67. Jeremy Black and Anthony Green (Eds.), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Mesopotamia, op. cit., p. 46.
68. Amar Annus, “On the Origin of the Watchers,” op. cit., p. 293.
69. Jeremy Black and Anthony Green (Eds.), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Mesopotamia, op. cit., p. 46.
70. Ibid., p. 170.
71. Amar Annus, “On the Origin of the Watchers,” op. cit., p. 293.
72. Jeremy Black and Anthony Green (Eds.), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Mesopotamia, op. cit., p. 171.
73. Amar Annus, “On the Origin of the Watchers,” op. cit., p. 293.
74. Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, “The Mesopotamian Counterparts of the Biblical Nepilim,” in E.W. Conrad and E.G. Newing (Eds.), Perspectives on Language and Text: Essays and Poems in Honor of Francis I. Andersen’s Sixtieth Birthday, July 28, 1985, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN, p. 41. For Enki/Ea and the Abzu see Jeremy Black and Anthony Green (Eds.), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Mesopotamia, op. cit., pp. 75 and 27: “It was anciently believed that the springs, wells, streams, rivers and lakes drew their water from and were replenished from a freshwater ocean which lay beneath the earth in the abzu (apsu) … The salt sea, on the other hand, surrounded the earth. The abzu was the particular realm and home of the wise god Enki … Enki was thought to have occupied the abzu since before the creation of mankind. According to the Babylonian Epic of Creation, Apsu was the name of a primal creature, the lover of Tiamat, and when Ea killed Apsu he set up his home on the dead creature’s body, whose name was henceforth transferred to Ea’s residence…”
75. Jeremy Black and Anthony Green (Eds.), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Mesopotamia, op. cit., p. 75.
76. S. Denning-Bolle, cites in Amar Annus, “On the Origin of the Watchers,” op. cit., p. 314.
77. Amar Annus, “On the Origin of the Watchers,” op. cit., p. 287.
78. Jeremy Black and Anthony Green (Eds.), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Mesopotamia, op. cit., p. 76.
79. Ibid., pp. 76 and 75: see also Gwendolyn Leick, A Dictionary of Near Eastern Mythology, Routledge, London and New York, 1998, pp. 4–6.
80. The Epic of Gilgamesh, Penguin Classics, London, 1988, p. 108.
81. E.g. see Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, op. cit., p. 84.
82. Berossos and Manetho, op. cit., pp. 49–50. NB. In this fragment Berossos, preserved by Syncellus, Enki is rendered as “Kronos.” The translators explain in footnote 17 that: “Kronos was the father of Zeus, as Enki was the father of Marduk. Berossos or Syncellus here has used the Greek equivalent for the Babylonian god.”
83. In the Epic of Gilgamesh the flood survivor, though manifestly the same figure as Zisudra/Xithoutros, is known by the name of Utnapishti. As Irving Finkel, Assistant Keeper in the Department of the Middle East at the British Museum, explains: “The name Zisudra is very suitable for an immortal flood hero, since in Sumerian it means something like He-of-Long-Life. The name of the corresponding flood hero in the Gilgamesh epic is Utnapishti, of roughly similar meaning. In fact, we are not sure whether the Babylonian name is a translation of the Sumerian or vice versa.” Irving Finkel, The Ark Before Noah, op. cit., p. 92.
84. The Epic of Gilgamesh, op. cit., p. 111.
85. Berossos and Manetho, op. cit., p. 50.
86. Amar Annus, “On the Origin of the Watchers,” op. cit., p. 282; Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, “The Mesopotamian Counterparts of the Biblical Nepilim,” op. cit., p. 43.
87. Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, “The Mesopotamian Counterparts of the Biblical Nepilim,” op. cit., pp. 39–40.
88. Amar Annus, “On the Origin of the Watchers,” op. cit., p. 295.
89. Jeanette C. Fincke, “The Babylonian Texts of Nineveh: Report on the British Museum’s Library Project,” Archiv fur Orientforschung 50 (2003/2004), p. 111.
Chapter 9
1. John Baines and Jaromir Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Time-Life Books, 1990, p. 76.
2. Ibid. The inner and outer enclosure walls date from the Old Kingdom, and a later wall running outside the outer one dates from the First Intermediate Period (2134–2040 BC). There are remains of other structures that have been dated to the Second Intermediate Period (1640–1532 BC) and to the New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC).
3. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, Manchester University Press, 1969, p. 8.
4. Ibid., p. 151: “The mythological situation which we have been analyzing discloses a tradition which originated in another place…”
5. Ibid., pp. 55, 90, 105, 274.
6. Ibid., p. 55.
7. Ibid., pp. 109, 113–14, 127.
8. E.g. see p. 19 “the crew of the Falcon.” See also pp. 27, 177, 180, 181, 187, 202. There are repeated references throughout the Edfu texts to the crews of ships and to sailing. Thus, p. 180: “The Shebtiw sailed…” p. 187: “They were believed to have sailed to another part of the primeval world.”
9. Ibid., p. 190.
10. Ibid., p. 274: “They journeyed through the unoccupied lands of the primeval age and founded other sacred domains.”
11. Ibid., p. 122.
12. Ibid., p. 134.
13. Ibid., pp. 106–7.
14. E.g. Ibid., pp. 44, 258: “At Edfu we have only fragments. A selected number of accounts, from a great and important history of the Egyptian temples.”
15. The last known inscription in the sacred hieroglyphs of Ancient Egypt was made at the Temple of Isis at Philae in AD 394 and the last known example of demotic graffiti was also found there, dated to AD 425. “If knowledge of the hieroglyphs persisted beyond this time, no record of it has been found.” John Anthony West, The Traveler’s Key to Ancient Egypt, Harrap Columbus, London, 1987, p. 426.
16. Howard Vyse, Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, with an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt, James Fraser, Regent Street, London, 1840, Vol. I, pp. 67–8.
17. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian chronologies are well known. For Peru see Ruth Shady Solis et al, Caral: The Oldest Civilization in the Americas, Proyecto Especial Arqueologico Caral-Supe/INC, 2009.
18. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, Penguin Classics, 1977, p. 36.
19. Ibid., pp. 34–8.
20. J. Gwynn Griffiths, Atlantis and Egypt With Other Selected Essays, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1991, pp. 3–30.
21. Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. I: the Old and Middle Kingdoms, University of California Press, 1975, p. 211.
22. Ibid., pp. 212–13.
23. Ibid., p. 215, note 3.
24. Margaret Buson, The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Facts on File, New York, Oxford, 1991, p. 130.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, op. cit., p. 213.
28. Ibid., p. 214.
29. Ibid.
30. Plato, Critias, Benjamin Jowett Translation, Internet Classics Archive, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/critias.html.
31. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, Penguin Classics Edition, op. cit., p. 38.
32. J. Gwynn Griffiths, Atlantis and Egypt, op. cit., p. 23.
33. https://egyptsites.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/sa-el-hagar/.
34. Ibid.
35. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 324.
36. Ibid., p. 213.
37. Ibid., p. 31.
38. Ibid., p. 111.
39. Ibid., p. 142.
40. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, op. cit., Critias, p. 136.
41. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 113.
42. Ibid., p. 109.
43. Ibid., p. 127.
44. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, op. cit., Timaeus, p. 38.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., p. 35.
47. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 19.
48. E.W. West, Trans., F. Max Muller, Ed., Pahlavi Texts, Part I, Reprint Edition, Atlantic Publish
ers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1990, p. 17.
49. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 113.
50. Ibid., p. 279.
51. Ibid., p. 113.
52. Ibid.
53. Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Vol. VIII, Nos. 1–4, January–December 1985, p. 99.
54. Thor Conway in Ray A. Williamson and Claire R. Farrer (Eds.) Earth and Sky, op. cit, p. 246.
55. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, op. cit., Timaeus, p. 38.
56. Ignatius Donnelly, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1976, p. 23.
57. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, op. cit., Timaeus, p. 37.
58. Plato, Critias, Benjamin Jowett Translation, Internet Classics Archive, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/critias.html.
59. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, op. cit., Critias, p. 138.
60. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 37.
61. Ibid., p. 220.
62. Ibid., p. 240.
63. Ibid., p. 198.
64. Ibid., p. 108.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., p. 109.
67. Ibid., pp. 202, 323–4.
68. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, op. cit., Timaeus, p. 38.
69. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 171: “A pãy-land is said to have originated after the Creator dried up the water around his place of origin.” See also p. 172: “The word pãy-land describes a land that emerged from the water…”
70. Ibid., p. 162.
71. Ibid., p. 173.
72. Ibid., p. 324.
73. Ibid., p. 194.
74. Ibid., p. 274.
75. Ibid., p. 187.
76. Ibid., p. 274.
77. Ibid., p. 190.
78. Ibid., p. 274.
79. Ibid., p. 190. See also p. 33.
80. Ibid., p. 33.
81. Ibid., p. 24: “the Shebtiw whose function is described as din iht, to name (= create) the things.” See also p. 180.
82. Ibid., p. 41.
83. Ibid., p. 28.
84. Ibid., pp. 95, 96, 108, 110–11.
85. Ibid., p. 96.
86. Ibid., p. 91.
87. Ibid., p. 92.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., p. 25, 41, 289.
90. Ibid., p. 159.
91. Ibid., e.g. pp. 28, 66, 236.
92. Ibid., pp. 310–11.
93. Ibid., p. 9.
94. Ibid., p. 48.
95. Ibid., p. 273.
96. Plato, Timaeus and Critias, Penguin Classics, op. cit., Timaeus, p. 36.
97. Ibid.
Chapter 10
1. Plato, Laws II, in John M. Cooper (Ed.) Plato: Complete Works, Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1997, p. 1348.
2. Graham Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1995, e.g. p. 446ff., pp. 456–8.
3. Robert Bauval and Adrian Gilbert, The Orion Mystery, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1994.
4. Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock, Keeper of Genesis, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1996.
5. Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend, Hamlet’s Mill: An Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge and its Transmission through Myth, Nonpareil Books, 1977, reprinted 1999, p. 59.
6. Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, Heaven’s Mirror: Quest for the Lost Civilization, Michael Joseph, London, 1998.
7. See ibid for an extensive discussion.
8. Paolo Debertolis, Goran Marjanovic et al, Archaeoacoustic analysis of the ancient site of Kanda (Macedonia), Proceedings in the Congress “The 3rd Virtual International Conference on Advanced Research in Scientific Areas” (ARSA-2014) Slovakia, 1–5 December 2014: 237–251. Published by: EDIS-Publishing Institution of the University of Zilina, Univerzitná 1, 01026 Žilina, Slovak Republic. Paper available online here: https://www.academia.edu/9818666/Archaeoacoustic_analysis_of_the_ancient_site_of_Kanda_Macedonia_._Preliminary_results.
9. http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/essays/artwork.html.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Richard Guy Wilson, “American Modernism in the West: Hoover Dam.” Images of an American Land, ed. Thomas Carter. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. P. 10, cited in, The Hoover Dam: Lonely Lands Made Fruitful, http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s/display/hoover/modern.html.
13. E.g. see: https://www.wisdomuniversity.org/ChartresOverview.htm: “This is the magic and mystery of Chartres, site of the ‘queen of the cathedrals.’ This is also the power of ‘Astronomica,’ as it was known among the ancients, which marks the last and highest of the seven liberal arts, the oldest continuously developed learning system known to humanity, which emanated out of Ancient Egypt and was taken to its highest refinement by the Chartrian masters. Sacred astronomy is embedded in the stones and stained glass of Chartres cathedral. It was considered the highest of the liberal arts because it alone contemplates the entire cosmos and seeks to discern ultimate meaning and purpose to all of creation.”
14. See discussion in Graham Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods, op. cit., Chapter 49, p. 443ff.
15. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 134, cited in Chapter Nine.
16. Michael A. Hoffman, Egypt Before the Pharaohs, Michael O’Mara Books Ltd., 1991, pp. 89–90. See also Karl W. Butzer, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt, The University of Chicago Press, 1876, p. 9.
17. Graham Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods, op. cit., Chapter 52, p. 497.
18. For a discussion of the geological dating of the Sphinx by Professor Robert Schoch of Boston University see ibid., Chapter 46, p. 420ff.
