5 Dreadnought: The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry
1. The Times, 16 August 1902. 2. Williams, ‘Made in Germany’, 10. 3. Ibid., 11. 4. Geppert, ‘The Public Challenge to Diplomacy’, 134. 5. Ibid., 143–4. 6. Thompson, Northcliffe, 45. 7. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 178–81. 8. Roberts, Salisbury, 666. 9. Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 247. 10. Ibid., 237. 11. Ibid., 248. 12. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 33. 13. Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 12, 98. 14. Rüger, ‘Nation, Empire and Navy’, 162. 15. Offer, The First World War, 82. 16. French, ‘The Edwardian Crisis and the Origins of the First World War’, 208–9. 17. Thompson, Northcliffe, 296. 18. Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 416. 19. Offer, The First World War, 222. 20. Ibid., 223–4. 21. Ibid., ch. 15. 22. French, ‘The Edwardian Crisis and the Origins of the First World War’, 211–12. 23. Thompson, Northcliffe, 134. 24. O’Brien, ‘The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism, 1846–1914’, 187. 25. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 11. 26. Roberts, Salisbury, 109. 27. Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 53. 28. Massie, Dreadnought, 404. 29. Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 54. 30. Ibid., 56. 31. Massie, Dreadnought, 408. 32. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 14. 33. Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 57. 34. Ibid., 57. 35. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 15. 36. Ibid., 18. 37. Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 55–6. 38. Massie, Dreadnought, 410. 39. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 7–9. 40. Ibid., 33. 41. Ibid., 36. 42. Herwig, ‘Luxury’ Fleet, 55. 43. Ibid., 54–5. 44. Massie, Dreadnought, 485. 45. Herwig, ‘The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution’, 276. 46. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 107. 47. Herwig, ‘Luxury’ Fleet, 50. 48. O’Brien, ‘The Titan Refreshed’, 153–6. 49. Rüger, ‘Nation, Empire and Navy’, 174. 50. Gordon, ‘The Admiralty and Dominion Navies, 1902–1914’, 409–10. 51. O’Brien, ‘The Titan Refreshed’, 150. 52. Ibid., 159. 53. Steiner, ‘The Last Years’, 77. 54. Ibid., 76, 85. 55. Otte, ‘Eyre Crowe and British Foreign Policy’, 27. 56. BD, vol. III, Appendix, 397–420, p. 417. 57. Ibid., 403–4. 58. Ibid., 415–16. 59. Ibid., 419. 60. Stevenson, Armaments, 101. 61. Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 695–9. 62. Herwig, ‘The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution’, 278. 63. Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 831–5. 64. Herwig, ‘Luxury’ Fleet, 8–9. 65. Ibid., 62. 66. Herwig, ‘The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution’, 279. 67. Ibid., 281. 68. Steinberg, ‘The Copenhagen Complex’, 38. 69. Steinberg, ‘The Novelle of 1908’, 28. 70. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 112–13. 71. Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 57–8. 72. Herwig, ‘Luxury’ Fleet, 62; Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 764–7. 73. Massie, Dreadnought, 701. 74. Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 813–17. 75. Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 298n76. 76. Steinberg, ‘The Novelle of 1908’, 26, 36. 77. Ibid., 39. 78. Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 749–56. 79. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 140–42. 80. Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 758–61. 81. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. I, 357. 82. Thompson, Northcliffe, 153. 83. BD, vol. VI, 117, pp. 184–90; Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. I, 358–60. 84. Steinberg, ‘The Novelle of 1908’, 41–2. 85. Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 152. 86. Otte, ‘An Altogether Unfortunate Affair’, 297–301. 87. Ibid., 301–2. 88. Ibid., 305–7, 314. 89. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 239–40. 90. Otte, ‘An Altogether Unfortunate Affair’, 329. 91. Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 291. 92. Einem, Erinnerungen eines Soldaten, 122. 93. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 7. 94. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 156. 95. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, 48–9; Grigg, Lloyd George, 203–8, 223. 96. Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 423.
