by John Butman
2 Denmark House was formerly known as Somerset House. The house was demolished in 1775 and in 1779 work began on a new building, known once again as Somerset House, which was constructed in stages and completed in 1801, https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/history. A “queen consort” has no constitutional power. For a detailed discussion of the conference setting, including the carpet and other furnishings, as well as a description of the Somerset House Conference painting, see the collections page at the Royal Museums Greenwich, http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/14260.html.
3 A discussion of the attendees accompanies a reproduction of the portrait of the signing ceremony, showing eleven delegates before a large paned window. For the full list of participants, see: “A Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Alliance,” in A General Collection of Treatys, 132–34.
4 Parker, Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014; paperback ed., 2015), 63.
5 “A Treaty of Perpetual Peace,” 131; 134.
6 Ibid., 141.
7 Don Juan Fernández de Velasco, Spain’s representative at the Treaty of London negotations, as reported in a letter by Pedro de Zúñiga to Philip III, 16 October 1607, in Barbour, ed., Jamestown Voyages, 1:121.
8 Trevelyan, Sir Walter Raleigh, 398–405.
9 David Beers Quinn and Alison M. Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 1602–1608 (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1983), 58.
10 George Waymouth, “Jewell of Artes,” excerpted in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 232–41; 232.
11 “The jewell of artes,” Yale University Library, Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, 2012, http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3446439. The authors also inspected the bound manuscript at the British Library.
12 Henry Stevens and George Birdwood, eds., The Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies As Recorded in the Court Minutes of the East India Company, 1599–1603 (London: Henry Stevens & Son, 1886), 183.
13 Ibid., 184.
14 Ibid., 233.
15 Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 233–34. Images are reproduced on 236–41.
16 Ibid., 56–57.
17 Ibid., 254, fn4. Quinn speculates that Gilbert may have been involved because Waymouth spent time organizing his expedition in Dartmouth, which is not far from Gilbert’s residence in Greenway.
18 The official account of the voyage was written by James Rosier, “A True Relation of the most prosperous voyage made this present yeere 1605, by Captaine George Waymouth, in the Discovery of the Land of Virginia,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 251–311.
19 David R. Ransome, “James Rosier (1573–1609), explorer,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
20 Rosier, “A True Relation,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 269.
21 Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and Their World: A New History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 9.
22 Rosier, “A True Relation,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 303.
23 Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 189.
24 Rosier, “A True Relation,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 284.
25 Ibid., 302.
26 W. L. Grant, ed., Voyages of Samuel de Champlain 1604–1618 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907), 77.
27 Rosier, “A True Relation,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 251n5. The exact publication date is not included on the title page of the relation, although Rosier specifies the work was “made” in “this present yeere 1605” which, given the uncertainty of dating, could be as late as March, 1606.
28 Rosier, “A True Relation,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 292.
29 Richard Arthur Preston, Gorges of Plymouth Fort: A Life of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Captain of Plymouth Fort, Governor of New England, and Lord of the Province of Maine (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, in cooperation with the Royal Military College of Canada, 1953), 29 (Ann); 126 (children). Also see James Phinney Baxter, ed. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3 vols. (Boston: The Prince Society XVIII, 1890. Reprinted by Burt Franklin: Research and Source Works Series #131, 1967), 2:167.
30 Preston, Gorges of Plymouth Fort, 18.
31 Ibid., 36.
32 The Description of Mawooshen was obtained by Hakluyt and published by Samuel Purchas in 1625. See Hakluytus Posthumus, 19:400–405. Quinn discusses the provenance of the name and the scope of the area it describes. He suggests it lies between Mount Desert Island and the Saco River, in The New England Voyages, 470n1–4.
33 Sir Ferdinando Gorges, “A Briefe Narration of the Originall Undertakings of the Advancement of Plantations into the parts of America,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 2:1–81; 8 (“giving life”).
34 Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. Clark, 2:159; P. W. Hasler, “John Popham (c.1532–1607), of Wellington, Som.,” in The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1558–1603.
35 “[Circa January, 1606], Sir Walter Cope to the Earl of Salisbury,” in Quinn, ed., New American World, 5:166–67.
36 Clare Williams, trans., Thomas Platter’s Travels in England 1599 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1937), 171–73.
37 “[Circa January, 1606], Sir Walter Cope to the Earl of Salisbury,” in Quinn, ed., New American World, 5:166–67.
38 George Chapman, Ben Jonson, and John Marston, Eastward Hoe, extracted in Alexander Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States: A Narrative of the Movement in England, 1605–1616, Which Resulted in the Plantation of North America by Englishmen, Disclosing the Contest Between England and Spain for Possession of the Soil Now Occupied by the United States of America; Set Forth Through a Series of Historical Manuscripts now first printed: Together with a Reissue of Rare Contemporaneous Tracts, Accompanied by Bibliographical Memoranda, Notes, and Brief Biographies, 2 vols. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1890), 1:29–32.
