27. Opal, Beyond the Farm, 135, 136.
28. Chauncey Jerome, History of the American Clock Business, in Joyce Appleby, ed., Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies (Boston, 1997), 183.
29. Joseph Dennnie, Port Folio, 1 (14Feb. 1801), in J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography (New York, 1986), 250. In his famous work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), the great German sociologist Max Weber found Franklin to be the perfect exemplar of the modern capitalistic spirit.
30. Irvin Wyllie, The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches (New Brunswick, NJ, 1954); John G. Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man (Chicago, 1965); Daniel Walker Howe, Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (Cambridge, MA, 1997).
31. William L. Hedges, “Washington Irving: Nonsense, the Fat of the Land and the Dream of Indolence,” in Matthew J. Bruccoli, ed., The Chief Glory of Every People (Carbondale, IL, 1973), 156–57.
32. Roland M. Baumann, “John Swanwick: Spokesman for ‘Merchant-Republicanism’ in Philadelphia, 1790–1798,” Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog ., 97 (1973), 141.
33. Stow Persons, The Decline of American Gentility (New York, 1973), 50.
34. John Caldwell, William Findley from West of the Mountains: Congressman, 1791–1821 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2002), 356, 377; Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York, 1986), 68.
35. Richard L. bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992), xiii; American Monthly Magazine, 2 (1818), 469.
36. Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky, in Appleby, ed., Recollections, 60.
37. Martha Tomhave Blauvelt, The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780–1830 (Charlottesville, 2007), 192.
38. Franklin Society for the Suppression of Temperance (Broadside: Greenfield, MA, 23 Feb. 1814); Mason L. Weems, The True Patriot; or, An Oration on the Beauties and Beatitudes of a Republic (Philadelphia, 1802), 37.
39. David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 156; James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge, 1978), 309.
40. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, 2005), 70.
41. See, in general, Everett Somerville Brown, ed., William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807 (London, 1923).
42. Elias Smith, The Loving Kindness of God Disposed in the Triumph of Republicanism in America (n.p., 1809), 14–15.
43. C. Edward Skeen, “Vox Populi, Vox Dei: The Compensation Act of 1816 and the Rise of Popular Politics,” JER, 6 (1986), 259–60.
44. Skeen, “Vox Populi, Vox Dei,” JER, 6 (1986), 259–60.
45. TJ to De Meunier, 29 April 1795, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Federal Edition (New York, 1904), 8: 174.
46. Skeen, “Vox Populi, Vox Dei,” JER, 6 (1986), 261.
47. Caldwell, William Findley from West of the Mountains, 370–72.
48. Skeen, “Vox Populi, Vox Dei,” JER, 6 (1986), 272.
49. Constantin Francois Volney, A New Translation of Volney’s Ruins; or, Mediations on the Revolution of Empires (Paris, 1802), 1: 152.
50. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1992), 360; North American Review, 3 (1816), 345–47.
51. Nathaniel Cogswell, An Oration, Delivered Before the Republican Citizens of Newburyport . . . on the Fourth of July 1808 (Newburyport, 1808), 18–19; Monthly Anthology and Boston Review (Boston, 1808), 450; Pliny Merrick, An Oration, Delivered at Worcester, July 4, 1817 (Worcester, 1817), 9–10.
52. Gordon S. Wood, “Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century,” WMQ, 39 (1982), 439–41; David B. Davis, The Slave Power Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style (Baton Rouge, 1969); Thomas L. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority (Urbana, IL, 1977).
53. Edward J. Nygren and Bruce Robertson, eds., Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830 (Washington, DC, 1986), 226, 37–40, 58.
54. Joseph Hopkinson, Annual Discourse (1810), in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 336; Washington Irving, A History of New York (1809), in James W. Tuttleton, ed., Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches (New York, 1983), 489.
55. New York Magazine, 5 (1794), 472, 474.
56. TJ to John Banister Jr., 15 Oct. 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 636; to Joseph C. Cabell, 28 Nov. 1820, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 166; Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 1606–1865 (New York, 1946), 2: 503–4; DeWitt Clinton, An Introductory Discourse, Delivered Before the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, July 4th, 1814 (New York, 1815), 38.
57. John C. Greene, “Science in the Age of Jefferson,” Isis, 49 (1958), 24.
58. Thomas Cooper, Port Folio, 5th Ser. (1817), 408–13.
59. Hugo A. Meier, “Technology and Democracy, 1800–1860,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 43 (1957), 622; Edward Handler, “‘Nature Itself Is All Arcanum’: The Scientific Outlook of John Adams,” American Philosophical Society, Proc., 120 (1979), 223.
