90 Legge, op. cit., p. 281; Wellburn, op. cit., pp. 67 – 8.
91 Encyclopaedia of Heresies and Heretics, p. 87; Penguin Dictionary of Religions, p. 201; Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 864; Wellburn, op. cit., p. 108; Runciman, op. cit., pp. 6 – 17; Legge, op. cit., p. 281.
92 Legge, op. cit., p. 282.
93 Wellburn, op. cit., p. 68.
94 St. Augustine, op. cit., Introduction.
95 Legge, op. cit., p. 287.
96 Ibid.
97 Ibid., pp. 291 – 2.
98 Runciman, op. cit., pp. 12 – 13.
99 Legge, op. cit., p. 292.
100 Burl, op. cit., pp. 8 – 9.
101 Yuri Stoyanov, The Other God, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2000, p. 108.
102 Ibid.
103 Ibid., pp. 108 – 9.
104 Ibid., p. 109.
105 Ibid.
106 Ibid., p. 110; Runciman, op. cit., p. 14.
107 Stoyanov, op. cit., p. 110.
108 Ibid.
109 Ibid., pp. 117 – 8.
110 Ibid., p. 111.
111 Runciman, op. cit., p. 13; Barber, op. cit., p. 10.
112 Wellburn, op. cit., p. 149.
113 Lambert, p. 21.
114 See Legge, op. cit., pp. 221 – 2 & 317.
115 Runciman, op. cit., p. 15.
116 Ibid., pp. 15 – 16.
117 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 29.
118 Burl, op. cit. pp. 8 – 9.
119 Legge, op. cit., p. 318; Runciman, op. cit., p. 14.
120 Legge, op. cit., p. 320.
121 Ibid., pp. 278 & 337 – 8.
122 We have reported the beliefs of the Cathars and Bogomils on reincarnation in depth in Chapters Two & Three; for an example of the Manichean belief in reincarnation see Legge, op. cit., p. 340.
123 Legge, op. cit., p. 278 for the Manicheans; the reader is already familiar from Chapters Two & Three with Cathar and Bogomil teachings on this matter.
124 Legge, op. cit., p. 278.
125 Cited in Ibid., p. 315.
126 Cited in Wellburn, op. cit., p. 51.
CHAPTER FIVE: KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRUE NATURE OF THINGS
1 Timothy Freke & Peter Gandy, The Jesus Mysteries, Thorsons-Element, London, 2000, p. 266.
2 For example, the actions of the Prefect Cynegius in Alexandria. See H. A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, 2000, p. 403 – 4 & 416.
3 Ibid., p. 408.
4 Ibid., p. 416.
5 Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels, Penguin, London, 1990, p. 13 – 5.
6 Ibid., p. 16.
7 Ibid.
8 Cited in Pagels, op. cit., p. 16.
9 Ibid., p. 16.
10 James M. Robinson (ed.), The Nag Hammadi Library, E. J. Brill, Leyden, NY, 1988, p. 73 – 89.
11 Ibid., p. 85.
12 Ibid., p. 121 – 2.
13 Ibid., p. 119.
14 Ibid., p. 387.
15 Ibid., p., 159.
16 Kurt Rudoph, Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism, Harper, San Francisco, 1987, p. 116.
17 The Nag Hammadi Library, p. 194. Compare Paul, Ephesians 6:12.
18 See discussion in Francis Legge, Forerunners and Rivals of Christianity From 330 BC to 330 AD, University Books Inc., New York, 1965, vol. II, p. 21.
19 Normandi Ellis, Awakenng Osiris: The Egyptian Book of the Dead, Phanes Press, Grand Rapids, MI, 1988, p. 84.
20 Encyclopaedia of Heresies and Heretics, p. 50.
21 Nag Hammadi Library, p. 165, 184.
22 Ibid., p. 185.
23 Ibid., p. 166.
24 Ibid., p. 352.
25 Ibid., p. 165.
26 Ibid., p. 340.
27 Joscelyn Godwin, Mystery Religions In the Ancient World, Thames & Hudson, London, 1981, p. 84
28 Ibid.
29 Runciman, op. cit., p. 173.
30 Ibid., p. 164.
31 Ibid., p. 173: ‘There is one characteristic of any Dualist Church: Man, to escape from the vileness of his body, must seek to make himself spirit as far as may be. This is done by a gnosis, an experience that is usually won by an initiation ceremony. For the Early Christians Baptism was a kind of initiation and was often put off until late in life. The initiatory function declined in the Orthodox Church and the importance of Confirmation rose … The Gnostic sects, however, by the stress they laid on their gnosis, retained the older practice.’
