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Index
Figures in italics indicate cartoons; captions for plate numbers are preceded by ‘P1.’
XVII plan (Joffre) 350
A
Abdelaziz, Sultan of Morocco 153–54, 414
Abdelhafid, Sultan of Morocco 414, 415
Abdul Hamid II, Sultan 378, 379
Admiralty
and the first Hague Peace Conference 281
and Morocco 153
Parsons’ steam turbines 28
proposes slowing down naval building 121
Spithead naval review (1897) 27
war plans 113
wireless telegraph at Whitehall 110
Aehrenthal, Alois 210–11, 220, 227, 383, 452, 533, P1.23
active foreign policy 520
appearance 384
background 384
Bosnia-Herzegovina annexed 308, 396, 397, 403
character 384
Conrad on 383–84
death 407, 452
on Izvolsky 407
and nationalism 210–11
and the peace movement 282
policy towards Rumania 386
policy towards Serbia 391, 402
preference for working with Russians 385
proposed railway 392–93
and second Moroccan crisis 425
talks with Izvolsky 393–94, 395–96, 602
Afghanistan 40, 183, 519
Anglo-Russian Convention 192, 194
Africa
gold in southern Africa 44
imperialism in 39, 103, 131
Paris Universal Exposition 5
sculpture 21
Afrikaners
defeat of 23
harsh treatment of 3, 23, 48
Jameson Raid 56
Agadir, Morocco 411, 412, 419, 422, 425
Agrarian League: If I Were Kaiser 473
agriculture
becomes less important and less profitable in Europe 32
decrease in number of workers 7
depression in prices 81
drop in land values 32
farming improvements 11
incomes in 32
increased output 7
land ownership 28
opening up of new agricultural lands 11
Russia shifts from agriculture to industry 12
aircraft 232, 502
Alabama (Confederacy ship) 278
Albania 226, 380, 441, 533
Austria-Hungary wants a strong Albania 227
borders 459, 463
and independence 391, 453, 454, 462
nature and shape of 459
ports 222
rebellions in 431, 444
revolutionaries 441
rivalry of Italy and Austria-Hungary 493
and Scutari 460
Serbs and Montenegrins occupy 446
Albert, Prince Consort 26, 53
Albert I, King of Belgium 329, 586–87
Alexander, King of Serbia 388
Alexander, Prince Regent of Serbia (later King of Yugoslavia) 515, 536
Alexander I, Tsar 147, 179
Alexander II, Tsar 170
Alexander III, Tsar 22, 147, 169, 171, 175, 183, 387
Alexandra, Princess of Wales (later Queen) 25, 86, 171
Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina (Alix of Hesse) 494, 581, P1.2, P1.11
background 175
carrier of haemophilia gene 176
character 175–76
hates the British 508–9
health 176, 542
marriage to the Tsar 174–75
murdered by the Bolsheviks 601, P1.11
and Rasputin 474
and religion 175
Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia childhood 177
haemophilia 176, 474, 542, P1.11
murdered by the Bolsheviks 601, P1.11
Alfonso, King of Spain 241
Algeciras Conference (1906) 355, 356, 363, 364–65, 367–68, 369, 391
Algeciras, Treaty of (1906) 414
Algeria 132, 150, 415, 428
alliance system 22, 24
Alsace (Elsass) 137, 138, 139, 149, 253, 280, 293, 319, 327, 357, 482, 485, 546, 583, 603, P1.36
American Civil War (1861–5) 5, 15, 34, 305–6, 307
Amery, Leo 45–46
anarchism 241, 242, 244
Anastasia Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess of Russia, murdered by the Bolsheviks 601, P1.11
Andler, Charles 293
Andrassy, Julius 226
Angell, Norman 272–73, 294
Europe’s Optical Illusion 272
The Great Illusion 272, 273, 594
Angellism 273
Anglo-French naval agreement (1913) 428
Anglo-German Agreement (1890) 93
Anglo-German Friendship Committee 267, 277
Anglo-Irish gentry 309, 375
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) 48–50, 125, 195
renewed (1905) 192
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 191–96, 225, 372, 376–77, 555
Angola 45, 421
anti-clericals xxii, 142, 224, 483
Anti-Dreyfusards 142
anti-militarism 139, 261, 262
anti-Semitism 142, 182, 201, 232, 248, 475
aristocracy
landed 32
Lloyd George on 128–29
wealth 31–32
Armenia 380
Armenian massacre
s (mid 1890s) 38, 39
arms race xxi, xxv, xxvi, 101, 183, 196, 217, 256, 268, 270, 276, 279, 291, 297, 352, 468, 470, 502, 503, 504
see also naval race under German navy; Royal Navy
Arthur, William 46
Asquith, Herbert 487, 540, 573, 579, P1.26
and army talks 428
background 487
Committee of Imperial Defence 374
and a deeply divided Cabinet 127
education 487
and Franz Ferdinand’s assassination 543
and German colonial demands 424
on Germany’s aggression against Belgium 587
and growing European crisis 544
on Ireland 588
and Irish Home Rule 491
letter from Bonar Law 584
loathed by Henry Wilson 491
in love with Venetia Stanley 492, 543
marriages 487–88
and naval estimates 488
naval race compromise 130
naval spending 498
and People’s Budget 129
resignation 603
Asquith, Margot (née Tennant) 488, 489
Association of Austrian Artists 230
Association to Promote an Official Enquiry into our Food Supply in Time of War 106
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 495, 599
Augusta Victoria, Duchess (Dona), Queen Consort of Prussia 62–63, 64, 71, 85, 176
Australia, and financing of Royal Navy 114
Austria 201, 293, 598
absorbed into the Third German Reich 603
bureaucracy 211
fall of government (1895) 210
Habsburg territories 207
universal male suffrage 202
Austria-Hungary
alliance with Germany (1879) 221, 394, 466
alliance with Italy 496
annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina see under Bosnian crisis
at the mercy of its nationalities 203
Black Friday (1873) 233
bureaucracy 211–12
Common Ministerial Council 208, 392, 453, 455, 463–65, 530
declares war on Russia 580
declares war on Serbia xxiv, xxvii, 464, 512, 539, 545, 555, 562, 563, 568
defensive alliances 220–21
determined to destroy Serbia xxiv, xxxi
diminishing and troubled Empire P1.5
Dreikaiserbund 137
economy 201, 476
ethnic nationalism xxvii
falls to pieces (1918) 598
and first Hague Peace Conference 280
geography of 200–201, 334
The War that Ended Peace Page 85