by Naomi Klein
33. “Money Troubles: How to Kick-Start the Economy,” Fareed Zakaria GPS, CNN, August 15, 2010; “Factsheet: Cato Institute,” ExxonSecrets.org, Greenpeace USA, http://www.exxonsecrets.org; “Koch Industries Climate Denial Front Group: Cato Institute,” Greenpeace USA, http://www.greenpeace.org; “Case Study: Dr. Willie Soon, a Career Fueled by Big Oil and Coal,” Greenpeace USA, June 28, 2011, http://www.greenpeace.org.
34. “Factsheet: Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow,” ExxonSecrets.org, Greenpeace USA, http://www.exxonsecrets.org; Suzanne Goldenberg, “Secret Funding Helped Build Vast Network of Climate Denial Thinktanks,” Guardian, February 14, 2013.
35. Lawrence C. Hamilton, “Climate Change: Partisanship, Understanding, and Public Opinion,” Carsey Institute, Spring 2011, p. 4; “Vast Majority Agree Climate Is Changing,” Forum Research, July 24, 2013, p. 1, http://www.forumresearch.com.
36. Doran and Zimmerman, “Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,” 23; Upton Sinclair, I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 109.
37. Personal email communication with Aaron McCright, September 30, 2011; Aaron McCright and Riley Dunlap, “Cool Dudes: The Denial of Climate Change Among Conservative White Males in the United States,” Global Environmental Change 21 (2011): 1167, 1171.
38. Session 5: Sharpening the Scientific Debate (video), The Heartland Institute; Chris Hooks, “State Climatologist: Drought Officially Worst on Record,” Texas Tribune, April 4, 2011; Keynote Address (video), The Heartland Institute, July 1, 2011; “France Heat Wave Death Toll Set at 14,802,” Associated Press, September 25, 2003; Keynote Address (video), The Heartland Institute, June 30, 2011.
39. “World Bank Boosts Aid for Horn of Africa Famine,” Agence France-Presse, September 24, 2011; “Mankind Always Adapts to Climate, Rep. Barton Says,” Republicans on the House and Energy Commerce Committee, press release, March 25, 2009, http://republicans.energycom merce.house.gov.
40. “Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided,” Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics, World Bank, November 2012, p. ix; personal interview with Patrick Michaels, July 1, 2011.
41. “Petition of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America for EPA to Conduct Its Endangerment Finding Proceeding on the Record Using Administrative Procedure Act §§ 556 and 557,” Attachment 1, “Detailed Review of the Health and Welfare Science Evidence and IQA Petition for Correction,” U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 2009, p. 4.
42. Christian Parenti, Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence (New York: Nation Books, 2011).
43. Bryan Walsh, “The Costs of Climate Change and Extreme Weather Are Passing the High-Water Mark,” Time, July 17, 2013; Suzanne Goldenberg, “Starbucks Concerned World Coffee Supply Is Threatened by Climate Change,” Guardian, October 13, 2011; Emily Atkin, “Chipotle Warns It Might Stop Serving Guacamole If Climate Change Gets Worse,” Climate Progress, March 4, 2014; Robert Kopp et al., “American Climate Prospectus: Economic Risks in the United States,” prepared by Rhodium Group for the Risky Business Project, June 2014.
44. “Insurer Climate Risk Disclosure Survey,” Ceres, March 2013, p. 53, http://www.ceres.org; Eduardo Porter, “For Insurers, No Doubts on Climate Change,” New York Times, May 14, 2013; “2012 Fundrasing Plan,” The Heartland Institute, January 15, 2012, pp. 24–25.
45. Joseph Bast, “About the Center on Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate at the Heartland Institute,” Policy Documents, The Heartland Institute, June 5, 2012; personal interview with Eli Lehrer, August 20, 2012.
46. Lehrer interview, August 20, 2012.
47. Ibid.
48. John R. Porter et al., “Food Security and Food Production Systems,” in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. C.B Field et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 20-21; Joan Nymand Larsen et al., “Polar Regions,” in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Part B: Regional Aspects, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. V.R. Barros et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 20; Julie Satow, “The Generator Is the Machine of the Moment,” New York Times, January 11, 2013.