19. L. Liritzis, A. Vafiadou, “Surface Luminescence Dating of Some Egyptian Monuments,” Journal of Cultural Heritage 16 (2015), Table 1, p. 137.
20. Ibid., pp. 134–50.
21. Ibid., p. 134.
22. Ibid., pp. 134–50.
23. Ibid., Table 1, p. 137.
24. Ibid.
25. Personal communication from Professor Robert Schoch by email dated 20 January 2015.
26. L. Liritzis, A. Vafiadou, “Surface Luminescence Dating of Some Egyptian Monuments,” Journal of Cultural Heritage, op. cit., Table 1, p. 137.
27. Personal communication from Professor Robert Schoch by email dated 20 January 2015.
28. L. Liritzis, A. Vafiadou, “Surface Luminescence Dating of Some Egyptian Monuments,” Journal of Cultural Heritage, op. cit., Table 1, p. 137.
29. Ibid.
30. For example see John Baines and Jaromir Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Time-Life Books, 1990, p. 36.
31. L. Liritzis, A. Vafiadou, “Surface Luminescence Dating of Some Egyptian Monuments,” Journal of Cultural Heritage, op. cit., p. 147.
32. Ibid.
33. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 187.
34. Toby A.H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, London and New York, 1999, p. 325.
35. E.A.E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit. p. 262
36. Ibid., p. 263.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., p. 262.
40. Reymond (The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple, op. cit., p. 263) eventually opts for Saqqara as her favored candidate for “the place to the north of Memphis” where the book was believed to have descended from the sky. Her logic escapes me. Henen-nesut stands at latitude 29:08, Memphis at latitude 29:84, Saqqara at latitude 29:87, the Great Pyramid of Giza at latitude 29:98, and Dhashur at latitude 29:80. Since the higher the number the further north you are, it is obvious we must rule Henen-nesut and Dhashur out: the former is located 0:76 of a degree south of Memphis and the latter is located 0:04 of a degree south of Memphis. Saqqara is north of Memphis but by just 0:03 of a degree—so close as to be on almost exactly the same latitude. By contrast Giza is 0:14 of a degree north of Memp
his and much more obviously fits the bill.
41. E.A. Wallace Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians, Methuen and Company, Chicago and London, 1904, reprinted by Dover Books, 1969, Vol. I, pp. 467, 468, 473, etc.
42. Selim Hassan, The Sphinx: Its History in the Light of Recent Excavations, Government Press, Cairo, 1949, p. 80.
43. See discussion in Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock, Keeper of Genesis, op. cit., pp. 5, 156ff, 160ff, etc.
44. Rainer Stadelman, “The Great Sphinx of Giza,” in Zahi Hawass (Ed), Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century (Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000; Vol. I: Archaeology), The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, New York, 2002, pp. 464–9.
45. Ibid., p. 465.
46. Selim Hassan, The Sphinx, op. cit., p. 75.
47. Ibid., p. 75.
48. Ibid., p. 76.
49. Ibid., pp. 76, 185.
50. Ibid., p. 76.
51. James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records Of Egypt, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, 2001, Vol. 2, p. 323.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., pp. 320, 324.
54. Selim Hassan, The Sphinx, op. cit., p. 76.
55. Gaston Maspero, The Dawn of Civilization, SPCK, London, 1894, p. 366.
56. Gaston Maspero, A Manual of Egyptian Archaeology, Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1914, p. 74.
57. Selim Hassan, The Sphinx, op. cit., p. 222.
58. For a translation of the full text of the Inventory Stela see James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 83–5. See also Selim Hassan, The Sphinx, op. cit., pp. 222–7.
59. Selim Hassan, The Sphinx, op. cit., p. 225.
60. http://www.guardians.net/hawass/khafre.htm.
61. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafra#Valley_Temple.
62. The so-called “Mortuary Temple” attributed to Khafre. Email from Professor Stephen Quirke to Graham Hancock dated 2 April 2015.
63. I.E.S. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt, Pelican Books, 1947, reprinted 1949, p. 107ff.
64. Ibid., p.109.
65. I.E.S. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt, Penguin, 1993, p. 124. Emphasis added.
66. Kathryn A. Bard (Ed.), Encylopedia of The Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp. 342–5.
67. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 320–1, note b.
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