by Giles Milton
Istanbul
Italian captives
Italian city-states
James I, King
James II, King
James, William
James Island
Janszoon, Jan (Murad Rais)
ej-Jebli, Kaid el-Arbi ben Abbou ould
Jersey
Jesus Christ
Jews: buyers at slave auctions; circumcision; suppliers of brandy ingredients; at Kasbah Temsna taxation; Ismail’s relations with; Namias burned alive community looks after Pellow
Johnston, William
Jones, Jezreel
Kasbah Tadla
Kasbah Temsna
Kasem, al-Hasan bin
el-Kasri, Abdallah ben Ali
Kemach, Abraham
Kerouaille, Louise de, Duchess of Portsmouth
King’s College, Cambridge
King’s Head, Pudding Lane, London
Kirke, Colonel Percy
Koran
Ladire, Jean
Larache
Latin School, Penryn
Laudian rite
Laureano (later Sidi Achmet)
le Clerc, Francis
le Magdeleine, Monsieur
Leghorn
Leslie, Sir James
Lisbon
London; captives in Salé raids; Moroccan ambassador visits; merchants face ruin; return of the slaves (1721); Pellow arrives in
London, Bishop of
London Bridge
London Journal
Looe, Cornwall
Louis XIV King
Lucas, Hamet
Lundy Island
Madeira
Madinat el-Riyad, Meknes
al-Magiri
Maimaran, Abraham
Maimaran, Joseph
Majorca
Mamora; capture of
Manault, Adrian de
Marrakesh; al-Badi palace; Jews in
Marten, Sir Henry
Massachusetts
Massion, Bertrand
Mather, Cotton; “The Glory of Goodness” (sermon); “A Pastoral Letter to the English Captives in Africa,”
Mazagan (El Jadida)
Mecca
el-Mediouni, Admiral Abderrahman
Mediterranean region
Meggison,Thomas
Mehdiya
Mehemet (Turkish adviser)
Meknes; Gate of the Winds; Dar Kbira imperial palace; Dar el Makhzen; Bab Mansour; Pellow describes life in; capitulates to Moulay al-Rashid; Ismail made governor; Ismail’s return; Ismail’s meeting with Kirke; Delaval negotiates release of more English slaves; last captives freed; Pellow and company arrive in; slaves taken to Ismail; slave pens ; Gonzales negotiates with Moulay Ismail; infirmary; slave population; Dar al-Mansur palace; scale of building works; Madinat el-Riyad; harem; Jews in; new mission to; distance from the Atlantic; French padres in; ed-Dehebi flees from; ed-Dehebi’s forces triumph in; ed-Dehebi rules in; Pellow escapes
Meknes palace. See Dar Kbira palace
mellahs (ghettoes)
Merenid kings
metadore (professional guide)
middle passage
Middleton, Sir Henry
Milar
Minorca
Mohammed, Moulay
Mohammed, Prophet
Mohammed, Sidi
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley
Moore, J.
Morgan, Joseph
Moriscos: expelled from Spain (1610)
Moroccan civil war
Morocco; English captives marched to the capital; Ismail rebuilds; Spanish and Portuguese garrisons; ambassador visits (1682); treaty with England (1682); treaty of ; bastinading; apostasy ; Christian enclaves; series of bloody revolutions; another power struggle under way ; renounces slavery
Mouette, Germain
Moulay Idris, shrine of
Mount el-Hedid
Mount’s Bay, Cornwall
Mousa, Sidi Ahmed ou, shrine of
msakhkharim (ceremonial guards)
Mundy, Peter
Murad Rais (Jan Janszoon)
Mustafa (Turkish adviser)
Namias, Salom
Naples
Napoleonic wars
al-Nasari, Ahmad bin Khahlid
al-Nasari, Ahmed ben
Navarra, Father Garcia
Neant, Nolasque
Nebuchadnezzar
Netherlands
New England
New Salé
Newcastle, Duke of
Newfoundland
Newfoundland Banks
Newgent, Thomas
Newmarket
Nffîs River
Norbury, Coninsby
Nore, the
North Africa: slave population; Americans enslaved; slave markets; bastinading; apostasy ceremonies; Pellew’s aim
North America: white slaves from; blacks dispatched to England’s colonies; English trading voyage to; little interest in the world of Islam; liberated American slaves
North Atlantic
North Sea
Norway
Nugent (an Irish renegade)
Ockley, Simon; History of the Saracens
Okeley, William
Omar, Kaid
Osborne, John
Osborne, Tom
Othman, Si Mohammed ben
Ottur, Kaid Muhammad ben Haddu
Oued Noun oasis
Oxford
Oxford, Earl of
Oxford University
Padstow, Cornwall
Peacock, Captain
Pellew, Sir Edward: destroys Algiers; given a hero’s welcome in Cornwall
Pellow, Captain John; warned of the perils of his voyage; ability to read and write; disciplines nephew; captured; first taste of life as a slave; confined in the matamores; inspection by Ismail, separated from Thomas; in Meknes slave pen; Dunnal’s funeral; and work on Ismail’s building projects; death
Pellow, Elizabeth
Pellow, Thomas; education; sails from Cornwall, aged eleven; disciplined by his uncle; captured; xebecs broken up; public humiliation; confined in the matamores; journey from Salé to Meknes; arrives in Meknes; selected by Ismail; given to Moulay es-Sfa; forced conversion to Islam; Dunnal’s funeral; death of his uncle; Norbury’s behavior; groomed as a palace retainer; guardian of the imperial harem; becomes Ismail’s personal attendant; improved diet; marriage; at Kasbah Temsna; leads slave-soldiers into battle; Ismail’s dissatisfaction with his booty; love of his daughter; Guzlan rebels; and Stewart; abandoned by Stewart; failed escapes; twice sentenced to death; told of Ismail’s death; meets Russell; appearance; marches to Meknes with the deposed sultan; wounded in battle for Fez; death of his wife and daughter; part of slave-gathering expedition to equatorial Africa; finally makes his escape; shot in the leg; cared for by Jewish community; sails from Willadia to Gibraltar; sails to London; inaccurate newspaper article; welcomed home in Penryn; The History of the Long Captivity and Adventures of Thomas Pellow
Pellow, Thomas, Sr.
