original jurisdiction, 411, 419, 441
Orleans Territory, 522, 529, 655–56
Othello (Shakespeare), 562
Otis, Harrison Gray, 246, 249–50, 259, 347, 610, 693
Otis, James, 51, 70, 505, 518
Otsego County, 224, 594
Ottawa Indians, 123, 126
Owen, Robert, 483
Page, John, 587
Paine, Thomas: and Age of Reason, 199–200
on British monarchy, 630–31
and Enlightenment ideals, 38
and free commerce, 190
and the French Revolution, 174, 175
and minimal government, 11
and national character, 103
and penal reform, 494
and religion, 579, 589
and The Rights of Man (Paine), 146, 500
and student riots, 344
and women’s rights, 500, 503
painting, 548, 552–53, 571–72, 723
Pakenham, Edward, 695, 696
Palmer, Elihu, 579
Panoplist, 603, 604
paper money, 99, 218–19, 294
Papers of John Marshall, 449–50
Paradise Lost (Milton), 497
Park Street Church, 604
Parkyns, George Isham, 567
Parliament (English), 64
parliamentary sovereignty, 406
partisanship: and judicial review, 452–59
and Marshall, 438
and newspapers, 251–52, 256
and social conflict, 333–34
and violence, 333–34
and the War of 1812, 692–93, 700
and women’s rights, 503
patents, 702
paternalism, 487, 488–89
Paterson, William, 413, 414, 416, 447
patriarchy, 341, 345, 531, 539, 606, 713
The Patriot, or Scourge of Aristocracy, 594
patriotism, 557, 637
patronage: and the arts, 550, 567, 568–69
and banking, 296
and bankruptcy laws, 416n44
and the 1800 election, 280, 285
and excise taxes, 135
and the Federalist program, 105–7, 109–10, 110
n33, 111
and the Jefferson presidency, 299–300
and Madison, 698
and the market economy, 353
and military power, 263
and social mobility, 714–15
and western settlement, 363
Paul, Jeremiah, 572
Pauw, Corneille, 388
Payne, T., 180
peace movement, 630, 633, 696
Peale, Charles Willson, 143, 393, 496, 555–56, 567–68, 725
Peale, James, 556
Peale, Rembrandt, 571, 573
Peck, Jedediah: and class divisions, 217, 223–27, 234
and newspapers, 253
and religion, 594
and the Sedition Act, 262
and social mobility, 716
penal reform, 491–95
Pendleton, Edmund, 443, 445
penitentiaries, 494
Pennsylvania: and banking, 297
and democratization, 429
and the 1800 election, 284–85
and the federal judiciary, 426
and the First Congress, 57, 63
and judicial review, 455
and Madison’s reelection, 683
and penal reform, 493–94
and population growth, 164
and religion, 583
and roads, 481
and slavery, 519–20, 532–33, 541
and violence, 334
and the War of 1812, 661
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 136, 137
Pennsylvania Abolition Society, 524–25
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 568–69, 723
The People of New York v. Ruggles, 591
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 685–86
Peters, Richard, 261, 418
petit treason, 497
Petite Democrate (French warship), 187
petition rights, 59, 70, 655
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: and education, 471
and epidemics, 389
and national capital plans, 142
and population growth, 56, 104, 142–43, 706
and religion, 593, 600
and slavery, 516, 518, 541
and social changes, 341
and violence, 328–29
Philadelphia Bible Society, 612
Philadelphia Convention See Constitutional Convention
Philippines, 202
“The Philosophy of Jesus” (Jefferson), 587
Piankashaw Indians, 123
Pickering, John, 422
Pickering, Timothy: and the Alien Friends Act, 260
and conflict with France, 240
and peace efforts with France, 273–74
and personal finances, 234
and sectional conflict, 532–33
and the Sedition Act, 261
and separatist movements, 370
and suffrage expansions, 305
and trade disputes, 668
and treason charges, 205
Picture of Philadelphia (Mease), 726–27
Piedmont, 526–27
Pike, Zebulon, 360, 382, 685, 689
Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 475
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth: and Hamilton-Adams feud, 274
and military power, 266–67
and negotiations with France, 239, 241, 273
and presidential bid, 312
and slavery, 534
and social changes, 702
and suffrage expansions, 304
and territorial disputes, 113
and the XYZ Affair, 242, 243
Pinckney, Thomas, 201, 211, 212, 239
Pinckney, William, 644–45, 662
Pinckney’s Treaty, 131–32
piracy, 633–39, 638. See also privateers
Pitt, William, 256, 620–21
Pittsburgh Gazette, 219
Plan of Union, 490
Platt, Jonas, 331
Plumer, William, 160, 305, 407, 422, 456, 466
Plutarch, 8
poetry, 548
Poland, 74
police, 336–37
police powers, 467
political machines, 282