6 Unlikely Friends: The Entente Cordiale between France and Britain
1. Eubank, ‘The Fashoda Crisis Re-examined’, 145–8. 2. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 45. 3. Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 428–9; Roberts, Salisbury, 702; Eubank, ‘The Fashoda Crisis Re-examined’, 146–7. 4. Tombs, 126. 5. Thompson, Northcliffe, 55–7. 6. Roberts, Salisbury, 706–8. 7. Mayne et al., Cross Channel Currents, 5. 8. BD, vol. I, 300, p. 242. 9. Mayne et al., Cross Channel Currents, 5. 10. Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 234. 11. Eckardstein and Young, Ten Years at the Court of St. James, 228. 12. Rich, The Tsar’s Colonels, 88. 13. Weber, France: Fin de Siècle, 105–6. 14. Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 168–9. 15. Weber, France: Fin de Siècle, 106. 16. Joly, ‘La France et la Revanche’, passim. 17. Porch, The March to the Marne, 55. 18. Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 169. 19. Ibid., 122–4. 20. Barclay, Thirty Years, 135. 21. Weber, France: Fin de Siècle, 121–4. 22. Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 120. 23. Hayne, French Foreign Office, 28–40; Keiger, France and the Origins, 25–9. 24. Hayne, French Foreign Office, 38–9. 25. Porch, The March to the Marne, 83, 218–21, 250–52 and passim. 26. Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 426. 27. Ibid., 426–7. 28. Barclay, Thirty Years, 140–41. 29. Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, 17. 30. Keiger, France and the Origins, 11–12; Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 353–4. 31. Sanborn, ‘Education for War and Peace’, 213–14. 32. BD, vol. II, 35, pp. 285–8. 33. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 1–10. 34. Hayne, ‘The Quai d’Orsay’, 430. 35. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 67. 36. Ibid., 90. 37. Ibid., 18–19. 38. Ibid., 54. 39. Ibid., 24, 91. 40. Ibid., 191. 41. Monger, The End of Isolation, 104–5. 42. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 190, 196–7. 43. Ibid., 181. 44. Hayne, French Foreign Office, 109. 45. Eubank, Paul Cambon, 65. 46. Hayne, French Foreign Office, 103. 47. Eubank, Paul Cambon, 95. 48. Ibid., 209. 49. Ibid., 65, 68; Hayne, French Foreign Office, 103. 50. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 186–7. 51. Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 86. 52. Ibid., 84. 53. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 186. 54. Monger, The End of Isolation, 772. 55. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 207–8. 56. Cronin, Paris on the Eve, 63; Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 439–41; Mayne et al., Cross Channel Currents, 14–16. 57. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 209. 58. Hayne, French Foreign Office, 94. 59. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 212–14; Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 10–13. 60. Eubank, Paul Cambon, 87. 61. Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 27; Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 657–8. 62. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 192. 63. Fischer, War of Illusions, 52–4. 64. Sharp, Anglo-French Relations, 18. 65. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. I, 3.
