Wilson, James: and the Bill of Rights, 66–67
and class divisions, 218–19, 221, 234
and the Constitution, 209–10, 222
and the federal judiciary, 411, 412, 417, 446, 451–52
and minimal government, 12
and monarchism, 74
and personal finances, 233
and public service, 25–26, 27
and western settlement, 119
Wilson, Woodrow, 288
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 551
Winstanley, William, 571
Winthrop, John, 38–39
Wirt, William, 590
Witherspoon, John, 48
Wolcott, Oliver, 205, 211, 233, 435
Wolcott, Oliver, Jr., 178, 234, 240, 418
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 500, 502, 506
women’s issues: and the arts, 566, 569
and benevolence, 13
and family structure, 495–500
and literacy, 47
and religion, 598
and republicanism, 9
and social changes, 341
and social structure, 711
and women’s rights, 500–507
Wood, Sally, 342
Worcester, Noah, 696
Wordsworth, William, 574
Wortman, Tunis, 309, 311
Wright, Robert, 719, 720
writs of mandamus, 440–41
Wyandot Indians, 123, 126, 131
Wyatt conspiracy, 252n31
Wyoming, 115
Wythe, George, 443
XYZ Affair, 241–43, 312, 435
Yale College: and Cooper, 320
and democratization, 20
and Dwight, 39, 244, 305, 355, 501, 602
founded, 460, 546
and Law School, 454
and Lyon, 227
and monarchism, 75
and religion, 220, 602
and republican reforms, 492
and social changes, 343–44
and Stiles, 17, 394, 547
and Whitney, 528
Yankee (privateer), 682
Yates, Abraham, 17, 36
Yazoo land scandal, 128–29, 201, 456
yellow fever, 368, 389–90, 726
yeoman farmers: and class divisions, 45, 167
and cotton cultivation, 528, 606, 734
and Jefferson, 277–78
and the Louisiana Purchase, 369
and Marshall, 433
and social structure, 320
and Washington, 206
and western settlement, 357
York (slave), 378
Young, Arthur, 324
Young Ladies Academy of Philadelphia, 505
Zenger, John Peter, 259, 260
1. Washington Irving, The Sketch Book, in Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches, ed. James W. Tuttleton (New York, 1983), 770–81.
2. Jeffrey Rubin-Dorsky, Adrift in the Old World: The Psychological Pilgrimage of Washington Irving (Chicago, 1988), 74–75.
3. Niles’ Weekly Register, 9 (1815), 238.
4. Irving, The Sketch Book, in Tuttleton, ed., Washington Irving, 789.
1. William Stephen Smith to TJ, 9 Jan. 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 501.
2. Thomas Lee Shippen to William Shippen, 14 Feb.–26 March 1788, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 502–4; Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 46–47.
3. David Ramsay, A Dissertation on the Manner of Acquiring the Character and Privileges of a Citizen of the United States (Charleston, SC, 1789), 3. On the Revolution’s creation of a new volitional allegiance of citizenship, see James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870 (Chapel Hill, 1978), 173–209.
4. Philadelphia Pennsylvania Packet, 26 Nov. 1776.
5. Jefferson’s “original Rough draught” of the Declaration of Independence, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 423.
6. George V. Taylor, “Noncapitalist Wealth and the Origins of the French Revolution,” AHR, 62 (1967), 469–96; William Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1980), 17–18.
7. Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 544.
8. TJ to Henry Lee, 8 May 1825, Jefferson: Writings, 1501.
9. Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights (New York, 2007), 19.
10. William Byrd, “History of the Dividing Line . . . 1728,” in Louis B. Wright, ed., The Prose Works of William Byrd of Westover (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 221; Fauquier to Jeffrey Amherst, 5 Oct. 1760, in Julie Richter, “The Impact of the Death of Governor Francis Fauquier on His Slaves and Their Families,” Colonial Williamsburg Interpreter 18, no. 3 (Fall 1997), 2.
11. John Andrews, A Sermon on the Importance of Mutual Kindness (Philadelphia, 1790), 14.
12. Mark A. Noll, “Common Sense Traditions and American Evangelical Thought,” American Quarterly, 37 (1985), 218; TJ to Peter Carr, 10 Aug. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 15.
13. Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 4.
14. TJ to Marbois, 5 Dec. 1783, Papers of Jefferson, 6: 374.
15. Geoffroy Atkinson, The Sentimental Revolution: French Writers of 1690–1740 (Seattle, 1966); Norman S. Fiering, “Irresistible Compassion: An Aspect of Eighteenth-Century Sympathy and Humanitarianism,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 37 (1976), 199–212; John B. Radner, “The Art of Sympathy in Eighteenth-Century British Moral Thought,” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, 9 (Madison, WI, 1979), 189–210; Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999).