32 Encyclopaedia of Heresies and Heretics, p. 101 – 2.
33 R. van den Bruck, writing in Gnosis and Hermeticism, p. 96.
34 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 2.
35 Gnosis and Hermeticism, p. 102.
36 Runciman, op. cit., p. 7.
37 Legge, op. cit., p. 313; Runciman, op. cit., p. 7.
38 Legge, op. cit., p. 221.
39 Ibid., p. 207.
40 Drake, op. cit., p. 91; The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Christian Church, p. 1108.
41 Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 277.
42 Ibid.
43 Tacitus, Annals, 15, 44:2 – 8, cited in Ken Curtis & Carsten Peter Thiede (eds.), From Christ to Constantine: The Trial and Testimony of the Early Church, Christian History Institute, Worcester, Pennsylvania, 1991, p. 50.
44 Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 278.
45 Drake, op. cit., p. 142; see also p. 164.
46 Dicoletian cited in Drake, op. cit., p. 142.
47 Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 278.
48 Eusebius, in From Christ to Constantine, p. 60.
49 Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 338.
50 Drake, op. cit., p. 403.
51 Ibid. Further legislation in AD 392 comprehensively forbade everything non-Christian, even the worship of household gods. Other legislation stripped old priesthoods of their public endowments and privileges.
52 Ibid., p. 237.
53 Ibid.
54 In Eusebius, Life of Constantine, cited in Drake, op. cit., p. 389.
55 It is a curiosity, probably no more, that these ‘Novatians’ were also known by another name – the Cathari, or ‘Pure Ones’. See Eusebiuus, Life of Constantine, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999, Commentary on Book III, p. 307.
56 Ibid., book III, p. 151 – 3.
57 Drake, op. cit., p. 349.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid., p. 403.
60 Ibid., p. 420.
61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., p. 483.
63 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 28.
64 It was renounced by Emperor Gratian (AD 367 – 83), see Drake, op. cit., 403.
65 Drake, op. cit., p. 402 – 3; Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 1108.
66 Irenaeus, cited in Elaine Pagels, op. cit., p. 68.
67 Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 299 – 300.
68 Second Treatise of the Great Seth, in Nag Hammadi Library, p. 366 – 7.
69 Drake, op. cit., p. 347 – 8.
70 Ibid., p. 350.
71 Ibid., p. 402 – 3.
72 Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 300.
73 Drake, op. cit., p. 404.
74 Legge, op. cit., Vol II, p. 21.
75 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropaedia, 10:447.
76 Drake, op. cit., p. 401, 404.
77 E. M. Forster, Alexandria: A History and a Guide, Peter Smith, Gloucester, Mass., 1968, p. 55, 160.
78 Ibid.
79 Drake, op. cit., p. 404.
80 Ibid.
81 Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 299.
82 Nag Hammadi Library, Introduction, p. 20.
83 Ibid.
84 Ibid.
85 Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History, available: http://cosmopolis.com/alexandria/hypatia-bio-socrates.html.
86 Ibid.
87 Ibid.
88 From John, bishop of Nikiu, available: http://cosmopolis.com/alexandria/hypatia-bio-john.html.
89 Pagels, op. cit., p. 93.
9
0 Runciman, op. cit., p. 18: ‘With Mani Gnostic Dualism reached its height of eminence … Manichaeism absorbed the bulk of the Gnostically-minded public.’
91 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 2; Barber, op. cit., p. 12.
92 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 4; Barber, op. cit., p. 12.
93 Wellburn, Mani, op. cit., p. 35.
94 Legge, op. cit., Vol II, p. 356.
95 Ibid.
96 For a fuller discussion of the Inquisition see Chapter Seven.
CHAPTER SIX: THE RIVALS
1 Cited in Burl, op. cit., p. 66.
2 Second Treatise of the Great Seth, in The Nag Hammadi Library, p. 367. See also discussion by Roger A. Bullard & Joseph A. Gibbons, p. 362.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 See Chapters Two & Three above for discussion of Cathar and Bogomil beliefs.