49. William Alden, “Around Goldman’s Headquarters, an Oasis of Electricity,” New York Times, November 2, 2012; “How FedEx Survived Hurricane Sandy,” KLTV, October 31, 2012; Kimi Yoshino, “Another Way the Rich Are Different: ‘Concierge-Level’ Fire Protection,” Los Angeles Times, October 26, 2007; P. Solomon Banda, “Insurance Companies Send Crews to Protect Homes,” Associated Press, July 5, 2012.
50. Jim Geraghty, “Climate Change Offers Us an Opportunity,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 28, 2011; FOOTNOTE: “House Bill No. 459,” 2011 Montana Legislature, February 15, 2011; Brad Johnson, “Wonk Room Interviews Montana Legislator Who Introduced Bill to Declare Global Warming ‘Natural,’ ” ThinkProgress Green, February 17, 2011.
51. FOOTNOTE: “Mission Statement,” American Freedom Alliance, http://www.americanfreedom alliance.org; Chris Skates, Going Green: For Some It Has Nothing to Do with the Environment (Alachua, FL: Bridge-Logos, 2011).
52. Kurt M. Campbell, Jay Gulledge, J. R. McNeill, et al., “The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy National Security Implications of Global Climate Change,” Center for Strategic and International Studies and Center for a New American Security, November 2007, p. 85.
53. Lee Fang, “David Koch Now Taking Aim at Hurricane Sandy Victims,” The Nation, December 22, 2012.
54. “230,000 Join Mail Call to Use Some of the UK’s £11billion Foreign Aid Budget to Tackle Floods Crisis,” Daily Mail, February 14, 2014.
55. Joe Romm, “Krauthammer, Part 2: The Real Reason Conservatives Don’t Believe in Climate Science,” Climate Progress, June 1, 2008.
56. Spencer Weart, The Discovery of Global Warming (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 149.
57. Global Carbon Project emissions data, 2013 Budget v2.4 (July 2014), available at http://cdiac.ornl.gov.
58. Ibid.; Michael Mann interview, The Big Picture with Thom Hartmann, RT America, March 25, 2014; Kevin Anderson, “Why Carbon Prices Can’t Deliver the 2°C Target,” KevinAnderson.info, August 13, 2013, http://kevinanderson.info.
59. Kahan et al., “The Second National Risk and Culture Study,” pp. 5-6.
60. Robert Jay Lifton and Richard Falk, Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against Nuclearism (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
61. Dan Kahan et al., “The Tragedy of the Risk-Perception Commons: Culture Conflict, Rationality Conflict, and Climate Change,” Cultural Cognition Project Working Paper No. 89, 2011, pp. 15-16, available at http://culturalcognition.net; Umair Irfan, “Report Finds ‘Motivated Avoidance’ Plays a Role in Climate Change Politics,” ClimateWire, December 19, 2011; Irina Feygina, John T. Jost, and Rachel E. Goldsmith, “System Justification, the Denial of Global Warming, and the Possibility of ‘System-Sanctioned Change,’ ” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36, (2010): 336.
62. Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, “The Long Death of Environmentalism,” Breakthrough Institute, February 25, 2011; Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, “Evolve,” Orion, September/October 2011.
63. Scott Condon, “Expert: Win Climate Change Debate by Easing off Science,” Glenwood Springs Post Independent, July 29, 2010.
64. For an example of how psychologists interested in generational differences have analyzed data from “The American Freshman” survey run out of the University of California, Los Angeles, see: Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, and W. Keith Campbell, “Generational Differences in Young Adults’ Life Goals, Concern for Others, and Civic Orientation, 1966–2009,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (2012): 1045-1062. Altern
ative explanations such as the rising cost of education (itself a product of the neoliberal era) could help explain the shift in materialist attitudes. For the 1966 and 2013 survey data, see: Alexander W. Astin, Robert J. Panos, and John A. Creager, “National Norms for Entering College Freshmen—Fall 1966,” Ace Research Reports, Vol. 2, No. 7, 1967, p. 21; Kevin Eagan et al., “The American Freshman: National Norms Fall 2013,” Cooperative Institutional Research Program at the Higher Education Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 2013, p. 40. THATCHER QUOTE: Ronald Butt, “Mrs Thatcher: The First Two Years,” Sunday Times (London), May 3, 1981.