16. James Wilson, “Lectures on Law” (1790–1791), The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge, MA, 1967), 1: 213.
17. David Hume, “of Commerce,” Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1985), 262–63.
18. Jan Lewis, “The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic,” WMQ, 44 (1987), 689–721.
19. Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 117.
20. “Amicus Republicae,” Address to the Public (Exeter, NH, 1786), in Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, eds., American Political Writing During the Founding Era, 1760–1805 (Indianapolis, 1983), 1: 644.
21. Charleston South Carolina Gazette and General Advertiser, 9 Aug. 1783; John Jay to GW, 27 June 1786, in Henry P. Johnston, ed., The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay (New York, 1890–93), 3: 204–5.
22. BR TO David Ramsay, [March or April 1788], Letters of Rush, 1: 454; GW to Jay, 1 Aug. 1786, 18 May 1786, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 28: 503, 431–32.
23. Charles Thomson to TJ, 6 April 1786, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 380; Charleston South Carolina Gazette and Public Advertiser, 18–21 May 1785.
24. Editorial Note, Papers of Jefferson, 9: 208.
25. JM to TJ, 24 Oct. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 276.
26. Jackson Turner Main, “Government by the People: The American Revolution and Democratization of the Legislatures,” WMQ, 23 (1966), 391–407; Rosemarie Zagarri, The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850 (Ithaca, 1987).
27. Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 40, 27.
28. “Madison’s Observations on Jefferson’s Draft of a Constitution for Virginia” (1788), Papers of Jefferson, 6: 308–9; Ezra Stiles, “The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor” (1783), in John W. Thornton, ed., The Pulpit of the American Revolution (Boston, 1860), 420.
29. “Address of the Council of Censors,” 14 Feb. 1786, in William Slade, ed., Vermont State Papers (Middlebury, VT, 1823), 540.
30. Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 405.
31. TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 120.
32. JA, “Novanglus,” in Adams, ed., Works, 4: 79.
33. JM, “Vices of the Political System of the United States” (1787), Madison: Writings, 75.
35. GW to John Hancock, 24 Sept. 1776, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 6: 107–8.
36. Theodore Sedgwick, A Memoir of the Life of William Livingston (New York, 1833), 403.
37. Christopher Grasso, A Speaking Aristocracy: Transforming Public Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut (Chapel Hill, 1999), 386.
38. Morris to John Penn, 20 May 1774, in Merrill Jensen, ed., American Colonial Documents to 1776 (London, 1955), 861–63.
39. [BR], “To the Freeman of the United States,” Pennsylvania Gazette, 30 May 1787, in John P. Kaminski et al., eds., Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution (Madison, WI, 1976–), 13: 116.
40. Aristotle, Politics, VII.ix.1328 b33, trans. T. A. Sinclair, rev. Trevor J. Saunders (New York, 1981), 415.
41. JA, Notes for “A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law” (1765), Papers of Adams, 1: 107.
42. Henry Dwight Sedgwick, In Praise of Gentlemen (Boston, 1933), 130n.
43. TJ to JA, 28 Oct. 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 388; Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York, 1993), 2: 760, 761.
44. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761.
45. James Kent, “An Introductory Lecture to a Course of Law Lectures,” (1794), in Hyneman and Lutz, eds., American Political Writing During the Founding Era, 2: 947; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., 30 May 1790, Papers of Jefferson, 16: 449.
46. JA, Jan. 1776, Diary and Autobiography, 1: 198.
47. JA, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States (1787–88), in Adams, ed., Works, 6: 185.
48. Noah Webster, “On the Education of Youth in America” (1790), in Frederick Rudolph, ed., Essays on Education in the Early Republic (Cambridge, MA, 1965), 56.
49. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Oxford, 1976) (V.i.f 50–51), 2: 781–83.
50. Francis Hutcheson, A System of Moral Philosophy in Three Books (London, 1755), 2: 113.
51. TJ to Richard Henry Lee, 17 June 1779, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 2: 192; TJ to William Duane, 1 Oct. 1812, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 6: 80; TJ to Francis Willis, 13 April 1790, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 5: 157; BF to Cadwallader Colden, 11 Oct. 1750, Papers of Franklin, 4: 68.
52. Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics (New York, 1968), 143; Gordon S. Wood, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 2004), 183.
53. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761; Wilson, “On the History of Property,” in McCloskey, ed., Works of Wilson, 2: 716; John Dickinson, “Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson, vol. 1, Political Writings, 1764–1774 (Penn. Historical Society, Memoirs, 14 [Philadelphia, 1895 ]), 307.
54. Charles Chauncey to Richard Price, 1774, in D. C. Thomas and Bernard Peach, eds., The Correspondence of Richard Price (Durham, 1983), 1: 170.
55. David Duncan Wallace, The Life of Henry Laurens (New York, 1915), 335.
56. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard Labaree et al. (New Haven, 1964), 196.
57. TJ to John Page, 30 July 1776, Papers of Jefferson, 1: 482; Susan Dunn, Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison, and the Decline of Virginia (New York, 2007), 31.
58. AH, Federalist No. 35.
59. T. H. Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York, 2004).
60. Lisa B. Lubow, “From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston,” in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850 (Boston, 1997), 181.
61. George Rudé, Hanoverian London, 1714–1808 (Berkeley, 1971), 37, 56–57.
62. Lubow, “From Carpenter to Capitalist,” in Wright and Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs, 185; Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1979), 295–322.
63. Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: “The People,” the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution (New York, 2007), 33.
64. Heather Nathans, Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 85, 92–100, 106–14.
65. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 773.
66. AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 21 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 41.
67. Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and the American Character, 1775–1783 (Chapel Hill, 1979), 87, 91.
68. AStuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900 (Cambridge, UK, 1989); Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1979), 295–322.
69. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, enlarged ed. (Cambridge, MA, 1992), 321–79, sees the Constitution as the fulfillment of the Revolution with little or no social conflict involved. Beginning with J. Allen Smith, Spirit of American Government, a Study of the Constitution: Its Origin, Influence and Relation to Democracy (1907), and continuing with probably the most famous history book in American history, Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (1913), Progressive and Neo-Progressive historians have viewed the Constitution as an undemocratic document foisted on an unwilling populace. For modern versions of this Progressive interpretation, see Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: “The People,” the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution (New York, 2007); and Woody Holton, Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution (New York, 2007).
70. Joseph Savage to Samuel Phillips Savage, 17 July 1787, Savage Family, MG 836, New Jersey Historical Society. (I owe this reference to Brendan McConville.)
71. JM to GW, 16 April 1787, Madison: Writings, 81.
72. JM to GW, 16 April 1787, Madison: Writings, 81. For Madison’s downplaying of the executive in the state governments, see JM to Caleb Wallace, 23 August 1785, ibid., 41–42.
73. JM, Federalist Nos. 57, 51.
74. JM, Federalist NO. 10.
75. JM, “Vices of the Political System,” Madison: Writings, 79.
76. JM to GW, 16 April 1787, to Edmund Randolph, 8 April 1787, Papers of Madison, 9: 384, 370; JM, Federalist No. 10; John Zvesper, “The Madisonian Systems,” Western Political Quarterly, 37 (1984), 244–47.
77. Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 175; Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 778.
78. TJ, “A Bill for a More General Diffusion of Knowledge” (1778), Papers of Jefferson, 2: 527.
79. Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911, 1937), 2: 278.
80. David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820 (Chapel Hill, 1997), 95.
81. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 2: 761.
82. The Constitution, Article I, Section 8.
83. Joel Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders in the Several States of Europe (1792, 1795) (Ithaca, 1956), 17; Harry C. Payne, The Philosophes and the People (New Haven, 1976), 7–17; Fisher Ames, Dec. 1796, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1642.
84. Virginia Ratifying Convention, in John P. Kaminski
and Gaspare J. Saladino, eds., The Documentary History of the Constitution (Madison, WI, 1999), 9: 1044–45.
85. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 778–79; AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 21 June 1788, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 41; Young, Democratic Republicans of New York, 45.
86. Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes, 105.
87. BR to Elias Boudinot? Observations on the Federal Procession in Philadelphia, 9 July 1788, Letters of Rush, 1: 470–75.
88. Russell Blaine Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 30. For a fuller version of this argument, see Gordon S. Wood, “The American Enlightenment,” in Gary L. McDowell and Jonathan O’Neill, eds., America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism (New York, 2006), 159–75.
89. JA, “Dissertation on the Feudal and Canon Law” (1765), in Gordon S. Wood, ed., The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820 (New York, 1971), 29.
90. Address to the President, Dec. 1796, Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1612, 1638, 1641–42.
91. Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution 1: 686.
92. Thomas Paine, “Letter to the Abbé Raynal,” in Foner, ed., Writings of Paine, 2: 243–44.
93. Bailyn, ed., Debate on the Constitution, 1: 765.
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