39 “Letters Patent for Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers and others… April 10, 1606,” Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:52–63; 52–53.
40 “Charter of 1605,” in Pauline Croft, ed., The Spanish Company (London: London Record Society, 1973), 95–113.
41 Pauline Croft, “Introduction: The Revival of the Company, 1604–6,” in Croft, ed., The Spanish Company, xxix–li.
42 “Articles, Instructions and Orders,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:65–75.
43 Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3:122–23.
44 John Smith, “The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles,” in Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) in Three Volumes (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 2:433–75; 428.
16. A PUBLIC PLANTATION
1 Sir Ferdinando Gorges, “A Briefe Narration of the Originall Undertakings of the Advancement of Plantations into the parts of America,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 2:9.
2 Ibid., 10.
3 “4 February 1607. The Relation of Daniel Tucker,” in David Beers Quinn and Alison M. Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 1602–1608 (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1983), 360-63. And “[December 1607]. Narrative of John Stoneman, pilot of the Richard, after his return to England,” in Beers and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 1602–1608, 364–75.
4 “[December 1607]. Narrative of John Stoneman, pilot of the Richard, after his return to England,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 364–75; 368.
5 “16 February 1606. Deposition of Nicholas Hind, master of the Richard in the High Court of Admiralty,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 356–60; 358.
6 “Narrative of John Stoneman,” in
Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 370–71.
7 “Gorges to Cecil, Feb 4 1606[7]: Report of seizure of ship by Spaniards,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3:126–28.
8 “Concerning the ship taken at sea going to Virginia,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3:132–33.
9 “Nevill Davis to Sir John Popham, Lord Chief Justice,” January 25/February 4 1606–7, in Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House: Volume 19, 1607, ed. M.S. Giuseppi and D. McN. Lockie (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1965), 11–33.
10 This voyage is not well documented. The name of the ship and the number of crew are unknown. The master was Martin Pring, an experienced navigator.
11 Sir Ferdinando Gorges, “A briefe Relation of the discovery and plantation of New England,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 1:204–5.
12 “Gorges to Cecil. Feb. 7, 1607,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3:161–64.
13 “Gorges to the Earl of Salisbury. December 3, 1607,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3:158–60.
14 Ibid., 158.
15 “Memoir of Sir Ferdinando Gorges” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 1:78. Definition of a “searcher” is in Smith, “The Generall Historie of Virginia,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 2:398, fn. 4.
16 The two extant accounts of the voyage are: “‘The Relation of a Voyage unto New-England.’ The Journal of Robert Davis (or Davies) of the voyage to North Virginia in 1607 and of the founding of Fort St. George on the Kennebec River, 1 June–26 September 1607,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 416–41; and William Strachey, “The Narrative of the North Virginia Voyage and Colony, 1607–1608,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 397–415.
17 Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 1:77–8.
18 Strachey, “The Narrative of the North Virginia voyage and colony,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 414.
19 “Gorges to Cecil. December 1, 1607,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3:154–7.
20 “Gorges to Cecil. December 3, 1607,” in Ibid., 3:158–60; 160.
21 “Gorges to Cecil. February 7, 1608,” in Ibid., 3:161–64; 161.
22 The court proceedings are summarized in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 334; documents relating to the proceedings can be found on 459–65.
23 “13 December 1607. Captain George Popham to King James I, from Fort St. George,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 452–54.
24 “7 February 1608. Sir Ferdinando Gorges to the Earl of Salisbury, reporting the return of the Gift of God,” in Quinn and Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 455–58.
25 Gorges, “A briefe relation,” in Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 1:206–7.
26 Ibid., 207.
17. FIRST COLONY
1 Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering, 85; Andrews, “Christopher Newport,” The William and Mary Quarterly 11, no. 1 (1954): 32–33.
2 Ransome, “Bartholomew Gosnold,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Martha’s Vineyard was probably named after Gosnold’s mother-in-law, a daughter of Sir Andrew Judde, co-founder of the Mysterie.
3 “24 November 1606, ‘Dispensation for Richard Hakluyt,’” in Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Jamestown Voyages Under the First Charter, 1606–1609, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, for The Hakluyt Society, 1969), 1:62–64.
4 “Instructions given by way of advice by us whom it hath pleased the King’s Majesty to appoint of the Council for the intended voyage to Virginia, to be observed by those Captains and company which are sent at this present to plant there,” in Taylor, ed., The Original Writings, 2:492–96; 492n1.