65. John Immerwahr, “Waiting for a Signal: Public Attitudes Toward Global Warming, the Environment, and Geophysical Research,” Public Agenda, American Geophysical Union, April 15, 1999, pp. 4–5.
66. Yuko Heath and Robert Gifford, “Free-Market Ideology and Environmental Degradation: The Case of Belief in Global Climate Change,” Environment and Behavior 38 (2006): 48–71; Tim Kasser, “Values and Ecological Sustainability: Recent Research and Policy Possibilities,” in The Coming Transformation: Values to Sustain Human and Natural Communities, eds. Stephen R. Kellert and James Gustave Speth, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, 2009, pp. 180–204; Tim Crompton and Tim Kasser, Meeting Environmental Challenges: The Role of Human Identity (Surrey: WWF-UK, 2009), 10.
67. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 594.
68. Rebecca Solnit, A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster (New York: Penguin Books, [2009] 2010).
CHAPTER 2: HOT MONEY
1. Ken Burns, The Dust Bowl, PBS, 2012.
2. Marlene Moses, “The Choice Is Ours,” Planet B, Rio + 20 Special Edition, June 2012, p. 80.
3. US CHALLENGE TO CHINA: “China—Measures Concerning Wind Power Equipment,” Request for Consultations by the United States, World Trade Organization, December 22, 2010, p. 1; CHINA CHALLENGE TO EU: “European Member States—Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector,” Request for Consultations by China, World Trade Organization, November 7, 2012, p. 1; CHINA THREATENS US: “Announcement No. 26 of 2012 of the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China on the Preliminary Investigation Conclusion on the U.S. Policy Support and Subsidies for Its Renewable Energy Sector,” Ministry of Commerce, People’s Republic of China, May 27, 2012, http://english.mof com.gov; US CHALLENGE TO INDIA: “India—Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules,” Request for Consultations by the United States, World Trade Organization, February 11, 2013, pp. 1–2; CONTEMPLATING CLOSURE: Chandra Bhushan, “Who Is the One Not Playing by the Rules—India or the US?” Centre for Science and Environment, February 8, 2013; personal interview with Chandra Bhushan, Deputy Director General, Centre for Science and Environment, May 10, 2013; INDIA RESPONSE: “Certain Local Content Requirements in Some of the Renewable Energy Sector Programs,” Questions by India to the United States, World Trade Organization, April 17, 2013, p. 1; “Subsidies,” Questions Posed by India to the United States Under Article 25.8 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures—State Level Renewable Energy Sector Subsidy Programmes with Local Content Requirements, World Trade Organization, April 18, 2013.
4. Personal interview with Paolo Maccario, January 9, 2014.
5. Green Energy and Green Economy Act, 2009, S.O. 2009, c.12—Bill 150, Government of Ontario, 2009.
6. Jenny Yuen, “Gore Green with Envy,” Toronto Star, November 25, 2009; “International Support for Ontario’s Green Energy Act,” Government of Ontario, Ministry of Energy, June 24, 2009.
7. “Feed-in Tariff Program: FIT Rules Version 1.1,” Ontario Power Authority, September 30, 2009, p. 14.
8. Michael A. Levi, “The Canadian Oil Sands: Energy Security vs. Climate Change,” Council on Foreign Relations, 2009, p. 12; Gary Rabbior, “Why the Canadian Dollar Has Been Bouncing Higher,” Globe and Mail, October 30, 2009.
9. GAS: Mississauga Power Plant Cancellation Costs, Special Report, Office of the Auditor General of Ontario, April 2013, pp. 7–8; Oakville Power Plant Cancellation Costs, Special Report, Office of the Auditor General of Ontario, October 2013, pp. 7–8; WIND: Dave Seglins, “Ont. Couple Seeks Injunction to Stop Wind-Farm Expansion,” CBC News, September 11, 2012; SOLAR: “Ontario Brings More Clean Solar Power Online, Creates Jobs,” Government of Ontario, Ministry of Energy, press release, July 31, 2012; ONE COAL PLANT: “Ontario—First Place in North America to End Coal-Fired Power,” Government of Ontario, Office of the Premier, November 21, 2013; JOBS: “Progress Report 2014: Jobs and Economy,” Government of Ontario, May 1, 2014, http://www.ontario.ca.