political parties: and democratization, 3
emergence of, 158–64
hostility toward, 152
negative view of, 140
and presidential elections, 210
and social changes, 222
Washington on, 207
and women’s rights, 503. See also Federalist Party
Republican Party
Polly (brig), 624
Poor Richard essays, 713
Pope, Alexander, 93, 574, 575
Pope’s Day, 48
popular culture, 307, 731–32
popular sovereignty, 276, 450, 468
population growth: and expansionism, 2, 14, 45–46
and immigration, 248
Philadelphia, 142–43
rate of growth, 2, 14, 701
and sectional conflict, 164
and urban violence, 336–37
and western settlement, 315–20
populism, 363n16
Porcupine’s Gazette, 229
Port Folio, 321–22, 573, 730
portraiture, 553, 574, 691
postal service, 86, 293, 478–79
poverty, 29, 489
The Power of Sympathy (Brown), 566
Preble, Edward, 637
predestination, 604–5, 608
Presbyterians: and Burr, 590
and conspiracy theories, 244
and democratization of religion, 608, 609
and growth of congregations, 337
and new religious sects, 580
and Peck, 594–95
and revivalism, 581–82, 605
and separation of church and state, 588
and slavery, 607
“Present State of Kentucky” (Filson), 115
presidential powers. See executive power
“The President’s March,” 244
press: and “actual malice,” 257n45
and banking, 295
and the Bill of Rights, 69, 70, 258
and honor codes, 238
and libel, 310n102
and partisanship, 268, 307–8
and strict construction of the Constitution, 271. See also newspapers
Price, Richard, 20, 37, 46
Priestley, Joseph, 46, 252, 287, 356, 587
primogeniture, 498
Princeton, 60, 344, 492, 582–83
printing, 478, 612
prior restraint, 258
prisons, 488, 491–95
private corporations, 463
private rights, 467–68
privateers, 186, 187, 634, 648, 682
prize courts, 624, 640
Proclamation of 1763, 115
Proclamation of Neutrality, 89, 208
Proctor, Henry, 686
Progressivism, 450
Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe (Robison), 244
property rights: and common law, 430
and eminent domain, 464
and entrepreneurship, 330
and inheritance laws, 498
and judicial review, 459
and monetary policy, 18–19
and republicanism, 8–9
Prophet’s Town, 675–76
proportional representation, 32
proprietary wealth, 9
Prosser, Thomas, 535
prostitution, 341, 489–90
protectionism, 101–2, 170. See also tariffs
Protestants, 337, 576, 579, 583, 593, 607, 612. See also specific denominations
protocol issues, 76–77, 81–82, 287–88
provincialism, 543–44
“Provisional Army,” 263–64
Prussia, 175, 192, 403, 621, 646
public corporations, 463
public education, 223, 469–79
public opinion: and civil society, 488
and common law, 439
and democratic governance, 308–12
and education, 476–77
and the Embargo Act, 653, 655
and the Federalist Party, 203, 276
and the French Wars, 187, 188
and honor codes, 159
and judicial review, 445–46
and newspapers, 250–56
and party politics, 306–8
and theater, 255–56
and Washington presidency, 76
public projects, 467. See also infrastructure development
publishing, 570, 574, 612. See also newspapers
Puerto Rico, 534
Puritans, 48, 575, 579, 581, 588, 616
Putnam, Rufus, 119, 133
Quakers, 143, 470, 525–26, 535, 649
Quasi-War, 245, 275, 344, 414, 537, 636, 681
“Quids,” 428–29
Quincy, Josiah, 668
racial issues: and Jefferson, 395n88
and the Louisiana Purchase, 372
racial mixing, 373, 395n88, 514, 516, 538, 540, 541–42
and religion, 598–600
and slavery, 508, 539–41, 541–42
and urban riots, 336
violence, 336–38
Ramsay, David, 7, 47, 50, 391, 545, 577
Randolph, Edmund: and Bank of the United States, 144
and class divisions, 35–36
and commerce treaties, 198
and diplomacy, 204–5
and the 1804 election, 313
and the French wars, 182
and judicial review, 456
and personal finances, 234
Randolph, John: on carrying trade, 625
and class divisions, 331
and the Embargo Act, 650, 652–53
and expansionism, 375
on judicial independence, 422–24
and the Non-Importation Act, 644
and religion, 590
and trade disputes, 666
on Virginia agriculture, 734
on Wilkinson, 114
Randolph, Thomas, 363
re-export trade, 624–25
Red Eagle, 687
Red River, 382
Red Sticks, 686–87
Reeve, Tapping, 454
Reformation, 576
reforms, social, 469, 470–71, 471–74, 474–79
refugees, 46, 142–43, 252, 252n31
Relf, Samuel, 342
relief societies, 487, 488, 582
religion: and civil society, 487, 488–89, 490
and democratic governance, 47
democratization of, 3, 607–11
disestablishment, 578, 588–89
and evangelical Christianity, 594–602, 611–15
and family structure, 499
and the Founders, 583–89