60. Richard Harrison Shryock, Medicine and Society in America, 1660–1860 (New York, 1960), 70; Carl Binger, Revolutionary Doctor: Benjamin Rush, 1746–1813 (New York, 1966), 229.
61. Whitfield J. Bell, Early American Science: Needs and Opportunities for Study (Williamsburg, 1955), 8–9; Donald J. D’Elia, “Dr. Benjamin Rush and the American Medical Revolution,” American Philosophical Society, Proc., 110 (1966), 227–34.
62. Port Folio, 4th Ser., 6 (1815), 275; Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago, 1982), 154.
63. James H. Smylie, “Charles Nisbet: Second Thoughts on a Revolutionary Generation,” Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 98 (1974), 201.
64. Daniel Drake, “Introductory Lecture for the Second Session of the Medical College of Ohio,” Henry D. Shapiro and Zane L. Miller, eds., Physician in the West: Selected Writings of Daniel Drake (Lexington, KY, 1970), 171.
65. Hopkinson, Annual Discourse, (1810), in Wood, ed., Rising Glory of America, 333; Nathan Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, 1989), 45.
66. Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P. T. Barnum (Boston, 1973); Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830–1870 (New Haven, 1982).
67. Kenneth L. Sokoloff and B. Zorina Khan, “The Democratization of Invention During Early Industrialization: Evidence from the United States, 1790–1846,” Journal of Economic History, 50 (1990), 363–78.
68. Neil L. York, “Oliver Evans,” American National Biography (New York, 1999), 7: 617–18; Eugene S. Ferguson, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution (Greenville, DE, 1980).
69. Carolyn C. Cooper, “Thomas Blanchard,” American National Biography, 2: 939–40.
70. Jacob Bigelow, Inaugural Address, Delivered in the Chapel of the University at Cambridge, December 11, 1816 (Boston, 1817), 12, 13, 15, 16–17.
71. Isaac Kramnick, “Republican Revisionism Revisited,” AHR, 87 (1982), 662; Port Folio, 3rd Ser., 4 (1810), 571–72.
72. Charles G. Haines, Considerations on the Great Western Canal (Brooklyn, 1818), 11.
73. Samuel Blodgett, Economica: A Statistical Manual for the United States of America (Washington, DC, 1806), 102.
74. Meyer Reinhold, Classica Americana: The Greek and Roman Heritage in the United States (Detroit, 1984), 129, 124.
75. BR to James Hamilton, 27 June 1810, Letters of Rush, 2: 1053. Others too thought that the number of those attending colleges and academies in the United States ought to be limited, “since but few men can, or ever ought to live by their learning.” David Barnes, A Discourse on Education (Boston, 1803),
11.
76. Richard D. Brown, Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865 (New York, 1989), 212–15; William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, D.D: Pastor of East Church, Salem, Massachusetts (Gloucester, MA, 1962), 4: 370.
77. Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans (Cambridge, MA, 2000), 11, 10.
78. Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, 126.
79. Hunt, As We Were, 42–43.
80. Susan Dunn, Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison and the Decline of Virginia (New York, 2007), 42.
81. Avery O. Craven, Soil Exhaustion as a Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland, 1606–1860 (1926; Gloucester, MA, 1965), 83; Edmund Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts (Boston, 1867), 354.
82. Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, 225.
83. Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought, 3rd ed. (New York, 1964), 245.
84. TJ to Alexander von Humboldt, 6 Dec. 1813, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 14: 22–23; to William H. Crawford, 20 June 1816, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 34–35; to Henry Middleton, 8 Jan. 1813, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 13: 203; Robert E. Shalhope, “Thomas Jefferson’s Republicanism and Antebellum Southern Thought,” Journal of Southern History, 42 (1976), 542; TJ to JM, 17 Feb. 1826, Jefferson: Writings, 1514.
85. TJ to Lafayette, 4 Nov. 1823, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 280.
86. TJ to Charles Pinckney, 30 Sept. 1820, in L and B, eds., Writings of Jefferson, 15: 280; TJ to John Holmes, 22 April 1820, Jefferson: Writings, 1434.
87. TJ to Lafayette, 26 Dec. 1820, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 10: 180.
88. TJ to J. Correa de Serra, 25 Nov. 1817, in L and B, eds. Writings of Jefferson, 15: 157; JM, “Advice to My Country” (1834), Madison: Writings, 866; Dunn, Dominion of Memories, 26.
89. TJ, First Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, Jefferson: Writings, 493.
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