10. “Wayne Wright, Silfab Solar” (video), BlueGreen Canada, YouTube, June 2, 2011.
11. “Canada—Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector,” Request for Consultations by Japan, World Trade Organization, September 16, 2010, pp. 2–3.
12. “Canada—Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector; Canada—Measures Relating to the Feed-in Tariff Program,” Reports of the Appellate Body, World Trade Organization, May 6, 2013; “Ontario to Change Green Energy Law After WTO Ruling,” Canadian Press, May 29, 2013; “Ontario Lowering Future Energy Costs,” Government of Ontario, Ministry of Energy, press release, December 11, 2013.
13. Elizabeth Bast et al., “Low Hanging Fruit: Fossil Fuel Subsidies, Climate Finance, and Sustainable Development,” Oil Change International for the Heinrich Böll Stiftung North America, June 2012, p. 16; Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [2006] 2007), xviii.
14. “Facts About Wind Power: Facts and Numbers,” Danish Energy Agency, http://www.ens.dk; “Renewables Now Cover More than 40% of Electricity Consumption,” Danish Energy Agency, press release, September 24, 2012; Greg Pahl, The Citizen-Powered Energy Handbook: Community Solutions to a Global Crisis (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2007), 69; Shruti Shukla and Steve Sawyer (Global Wind Energy Council), 30 Years of Policies for Wind Energy: Lessons from 12 Wind Energy Markets (Abu Dhabi, UAE: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2012), 55.
15. Scott Sinclair, “Negotiating from Weakness,” Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, April 2010, p. 11.
16. Aaron Cosbey, “Renewable Energy Subsidies and the WTO: The Wrong Law and the Wrong Venue,” Subsidy Watch 44 (2011): 1.
17. “Multi-Association Letter Regarding EU Fuel Quality Directive,” Institute for 21st Century Energy, May 20, 2013, http://www.energyxxi.org; “Froman Pledges to Preserve Jones Act, Criticizes EU Clean Fuel Directive,” Inside US Trade, September 20, 2013; “Non-paper on a Chapter on Energy and Raw Materials in TTIP,” Council of the European Union, May 27, 2014, http://www.scribd.com; Lydia DePillis, “A Leaked Document Shows Just How Much the EU Wants a Piece of America’s Fracking Boom,” Washington Post, July 8, 2014.
18. The quote is from an interview conducted by Victor Menotti, executive director of the International Forum on Globalization, in 2005. Victor Menotti, “G8 ‘Climate Deal’ Ducks Looming Clash with WTO,” International Forum on Globalization, July 2007, http://www.ifg.org.
19. “Notice of Arbitration Under the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and Chapter Eleven of the North American Free Trade Agreement,” Lone Pine Resources, September 6, 2013.
20. “U.S. Solar Market Insight Report: 2013 Year-in-Review,” Executive Summary, GTM Research, Solar Energy Industries Association, p. 4; Bhushan, “Who Is the One Not Playing by the Rules—India or the US?”; Bhushan interview, May 10, 2013; Maccario interview, January 9, 2014; “Climate Change, China, and the WTO,” March 30, 2011 (video), panel discussion, Columbia Law School.
21. Personal interview with Steven Shrybman, October 4, 2011.
22. Oceanographer Roger Revelle, who led the team that wrote on atmospheric CO2 in the report for President Johnson, had us
ed similar language describing carbon emissions as a “geophysical experiment” as early as 1957, in a landmark climate science paper co-authored with chemist Hans Suess: Roger Revelle and Hans E. Suess, “Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 during the Past Decades,” Tellus 9 (1957): 19–20. For in-depth histories of climate science and politics, see: Spencer Weart, The Discovery of Global Warming (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); Joshua P. Howe, Behind the Curve: Science and the Politics of Global Warming (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014). HISTORY: Weart, The Discovery of Global Warming, 1–37; JOHNSON REPORT: Roger Revelle et al., “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,” in Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel, President’s Science Advisory Committee, The White House, November 1965, Appendix Y4, pp. 126–27.