7 The Bear and the Whale Russia and Great Britain
1. Scarborough Evening News, 24 October 1904. 2. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 255–8. 3. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 360–61. 4. McDonald, United Government, 70–71. 5. Kleĭnmikhel’, Memories of a Shipwrecked World, 176. 6. Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, 224. 7. McDonald, United Government, 71; Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, 225. 8. McDonald, United Government, 71, 73. 9. Lieven, Nicholas II, 144. 10. Figes, A People’s Tragedy, 179–86. 11. Lieven, Nicholas II, 149. 12. Airapetov, Generalui, 12. 13. Figes, A People’s Tragedy, 16. 14. Lieven, Nicholas II, 39. 15. McDonald, United Government, 16n39. 16. Ibid., 16. 17. Izvol’skiĭ and Seeger, The Memoirs of Alexander Iswolsky, 270n. 18. Carter, The Three Emperors, 64–71; Lieven, Nicholas II, 40–42, 58–9, 166–7. 19. Carter, The Three Emperors, 69. 20. Steinberg, All the Tsar’s Men, 29–31. 21. Ibid., 30. 22. Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, 33. 23. Lieven, Nicholas II, 42. 24. Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 4. 25. McDonald, United Government, 65–6. 26. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 70. 27. Carter, The Three Emperors, 225. 28. Lieven, Nicholas II, 64. 29. Ibid., 71. 30. Ibid., 141. 31. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 62. 32. Lieven, Nicholas II, 102. 33. McDonald, United Government, 70. 34. Ibid., 70. 35. Ibid., 73 and chs 2 and 3. 36. Ibid., 40–41. 37. Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 226. 38. Lieven, Nicholas II, 65–6. 39. Kleĭnmikhel’, Memories of a Shipwrecked World, 211–12. 40. Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 230. 41. Lieven, Nicholas II, 227. 42. Ibid., 55n8. 43. Carter, The Three Emperors, 221. 44. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 55. 45. Lieven, Nicholas II, 149; Figes, A People’s Tragedy, 191. 46. Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 357; Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, 343. 47. Figes
, A People’s Tragedy, 230; Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 361. 48. Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 23–4. 49. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 415. 50. Szamuely, The Russian Tradition, 19. 51. Quoted in Robert Chandler, ‘Searching for a Saviour’, Spectator (London), 31 March 2012. 52. Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, 55. 53. Dowler, Russia in 1913, 198. 54. Vinogradov, ‘1914 God: Byt’ Ili ne Byt’ Vojne?’, 162. 55. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 378. 56. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 86 and ch. 3. 57. Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 665–70. 58. Gilmour, Curzon, 201. 59. Hinsley, British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, 135–6. 60. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 364–5; Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 113–15. 61. Jusserand, What Me Befell, 203. 62. Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 6. 63. Stevenson, Armaments, 53. 64. Lieven, ‘Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy’, 38. 65. Airapetov, Generalui, 10–11. 66. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 379–82. 67. Ibid., 404. 68. Lieven, ‘Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy’, 41–2. 69. Spring, ‘Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance’, passim. 70. Ibid., 569. 71. Soroka, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’, 14. 72. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 33. 73. Taube, La Politique russe d’avant-guerre, 15. 74. Ibid., 43. 75. Soroka, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’, 11. 76. Ibid., 4. 77. Carter, The Three Emperors, 138. 78. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 159. 79. Lieven, ‘Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy’, 43–5. 80. Levine and Grant, The Kaiser’s Letters to the Tsar, 118, 120. 81. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 250–52. 82. Carter, The Three Emperors, 130. 83. Cecil, Wilhelm II, 14. 84. Carter, The Three Emperors, 185; Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 146. 85. Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 248. 86. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 159–60; Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 152–3; McDonald, United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia, 78–9. 87. Levine and Grant, The Kaiser’s Letters to the Tsar, 191–4. 88. Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 128–30. 89. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. I, 161. 90. Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 144. 91. Lieven, Nicholas II, 192. 92. BD, vol. IV, 205, pp. 219–20. 93. Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 102–3. 94. Taube, La Politique russe d’avantguerre, 90. 95. Ibid., 101. 96. Soroka, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’, 15. 97. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 49. 98. Csáky, Vom Geachteten zum Geächteten, 67. 99. In the original ‘Je l’ai regretté tous les jours, mais je m’en félicité toutes les nuits’. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 325. 100. Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 380. 101. Taube, La Politique russe d’avant-guerre, 105. 102. BD, vol. IV, 219, 235–6. 103. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 416. 104. Soroka, ‘Debating Russia’s Choice’, 3. 105. Taube, La Politique russe d’avant-guerre, 103. 106. Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 183–5. 107. Hinsley, British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, 158. 108. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 352. 109. Menning and Menning, ‘“Baseless Allegations”’, 373. 110. Grey, Twenty-five Years, vol. I, 154. 111. Spring, ‘Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance’, 584. 112. Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 189.
