the spoils system, 110n33
; and suffrage expansions, 302–5
and western settlement, 318. See also aristocracy
Clay, Henry, 661, 695, 702, 706, 734
climate, 387–94, 394–95, 396–97
Clinton, DeWitt: and Burr, 383
and canals, 483
and civil society, 489
and Enlightenment ideals, 724
and foreign trade, 708
and Freemasonry, 52
and Madison’s reelection, 683
and trade disputes, 666
Clinton, George: and Burr, 383
and the 1804 election, 313
and federal debt, 172–73
and Genet, 188n38
and trade disputes, 666
and Washington’s reelection, 157–58
Clymer, George, 118, 231–32, 318
Cobbett, William, 229, 254–55, 649, 726
Cochrane, Alexander, 690
Cockburn, George, 690–91
codification of laws, 403, 405, 405n15, 425, 429
Cogswell, Nathaniel, 721
coinage, 99
Coit, Joshua, 234, 247
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 574
College of New Jersey, 60
College of William and Mary, 521
colonial assemblies, 16–18
colonialism, 400–401, 402, 413
Columbia College, 472
“Columbia” (Dwight), 41
Columbia Magazine, 394
Columbia River, 376–77
Columbian, 559
“the Columbianum,” 567
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 222, 404, 406, 434
commercialization, 2, 4, 93, 297, 706. See also industrialization
commodities, 323, 324n23. See also agriculture
cotton
common law: and bills of rights, 66
and class divisions, 228
and criminal law, 436, 439
and Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 71–72
and democratization, 429
and the federal judiciary, 400, 403–4, 409, 411, 416–18, 424, 425–27, 428, 430–31
and judicial review, 434, 448
and Marshall, 438–39
and Orleans Territory, 373
and religion, 591
and sedition laws, 258–59, 260, 309
and the states, 431–32, 457
and strict construction of the Constitution, 271
Common Sense (Paine), 10–11
Compensation Act, 719
competition, 322, 325–29, 364, 462
Compromise of 1790, 143–45
Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de, 178
Confederation Congress: and the Barbary Wars, 634
and capital location, 142
and Madison, 61
and national bank plans, 98
and Native Americans, 125
and New York City, 56
and western settlement, 115, 122
Congregationalists, 167, 244, 490, 580–81, 583, 603–4
Congressional Record, 59
Connecticut: and the Bill of Rights, 72
corporate charter, 460
demographics, 341
and the federal judiciary, 412
and penal reform, 494
and religion, 579, 583, 591, 594
and roads, 481–82
and slavery, 518, 520
and social structure, 712
and state debts, 141
and state judiciary, 401–2
and the War of 1812, 661, 677
and women’s rights, 501
Connecticut Academy, 477
Connecticut Compromise, 32
Connecticut Courant, 586
Connecticut Land Company, 117
Connecticut River, 484
conspiracy theories, 244–45, 722
Constitution, English, 216, 444.See also U.S. Constitution
Constitutional Convention: and the Bill of Rights, 55, 66
and failing of the Articles of Confederation, 15
and the federal judiciary, 445–46
and Hamilton, 90, 92
and incorporation charters, 461n78
and international commerce, 626
and judicial review, 444
and military power, 111
and religion, 589
and separation of powers, 33
and slavery, 518–19, 532
and treaty powers, 199
and the Virginia Plan, 412
and Washington, 73
constitutional law, 447. See also judiciary, federal
constructive treason, 439–40
consumerism, 324, 354–55
Continental Army, 79, 108, 434
Continental Congress, 26, 31, 82, 135, 190–91, 230, 561
Continental Divide, 380
Continental System, 646, 667
contract clause, 456
Cooke, James, 544
Cooke, Samuel, 518
Cooper, Ann, 320
Cooper, Hannah, 320
Cooper, James Fenimore, 118, 224, 320, 711
Cooper, Thomas, 257–58, 261, 724
Cooper, William: and class divisions, 106, 223–25, 225–26, 230
and land speculation, 118–19
and religion, 590
and the Sedition Act, 262
and social changes, 318–19, 344
Cooper, William, Jr., 320
Cooper v. Telfair, 447
Cooperstown, New York, 118, 224
Copenhagen, Denmark, 649
Copley, John Singleton, 545, 552
The Coquette . . . Founded on Fact (Foster), 501, 566–67
Cornwallis, Charles, 241