7 Nag Hammadi Library, p. 365.
8 Ibid., p. 362
9 For example, Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, Penguin, London, 1993.
10 Chadwick, op. cit., p. 43.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., p. 42.
15 Ibid., p. 43.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., p. 42.
18 Ibid., p. 45.
19 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 199 – 200.
20 Ibid., p. 4.
21 Ibid., p. 4 – 5.
22 Ibid., p. 5.
23 CitedinBarber,op.cit.,p.107;Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 1.
24 Chanson de la Croisade albigeoise, cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 6.
25 Ibid., p. 8.
26 Ibid., p. 11 – 12.
27 Ibid., p. 12, 102 – 9.
28 Ibid., p. 104; Burl, op. cit., p. 35; O’ Shea, op. cit., p. 71.
29 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 107.
30 Burl, op. cit., p. 36; Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 106; O’Shea, op. cit., p. 71 – 2.
31 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 106.
32 Burl, op. cit., p. 36; O’Shea, op. cit., p. 71.
33 Burl, op. cit., p. 34.
34 See discussion in Pagels, op. cit., p. 15, 50 – 51.
35 The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Christian Church, p. 884.
36 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 80; Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 884.
37 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 80.
38 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 111.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., p. 111 – 12.
41 Cited in O’Shea, op. cit., p. 83.
42 Cited in Oldenboutg, op. cit., p. 114.
43 Cited in Burl, op. cit., p. 44.
44 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 116; O’Shea, op. cit., p. 84; Burl, op. cit., p. 44.
45 Burl, op. cit., p. 42 – 6; O’Shea, op. cit., p. 85; Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 115 – 16.
46 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 86.
47 Cited in Burl, op. cit., p. 46.
48 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 85; Burl, op. cit., p. 44 – 45.
49 Cited in Burl, op. cit., p. 45.
50 Cited in O’Shea, op. cit., p. 87.
51 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 119.
52 Cited in Burl,op. cit., p. 4.
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE SWORD AND THE FIRE
1 Barber, op. cit., p. 128 – 9.
2 O’ Shea, op. cit., p. 109.
3 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 136
4 Sumption, op. cit., p. 227.
5 Cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 138.
6 Cited in O’Shea, op. cit., p. 115.
7 Ibid., p. 116.
8 Cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 141.
9 Ibid., p. 149; O’Shea, op. cit., p. 131.
10 Chanson de la Croisade albigeoise, cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 149.
11 Ibid., p. 149; O’Shea, op. cit., p. 131.
12 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 149.
13 Ibid., p. 166 – 7; Barber, op. cit., p. 3.
14 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 166 – 9.
15 Barber, op. cit., p. 130 – 31; Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 198.
16 Chanson, cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 198.
17 Ibid., p. 202.
18 Cited in Ibid.
19 See Ibid., p. 204 – 7.
20 Ibid., p. 233.
21 Ibid., p. 234.
22 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 178.
23 Ibid., p. 176 – 7.
24 Ibid., p. 181.
25 Ibid., p. 184 – 5.
26 Ibid., p. 185 – 7.
27 Ibid., p. 187.
28 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 251, 267.
29 Barber, op. cit., p. 142.
30 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 234.
31 Cited in Ibid., p. 237.
32 Ibid., p. 236.
33 Ibid., p. 237 – 8.
34 Ibid., p. 239.
35 Ibid., p. 246.
36 Cited in Barber, op. cit., p. 143.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 All decrees from translations by Zoé Oldenbourg, op. cit., pp. 269 – 71 and Appendix D: Repressive measures and decrees promulgated against the Cathars by Councils between 1179 and 1246.
40 Ibid., p. 269.
41 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 151.
42 Cited in René Weis, The Yellow Cross: The Story of the Last Cathars, 1290 – 1329, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2001, p. 12.
43 Ibid.
44 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 278.
45 Barber, op. cit., p. 146.
46 Ibid., p. 147.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 284.
50 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 139.
51 Burl, op. cit., p. 187.
52 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 139.
53 Cited in Ibid.
54 Cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 291.
55 Ibid.
56 Cited in Ibid.
57 Strayer, op. cit., p. 149.
58 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 291.
59 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 192.
60 Cited in Lambert, The Cathars, p. 138; Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 291.
61 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 139.
62 Cited in Burl, op. cit., p. 188.
63 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 286.