8 The Loyalty of the Nibelungs: The Dual Alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany
1. Geiss, ‘Deutschland und Österreich-Ungarn’, 386. 2. Angelow, ‘Der Zweibund zwischen Politischer’, 58; Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 107. 3. Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, vol. II, 367. 4. Ibid., 362. 5. Stevenson, Armaments, 4. 6. Stone, Europe Transformed, 315. 7. Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph, 40. 8. Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 23. 9. Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 26–7. 10. Ibid., 50. 11. Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 230–31. 12. Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 35–50; Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph, 17–18, 188. 13. Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 172. 14. Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 45–6. 15. Ibid., 52. 16. Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 265. 17. Ibid. 18. RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ (W) 4 August 1874 (Princess Beatrice’s copies). 19. Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 48. 20. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 309–10; Williamson, ‘Influence, Power, and the Policy Process’, 419. 21. Lukacs, Budapest 1900, 49–50, 108–12. 22. Deák, Beyond Nationalism, 69. 23. Vermes, Istv’an Tisza, 102. 24. Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 61. 25. Steed, Through Thirty Years, vol. I, 196. 26. Wank, ‘Pessimism in the Austrian Establishment’, 299. 27. Ibid.; Johnston, The Austrian Mind, 47. 28. Boyer, ‘The End of an Old Regime’, 177–9; Stone, Europe Transformed, 304; Johnston, The Austrian Mind, 48; Urbas, Schicksale und Schatten, 77; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 254. 29. Boyer, ‘The End of an Old Regime’, 174–7; Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 291; Stone, Europe Transformed, 316; Stevenson, Armaments, 4; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 44–6. 30. Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 293. 31. Czernin, In the World War, 46; Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 746; Steed, Through Thirty Years, 367; Wank, ‘The Archduke and Aehrenthal’, 86. 32. Ibid. 33. Steed, Through Thirty Years, vol. I, 367; Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 7. 34. Czernin, In the World War, 48. 35. Ibid., 50; Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 596–7. 36. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 389. 37. Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 179–80. 38. Bridge, ‘Tarde Venientibus Ossa’, passim. 39. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 82–4; Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 229. 40. Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 174–5. 41. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 73–4. 42. Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 66; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 89, 104. 43. Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 30. 44. Ibid., 210. 45. Ibid., 31; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 111; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 49–50. 46. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 440. 47. Ibid., 267. 48. Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 55–7. 49. Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 271; Angelow, ‘Der Zweibund zwischen Politischer’, 34; Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 220–28; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 36. 50. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 254–5, 427–8; Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 127, 228. 51. Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 80; Stevenson, Armaments, 38–9; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 114. 52. Bridge, ‘Austria-Hungary and the Boer War’, 79. 53. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 260; Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 182–3; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 112. 54. Wank, ‘Foreign Policy and the Nationality Problem in Austria-Hungary’, 45. 55. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 232–4; Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 212–13.
9 What Were They Thinking? Hopes, Fears, Ideas, and Unspoken Assumptions
1. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, xxi. 2. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna, 213–19. 3. Ibid., 346–8. 4. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 230. 5. Lukacs, Budapest 1900, 129–32. 6. Offer, The First World War, 121–7. 7. Ibid., 128. 8. Wank, ‘The Archduke and Aehrenthal’, 83n33. 9. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 84–5. 10. Förster, ‘Der deutschen Generalstab’, 95. 11. Offer, The First World War, 129. 12. Deák, Beyond Nationalism, 128–9, 134–6. 13. Lukacs, Budapest 1900, 184n. 14. Weber, France: Fin de Siècle, 218–20. 15. Offer, ‘Going to War in 1914’, 217. 16. Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 33. 17. Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 22. 18. Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 5. 19. Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 28. 20. Offer, ‘Going to War in 1914’, 216. 21. Rathenau, Briefe, 147. 22. Rathenau and von Strandmann, Walther Rathenau, 142–3. 23. Stromberg, ‘The Intellectuals’, 115, 119. 24. Tanner, Nietzsche, 4 and passim. 25. Blom, The Vertigo Years, 354. 26. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 128. 27. Cronin, Paris on the Eve, 43–6. 28. Ibid., 47. 29. Wohl, The Generation of 1914, 6–7. 30. Blom, The Vertigo Years, ch. 8. 31. Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 88–97. 32. Ibid., 106. 33. De Burgh, Elizabeth, 326–7. 34. Butterworth, The World that Never Was, 323. 35. Barclay, Thirty Years, 142. 36. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 95; Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 24–7. 37. Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 26–7. 38. Weber, France: Fin de Siècle, 224. 39. Ibid., 12. 40. Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 32; Blom, The Vertigo Years, 184–5. 41. Travers, ‘Technology, Tactics, and Morale’, 279. 42. Miller et al., Military Strategy, 14n28. 43. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 171. 44. Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 133–5. 45.
Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 201. 46. Ibid., 199. 47. Gildea, Barricades and Borders, 268–7. 48. Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 155–6. 49. Bourdon, The German Enigma, 170. 50. Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 286–7. 51. Blom, The Vertigo Years, 334 and ch. 13. 52. Leslie, ‘The Antecedents’, 312. 53. I am grateful to Brigadier David Godsal for his permission to quote this extract from the unpublished diary of Captain Wilmot Caulfeild. 54. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 94. 55. Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 26. 56. Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 276–7. 57. Lukacs, Budapest 1900, 130–32. 58. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna, 133–46. 59. Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 57–8. 60. Berghahn, ‘War Preparations and National Identity’, 311ff. 61. Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 25. 62. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 165. 63. Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 92. 64. Eby, The Road to Armageddon, 6. 65. Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 280–81. 66. Cannadine et al., The Right Kind of History, 19–20, 23–4. 67. Langsam, ‘Nationalism and History’, 250–51. 68. Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 274–5. 69. Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 57. 70. Ibid., 20. 71. Berghahn, ‘War Preparations and National Identity’, 316. 72. Cannadine et al., The Right Kind of History, 53. 73. Roberts, Salisbury, 799. 74. Kennedy, ‘German World Policy’, 616–18. 75. Fischer, ‘The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany’, 26. 76. Joll, 1914, 18. 77. Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 95. 78. Thompson, Northcliffe, 155–6. 79. Steiner, ‘The Last Years’, 76. 80. Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 154–6. 81. Hewitson, ‘Germany and France’, 574–5, 580–81. 82. Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 56. 83. Herwig, The Marne, 32–3. 84. Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 30. 85. Bourdon, The German Enigma, 163–4. 86. Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 58. 87. Ibid., 61. 88. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 96. 89. Förster, ‘Facing “People’s War”’, 223–4. 90. Ritter, The Sword and the Scepter, 102. 91. Joll, The Second International, 196. 92. Stevenson, Armaments, 38. 93. Ferguson, The Pity of War, 31–3. 94. Förster, ‘Im Reich des Absurden’, 213–14; Feldman, ‘Hugo Stinnes’, 84–5. 95. Steed, Through Thirty Years, 359. 96. Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 16–17; Bushnell, ‘The Tsarist Officer Corps’, passim. 97. Airapetov, Poslednyaya Voina Imperatorskoi Rossii, 44–58. 98. Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 102–3. 99. Bourdon, The German Enigma, 207. 100. Eby, The Road to Armageddon, 4. 101. Howard, ‘Men Against Fire’, 17. 102. Rohkrämer, ‘Heroes and Would-be Heroes’, 192–3. 103. Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 169. 104. Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 28–9. 105. Linton, ‘Preparing German Youth for War’, 177–8. 106. Ibid., 167. 107. Ibid., 180–83. 108. Weber, France: Fin de Siècle, 215–17; Porch, The March to the Marne, 207–10. 109. Porch, The March to the Marne, 92–3. 110. Ibid., ch. 5, 106–7; Harris, The Man on Devil’s Island, 365–6. 111. Porch, The March to the Marne, ch. 7. 112. Ibid., 189. 113. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 596–9. 114. Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 333. 115. Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 174–8. 116. Gooch, ‘Attitudes to War’, 97. 117. Rohkrämer, ‘Heroes and Would-be Heroes’, 199–203. 118. Stromberg, ‘The Intellectuals’, 109. 119. Urbas, Schicksale und Schatten, 67–8. 120. Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 581. 121. Stromberg, ‘The Intellectuals’, 117–18n37. 122. Ibid., 120; Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 108–9.
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