corporations and corporate charters, 459–66, 482
Corps of Discovery, 379. See also Lewis and Clark expedition
Corps of Engineers, 292
corruption, 291, 299
Corwin, Edward, 443n28
cotton, 361, 365, 528–29, 702–3
council of revision, 412, 446, 454
The Country Seats of the United States of America (Birch), 559–60
country-Whigs, 287
county fairs, 325–26
Coups, Elliott, 381n56
Coxe, Tench, 100, 102, 703
Cram, Nancy Grove, 598
Cranch, William, 454
credit and lending. See also debt: and agriculture, 323
and bank notes, 294
and the federal judiciary, 409n25, 415
and market economics, 324n23
and the War of 1812, 692
and Washington’s farewell address, 208
Creek Indians, 123, 129, 133, 686–87
Creole culture, 520
Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John, 39, 44–45, 50, 711
crime and criminal law: and civil society, 489
and common law, 439
and the federal judiciary, 418
and the Fifth Amendment, 70
and Marshall, 436
and slavery, 517
Crockett, Davy, 687
Cromwell, Oliver, 8, 73
cruel and unusual punishment, 70
Cruelties of the Baltimore MOB (exhibit), 355
Cuba, 366, 376, 534, 648
Cullen, William, 725
cultural development: and the American environment, 43–50
and the American Revolution, 544, 552–53, 554, 557–58, 560, 570
and cultural independence, 735–36
and diversity, 36–43
and folk beliefs, 48, 600–601, 727–28
and the Louisiana Purchase, 370, 372, 373–74
and slavery, 512
syncretic cultures, 512, 600–601
and western settlement, 546–47
Cumberland, 361
Cumberland Road, 482
Curaçao, 534
Cushing, William, 411
customs duties, 134, 191, 193, 650, 665, 684
Cutler, Manasseh, 117, 300
Dallas, Alexande
r J., 428–29, 454, 692
Dana, Edmund Trowbridge, 575
Danae (Wertmüller), 573
Danton, Georges Jacques, 620
Dartmouth College, 344, 460, 465
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 465
Darval (Wood), 342
David, Jacques-Louis, 12, 557
Davie, William, 273, 331
Davila, Enrico Caterino, 146
Dayton, Jonathan, 245
De Lolme, Jean Louis, 215
Dearborn, Henry, 674, 679–80, 685
The Death of General Warren at Bunker’s Hill (Trumbull), 553
debt: assumption of state debts, 97, 110, 141–43, 145, 156, 201, 231, 453
and the Confederation Congress, 15
and Findley, 218
and Hamilton, 153
and Jefferson-Hamilton conflict, 156
and military power, 263
and modern government, 149–50
public debt, 93, 95–103, 140–41, 278, 298–301, 672
and the War of 1812, 660
Decatur, Stephen, 637–38, 681
Declaration of Independence, 8–9, 13, 16, 307, 641
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 71–72, 174
Declaratory Act, 673
Deep South, 511, 520, 523, 524–26, 606
Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States (Adams), 82, 213–14
Defoe, Daniel, 28, 499
Dehon, Theodore, 570
deism, 577, 579, 585, 589–90, 594
Delaware: and bar standards, 454
and the federal judiciary, 412
and freed slaves, 538
and Madison’s reelection, 683
and religion, 583
and slavery, 518, 522
and suffrage expansions, 302
and the War of 1812, 688
Delaware Indians, 123, 126
democracy and democratization: and accountability, 720–21
and colonial assemblies, 16–17
and the Constitution, 31
criticisms of, 322, 407
democratization of politics, 712–21
and demographic shifts, 3–4
and the federal judiciary, 425–32
and Jefferson-Madison relationship, 148
and judicial review, 450
and market economics, 322
and minority rights, 468
negative conceptions of, 718–20
and public education, 469–70
and public opinion, 312
and religion, 598
and the Republican Party, 312–14
and slavery, 531
and suffrage expansion, 302–3
and western settlement, 122–23
Democratic Republicans: and Burr, 282
and class divisions, 350–51, 353
and the Compensation Act, 718–19
decline of, 202–4, 718
and the federal judiciary, 420
and the Federalist Party, 169
and Genet, 186–87
and immigrants, 542
and the Louisiana Purchase, 370
and naval warfare, 631
origin of, 162–63
and religion, 605
and the South, 234
and suffrage expansion, 330
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