64 Barber, op. cit., p. 148.
65 Cited in Ibid., p. 149.
66 Cited in Ibid.
67 Ibid., p. 149.
68 Ibid.
69 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 300.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid., p. 302 – 3.
72 Ibid.
73 Lambert, The Cathars, p. 127.
74 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 306.
75 Ibid., p. 286.
76 Ibid., p. 290.
77 Sumption, op. cit., p. 230; Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 290; Barber, op. cit., p. 149.
78 Cited in Barber, op. cit., p. 149.
79 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 289 – 90.
80 Ibid., p. 289.
81 Ibid., p. 292.
82 Ibid., p. 290.
83 Strayer, op. cit., p. 156.
84 Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 295.
85 Sumption, op. cit., p. 232.
86 Barber, op. cit., p. 154.
87 Cited in Ibid.
88 Cited in Oldenbourg, op. cit., p. 363.
89 Cited in Burl, op. cit., p. 207.
90 Sumption, op. cit., p. 232
91 Barber, op. cit., p. 169 – 70.
92 Strayer, op. cit., p. 158.
93 Ibid.
94 Ibid.
95 O’Shea, op. cit., p. 239 – 46.
96 Sumption, op. cit., p. 235.
97 Barber, op. cit., p. 167.
98 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 276 – 77.
99 Ibid., p. 47.
100 Ibid., p. 265.
101 Ibid.
102 Ibid., p. 54 – 55.
103 Runciman, op. cit., p. 114.
104 Ibid., p. 115.
105 Hamilton & Hamilton, op. cit., p. 29.
PART II: THE SACRED CITIES CHAPTER EIGHT: THE OTHER SECRET RELIGION
; 1 The Nag Hammadi Library, p. 330ff.
2 The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Christian Church, p. 1100.
3 W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy IV: Plato: the man and his dialogues, earlier period, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, p. 22.
4 Ibid., p. 23.
5 Legge, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 92 – 3.
6 Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 141.
7 Pagels, op. cit., p. 62.
8 Forster, op. cit., p. 68.
9 Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 155.
10 See Chapters Two & Seven.
11 Margaret Starbird, The Woman with the Alabaster Jar: Mary Magdalen and the Holy Grail, Bear & Company, Rochester, Vermont, 1993, p. 75.
12 See Chapters Two, Six & Seven. See Oldenbourg, op. cit., pp. 269 – 71 & Appendix D: Repressive measures and decrees promulgated against the Cathars by Councils between 1179 and 1246.
13 Chistopher Hibbert, The House of Medici: It's Rise and Fall, Morrow Quill, New York, 1980, pp. 35 – 6.
14 Ibid., p. 63.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid., p. 68
17 R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, Sacred Science, Inner Traditions, Rochester, VT, 1982, p. 274.
18 Plato, Timeus, 22 A.
19 Schwaller de Lubicz, op. cit., pp. 279 – 86.
20 Frances Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1991, p. 12.
21 Ibid., p. 13
22 By Johannes Getenberg in c. 1450 in Germany.
23 Yates, op. cit., p. 3
24 Roelof van den Broek & Cis van Heertum (eds.), From Poimadres to Jacob Bohme, In de Pelikan Press, Amsterdam, 2000, p. 372.
25 In Western and also in Eastern occultism and mysticism there is a belief that ‘divine messengers’ such as the Egyptian Thoth, the Greek Hermes, the Roman Mercury and the biblical Enoch, the Christian St. Michael or the Muslim Idris were reincarnations of the same divine entity. See Yates, op. cit., p. 48; Freke & Gandy, op. cit., p. 222; Chapter Nine, note 46. For the assimilation of Enoch to Idris and Hermes see Jean Daresse, The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics, Inner Traditions, Rochester, VT, 1986, p. 315.
26 From Poimadres to Jacob Bohme, op. cit., p. 373.
27 Ibid., p. 374.
28 St. Augustine, op. cit., p. 814.
29 From Piomandres to Jocob Bohme, op. cit., p. 377.
30 Yates, op. cit., p. 42.
31 Ibid., p. 43.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid., p. 39.
35 Ibid., p. 37, footnote 5.
36 Ibid., p. 86.
37 Ibid., p. 88.
38 Ibid., p. 89.
39 Ibid., p. 94.
40 Ibid., p. 95.
41 Frances Yates, The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age, Routledge & Keagan Paul, London, 1979, p. 22.
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