and “Hopkinsianism,” 603–4
and millennial beliefs, 582, 616–19
and missionaries, 490–91
and nationalism, 40
and Paine, 199–200
and political leadership, 589–91
and public education, 474
religious freedom, 47, 70
and republicanism, 11–12
and the revolutionary era, 576–83
and the Second Great Awakening, 576, 591, 602–4
and secularization, 11
and slavery, 518, 535–37, 538–39
and social fragmentation, 604–7, 607–11
and social reforms, 475
and the War of 1812, 692–93
and Washington’s farewell address, 208. See also specific denominations
Report on Manufactures, 485
Report on the Public Credit, 95, 140
representation, 450, 531, 532, 694, 720
Republic of West Florida, 375
Republican Argus, 427
Republican Party, 632–33
and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 249–50
and the Alien Friends Act, 260–61
and Baltimore riots, 337–38
and banking, 295–96
and bankruptcy laws, 416n44
and the Barbary Wars, 635–36
and Burr, 282
and carrying trade, 624–25
and civil society, 486
and class divisions, 217, 228
and conflicts with France, 240, 241
and democracy, 718
and Democratic-Republican Societies, 163–64
and democratization, 312–13
and diplomacy, 204
and the 1800 election, 276–77, 282–86
and electioneering, 306
and the Embargo Act, 649–50, 655–56
emergence of, 154, 161
and executive power, 246
and the federal judiciary, 400, 417, 419–20, 421, 425
and freed slaves, 542
and the French Revolution, 177
and the French Wars, 187
and governmental power, 455
and Hamilton-Adams feud, 274–75
and impressment conflict, 643
and infrastructure programs, 485
and international commerce, 192–96, 627–30
and judicial reforms, 430
and judicial review, 452
and the Louisiana Purchase, 372
and Madison’s reelection, 683
and military power, 265, 266–67, 631
and national debt, 298
and negotiations with France, 245
and neutral rights, 649
and newspapers, 252–55, 256, 258
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 665–66
and partisan conflict, 268
and partisanship, 152, 307
and patronage, 299–300
and popular culture, 732
and religion, 602
and schisms
, 313–14, 428
and sectional conflict, 166–68, 172, 209
and sedition laws, 256–57, 261–62, 310, 311
and size of government, 291, 302
and slavery, 533, 535, 536
and social divisions, 712
support for, 164–73
and theater, 255–56
and trade issues, 197, 667–68, 668–70
and the War of 1812, 660, 661–62, 670–71, 674, 676, 677, 683–84, 692, 694
and Washington’s retirement, 207–8
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 139
and the XYZ Affair, 242, 244. See also Northern Republicans
republicanism: and Adams, 82–83
and the American Revolution, 6–7
and the arts, 545, 553, 557–59, 560, 567–68
and civil society, 485–90
and class distinctions, 20–22
and the Constitution, 31–36
and corporate charters, 461
criticisms of, 13–20
and cultural development, 36–43, 43–50
and education, 469
and European wars, 620
and family structure, 495–500
and the Federalist Party, 276
and Freemasonry, 50–52
and Hamilton, 92–93, 153
and Jefferson-Hamilton conflict, 153
and Jefferson’s legacy, 736–38
and the middle class, 27–31
and missionaries, 490–91
and monarchism, 146, 701
and newspapers, 151
and peace, 189
and penal reform, 491–95
and public education, 470–71
and public morality, 11–13
and religion, 582, 608, 617
and slavery, 4, 508, 733–35, 735–38
and social equality, 348
and social structure, 9–11, 22
threats to, 150–57
and virtue of citizens, 8
and the War of 1812, 670, 698, 700
and Washington’s retirement, 206
and western settlement, 357
and women’s rights, 500–507
Restorationists, 610
retributive justice, 493
revivalism, 596–97, 602, 604–5, 610, 675
Revolutionary War. See American Revolution
Reynolds, Maria, 236–37, 261
Rhode Island: and banking, 296–97
and the Bill of Rights, 69
and bills of rights, 67
codification of laws, 405n15
corporate charter, 460
demographics, 341
and the judiciary, 401–2, 409n25, 410, 415n42
and ratification of the Constitution, 36, 57
and religion, 591
and slavery, 516–17, 518, 520
and suffrage, 330
and the War of 1812, 661
rice cultivation, 509–11, 513, 528
Richard III (Shakespeare), 562
Richardson, Samuel, 499, 550
Richmond, Virginia, 104, 593
Richmond Enquirer, 670
The Rights of Man (Paine), 146, 500
riots, 21, 336–37, 495
“Rip Van Winkle” (Irving), 1
Ripley, Dorothy, 598
“The Rising Glory of America” (Freneau), 547
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