Penalosa y Estrada, Don Juan
Pendergrass, William
Penryn
Penzance
Pepys, Samuel
Peres, Abdelkader
Phelps, Thomas
Philip III, king of Spain
Phoenix playhouse, London
pirate flags
Pisa
Pitts, John
Pitts, Joseph
plague
Plymouth; mayor of
Pocock, Dr. Edward
Pompadour, Madame de
Pope, the
Portsmouth
Portugal: Salé corsairs attack; principal slave nation in Europe; hit-and-run raids by Barbary corsairs; English trading voyage to; treaty with Sultan Mohammed
Portuguese captives
prayer
Prideaux, Humphrey, The TrueNature of Imposture, Fully Displayed in the Life of Mahomet
Princes (ship)
Privy Council
Prosperous (ship)
Protestants
Purcell, Henry
Puritans
al-Qadiri, Muhammad: Chronicles
Queen Charlotte (flagship)
Rabat
Rabat corsairs
Rainsborough, Captain William: attacks Salé and releases slaves
Ramadan
al-Rashid, Sultan Moulay
Rebecca and Mary
Red Lion Fields, London
Renegado, The (a farce)
Reykjavik
Rif, the
al-Rifi, Kaid Ahmad ben Haddu
Ripley Sarah
Rome: palace of the Cardinal di San Giorgio
Ross, Alexander
Royal African Company
Royal Navy
Royal Society
Russell, John
Russian captives/renegades
Saadians
Sabine, Joseph
Sackville, Colonel Edward
Safi
Sahara Desert
Sahih of al-Bukhari
St. Anthony’s College, Oxford
St. Clement’s Coffee House, London
St. Gluvias church, Penryn
St. James’s Palace, London
St. Louis Island
St. Olon, Pidou de
St. Paul’s cathedral, London
Salame, Abraham
Salé: described; trade in; Sallee Rovers; Murad Rais; slave markets; becomes a pirate republic; Adams’s suffering in; Harrison’s mission; released slaves; further English captives; Rainsborough attacks and releases slaves; slaves’ shackles; matamores; Oudaia Gate; Pellow stays in; gun carriages made in; Bab Mrisa; Souk el-Kebir
Salé, governor of
Salé forest
Salé harbor
Sallee Rovers (Salé corsairs); hailed as religious warriors; fleet of; successful plundering; Murad Rais; power and wealth; rule themselves; Harrison’s mission; Sidi Mohammed’s truce; prepare to attack England and Newfoundland; Rainsborough’s successful mission against; attacks on English shipping recommenced; continue to plunder English shipping; and Moulay Ismail; not mentioned in 1682 treatyTangier experiment fails to stop them; and treaty of 1714in the Straits of Gibraltar; capture of Francis, George and Southwark crews; Cornwall and; and Ismail’s harem; Hatfeild gathers intelligence on; Hatfeild’s resignation; attacks redoubled; Sultan Mohammed declares war on; Moulay Sulaiman II and
Sampson, Captain Richard
Sana’a, Aden
Santa Cruz
Sarah (ship)
Sardinia
Sbu River
Scandinavian captives
Senegal
Senegal River. See also Wadnil
Senegalese
Sentences of Ali
es-Sfa, Moulay
Shaler, William
Shaw, Mrs.