5 Originally, the London Company envisaged 120 settlers and 40 mariners: Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:82n1. For accounts of the first voyage and the beginnings of the plantation, see George Percy, “Observations gathered out of a Discourse of the Plantation of the Sourtherne Colonie in Virginia by the English, 1606,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:152–68; John Smith, “A true relation of such occurences and accidents of note as hath happened in Virginia since the first planting of that Colony…,” in Philip L. Barbour, ed. The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) 3 vols. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 1:27–97.
6 “Certain orders and Directions conceived and set down the tenth day of December… by His Majesties’ Counsel for Virginia,” December 10, 1606, in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:75–79.
7 R.C. Simmons, “Edward Maria Wingfield (b. 1550, d. in or after 1619), soldier and colonist in America,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
8 “Instructions,” Taylor, ed., The Original Writings, 2:492 (“strongest”), 493 (“hundred miles”); Smith, “A True Relation,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:29.
9 “Instructions,” in Taylor, ed., The Original Writings, 2:493–94.
10 Gabriel Archer (attributed), “A relatyon of the Discovery of our River, from James Forte into the Maine: made by Captain Christofer Newport: and sincerely written and observed by a gent. of ye Colony,” in Barbour, ed., Jamestown Voyages, 1:80–98; 95.
11 “Instructions given by way of advice,” in Taylor, ed., The Original Writings, 2:496.
12 “22 June 1607. Letter from the Council in Virginia,” in Barbour, ed., Jamestown Voyages, 1:78–80.
13 “12 August 1607: Sir Walter Cope to Lord Salisbury,” in Barbour, ed., Jamestown Voyages, 1:108–10; “13 August 1607: Sir Walter Cope to Lord Salisbury,” in Barbour, ed., Jamestown Voyages, 1:111.
14 “12/22 September 1607: Pedro de Zúñiga to Philip III,” in Barbour, ed., Jamestown Voyages, 1:114–16.
15 “12 August 1607: Cope to Salisbury,” in Barbour, ed., Jamestown Voyages, 1:109; “17 August 1607. Sir Thomas Smythe to Lord Salisbury,” in Barbour, ed., Jamestown Voyages, 1:112.
16 Smith, “A True Relation,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:33.
17 Percy, “Observations,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:167.
18 Smith, “A True Relation,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:33; Smith, “The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia since their first beginning from England in the yeare of our Lord 1606, till this present 1612,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:210.
19 For Kendall’s background: Philip L. Barbour, “Captain George Kendall: Mutineer or Intelligencer?,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 70, no. 3 (1962): 297–313.
20 Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of Virginia. Their Traditional Culture (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989), 9–15.
21 Smith, “A True Relation,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:47 (20 or 30 arrows), 49 (bread and venison).
22 John Smith, “The General Historie,” Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 2:151.
23 Karen Ordahl Kupperman, The Jamestown Project (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 230–32.
24 Smith, “A True Relation,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:35.
25 Smith, “The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:259.
26 Smith, “A True Relation,” in Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:53 (raccoon skins), 97 (profitable for commerce).
27 James Horn, A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America (New York: Basic Books, 2005; paperback ed., 2006), 100–101.
28 “The Copy of a Lette
r sent to the Treasurer and Councell of Virginia from Captaine Smith, then President of Virginia,” in “The General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles,” in Barbour, The Complete Work of Captain John Smith, 2:53–474; 187–90.
29 Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:206.
30 John Rolfe, A True Relation of the State of Virginia left by Sir Thomas Dale Knight in May last 1616. Set forth with an Introduction and Notes by a group of Virginian Librarians (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1951), 34.
31 “A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation begun in Virginia,” December 14, 1609, in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:337–53; 342, 345.
32 See Barbour, ed., Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:119–90.
33 Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:207. For the Second Charter: 208–37.
34 “A True and Sincere Declaration,” in Brown, ed., Genesis, 1:349.
35 “A Letter from His Majesty’s Council of Virginia to the Corporation of Plymouth,” February 17, 1609, in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:238–40.
36 Robert Johnson, Nova Britannia: offering most excellent fruites by planting in Virginia. Exciting all such as are well affected to further the same, in David B. Quinn, ed., New American: A Documentary History of North America to 1612, 6 vols. (New York: Arno Press and Hector Bye, Inc., 1979), 5:234–48; 247.
37 Ibid., 236; 239.
38 Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:255–56.
39 Ibid., 1:282–91.
40 “Zúñiga to Philip III, April 12, 1609,” in Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States, 1:258–59.
41 Ian W. Archer, “Sir Thomas Smythe (c. 1558–1625). A lecture delivered at Skinners’ Hall, London, November 26, 2007.” Available from the Oxford University Research Archive, https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4a1c5a8a-78f1-4dfa-9c79-6f94a6161659.