Shott, Larbe
Sicily
Silvestre, Father Francisco
slave auctions
“slave widows,”
Smith, Admiral Sir Sidney
Society of Knights Liberators of the White Slaves of Africa
Solent
Sollicoffre, John Leonard
Southwark (ship)
Southwell, Seth
Spain: expels Moors (1610); Salé corsairs attack; Charles I and; James I’s peace treaty; devastating raids on; English trading voyage to; treaty with Sultan Mohammed
Spanish captives/renegades
Spectator, The
Spice Islands
es-Srhir, Ba Ahmed
Stanhope, James
Stewart, Commodore Charles; chosen to lead the embassy to Meknes; earlier career; gifts for Ismail; relations with Hamet; signed treaty; meets Ismail; tours the palace complex; distributes gifts; watches Ramadan procession; disgusted at Ismail’s volte-face; Queen Umulez Ettabba intercedes for; liberation of some of the British and American slaves; homecoming; accounts of his rescue mission; persuades Hatfeild to remain at his post
Stocker, Captain John
Straits of Gibraltar
Stuart, Francis
Sulaiman II, Moulay
Swavesey Cambridgeshire
Sweden
Sweet, Thomas
Tafilalt
Tangier; Omar’s failed attack; release of Moroccan prisoners of war; English abandonment of; Inspector crew enslaved
Tangier garrison
Taroudant
Tatler
Tensift River
Ter Meetelen, Maria
Tetouan
Thames Estuary
Tiflit River
Tilbury,Thames Estuary
Timbuktu
Toobin, Captain
Topsham
Triffoe, Hammo
Tripoli; slave market; apostasy; French mission; slave population; renounces slavery
Tripoli corsairs
Troughton, Thomas
Truro (ship)
Tunis; slave market; alliances with Hornacheros; apostasy; French mission; Spanish mission; slave population; renounces slavery
Tunis, bey of
Tunis corsairs
Turkish army
Turkish janissaries
Tuscany
Union (ship)
United States of America: truce with Morocco (1786)
Utrecht, Treaty of (1713)
Venice, Republic of
Versailles
Volubulis
Wadnil (Upper Nile). See also Senegal River
Wales
Waller, James
Ward, John
Weldon, Anthony
West Country
West Indies
Westminster Abbey, London
Whinyates, Lieutenant John
Whitehall Palace, London
Whitehead, John
Willadia
Willdon, John
William III, King
Winchester (ship)
Windsor
Windus, John: and Basha Hamet; notes the fear of Ismail; and Shott’s execution; meets Ismail; tours the palace complex; watches Ramadan procession
Wren, Sir Christopher
Yahyâ ben Bel’ayd kasbah
ez-Zayyani, Ahmed
Zeeland
Zidan, Moulay
Zidan, Sultan Moulay
Zidana, Lala
ILLUSTRATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
© Martin Collins: Map of Morocco in the eighteenth century, xiii, map of the Mediterranean, xiv–xv. © British Library, London: The Cryes of the City of London ca. 1688, 9 bottom left. Pierre Dan Histoire van Barbaryen 1684 Amsterdam, 1, 3, 4, 7 bottom left, 8, 10 top, 12 bottom, 13 bottom. Pierre Dan Histoire de Barbarie et de ses Corsaires 1637 Paris, 10 bottom. Joseph Morgan Several Voyages to Barbary 1736, 5 top, 9 top. Monsieur de St. Olon The Present State of the Empire of Morocco 1695, 7 bottom right. F. Brooks Barbarian Cruelty 1698: 13 top.J. Davis History of the Second Queen’s Royal Regiment 1887: 2 top left.J. De la Faye Relation—du Voiage pour la Redemption des Captifs 1726: 12 top. © National Maritime Museum London: 11 top and bottom, 14. The National Archives: 5 bottom (TNA ref SP71/16), 9 bottom right (TNA ref SP17/16). © Giles Milton: 15, 16. G. Mouette Histoire des Conquests 1682: 6 bottom right. Private Collections: 6 top right and bottom left, 11 center. The Royal Collection © 2004 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II: 2 top right. Thomas Troughton Barbarian Cruelty 1751: 2 bottom, 7 top. John Windus A Journey to Mequinez 1725: 6 top left.
WHITE GOLD. Copyright © 2004 by Giles Milton. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information, address Picador, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
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Originally published in 2004 by Hodder & Stoughton, Great Britain, as
White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa’s
One Million European Slaves
First published in the United States by Farrar, Straus and Giroux
eISBN 9781466807273
First eBook Edition : December 2011
Acknowledgments for the illustrations appear on page 317.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Milton, Giles.
White gold: the extraordinary story of Thomas Pellow and Islam’s one million white slaves /Giles Milton.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-312-42529-6
ISBN-10: 0-312-42529-5
1. Slavery—Morocco—History. 2. Pellow, Thomas, b. 1704. 3. Morocco—Relations—Great Britain. 4. Great Britain—Relations—Morocco. 5. Morocco—History—1516–1830. 1.Title.
HT1346.M55 2005
306.3’62’0964—dc22
2004026427
First Picador Edition: July 2006