Revolutionary Summer: The Birth of American Independence

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Revolutionary Summer: The Birth of American Independence Page 25

by Joseph J. Ellis


  efforts at reconciliation rejected by, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1

  and Howe brothers’ diplomatic initiatives, 4.1, 4.2

  Jefferson’s condemnations of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  oppressive policies imposed by, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1

  Germain, Lord George, 2.1, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1

  and Howe brothers’ diplomatic initiatives, 4.1, 4.2

  invasion of New York planned by, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1

  overall strategy of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 9.1, n20

  Germans, 1.1, 3.1

  mercenaries, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1 (see also Hessians)

  Gerry, Elbridge

  Glorious Revolution

  Glover, Colonel John, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, n25

  Gowanus Heights, Battle of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, n28

  Grant, General James, 6.1, 7.1

  Greeks, ancient

  Greene, Gen. Nathanael, prf.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 8.1, n23

  Adams and, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1

  illness and evacuation to Manhattan of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  at Kip’s Bay

  on Long Island, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1, 6.2

  promotion to general of, 2.1, 8.1

  Quaker background of

  retreat from New York advocated by, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Greyhound (ship)

  Hamilton, Alexander

  Hancock, John, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, n28

  and defense of New York, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Washington’s reports to, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  Hand, Colonel Edward

  Hannibal

  Harlem Heights

  Battle of, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, n41

  Harrison, Robert Hanson, n28

  Harvard University, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2

  Havana, Battle of

  Hawley, Joseph

  Heath, General William

  Heister, General Leopold von

  Henry, Patrick

  Hessians, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

  arrival of, 4.1, 6.1

  at Gowanus Heights

  at Kip’s Bay, 7.1, 7.2

  on Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  military professionalism of, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1

  Hooper, William, 7.1, 8.1

  House of Commons, 1.1, 9.1

  House of Lords, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1

  Howe, George Augustus

  Howe, Adm. Richard, prf.1, prf.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

  aristocratic background of

  attitude of Continental Congress toward, 5.1, 5.2

  bombardment of Manhattan by

  diplomatic priorities of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  fleet commanded by, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1 (see also Royal Navy)

  Franklin’s friendship with, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  and Long Island battles, 6.1, 6.2

  on Staten Island, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1

  Howe, Gen. William, prf.1, prf.2, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, n23, n31, n6

  aristocratic background of

  attitude of Continental Congress toward, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  in Boston Siege, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1

  British attitudes toward conduct of war by, 9.1, n26, n21

  at Bunker Hill, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, n22

  Burgoyne and, 5.1, n20

  defections of deserters and loyalists to

  in French and Indian War

  Germain’s orders to, 2.1, 6.1

  and independence, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1

  on Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1

  on Manhattan, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  occupation of New York by, 7.1, 8.1

  peace initiatives of, 4.1, 6.1

  Staten Island garrison of, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

  strategy and tactics, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2

  Hudson River, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1

  in British strategy, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, n20

  British warships on, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1

  maps of, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1

  restriction of British access to, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1

  Huguenots

  Indians, 2.1, 5.1, see also French and Indian War

  Industrial Revolution

  Inns of Court

  Jamaica Pass, 6.1, 6.2

  Jefferson, Martha, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1

  Jefferson, Thomas, prf.1, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, n11, n33

  Declaration of Independence drafted by, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 8.1, n29, n34

  in Dickinson draft debate, 5.1, 5.2

  family concerns of, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1

  Virginia constitution draft by, 5.1, 5.2

  Kentish Guards

  killing zone, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1

  King’s Bridge, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1

  Kip’s Bay, Battle of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1

  Knowlton, Col. Thomas, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

  Knox, Gen. Henry, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  Lee, Gen. Charles, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, n22, n26, n25

  Lee, Richard Henry, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1

  Leitch, Major Andrew

  Lengel, Ed, n22

  Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer (Dickinson)

  Lexington, Battle of, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1

  Lincoln, Abraham, 3.1, 3.2

  Livingston, Philip

  Livingston, Robert

  Locke, John

  London, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2

  Dickinson in

  Franklin in, 4.1, 5.1

  Paine in, 1.1, 1.2

  peace commission sent to colonies from

  press in, 9.1, 9.2

  Reed in

  Long Island, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 8.1

  arming of militia units on

  Battle of, prf.1, prf.2, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, map, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2 (see also Brooklyn Heights; Gowanus Heights, Battle of)

  defensive networks on, 4.1, 6.1

  evacuation of Continental Army troops from

  political allegiance of farmers on, 4.1, 4.2

  smallpox outbreak on

  transport of British troops to

  Loring, Elizabeth (Betsy), 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, n23

  Louis XVI, King of France

  loyalists, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, n26

  arrests of, 2.1, 4.1, n39

  in British Army, 2.1, 7.1, 8.1

  British forces aided by, 4.1, 6.1

  in exile in London, 9.1, 9.2

  in middle colonies, 1.1, 3.1

  newspapers of

  spying by, 3.1, 6.1

  MacKenzie, Capt. Frederick, 8.1, 8.2

  Maier, Pauline, n2, n20, n28

  Maine

  Malden (Massachusetts)

  Manhattan, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, map

  battles on, prf.1, prf.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 (see also Harlem Heights, Battle of; Kip’s Bay, Battle of)

  British failure to trap Continental Army on, 7.1, 9.1

  Continental Army encampments on

  Continental Congress delegates from

  decision to defend

  desertion of militia from Long Island to

  dysentery from contaminated water on

  evacuation of Continental Army from, 8.1, 8.2, map

  Great Fire in

  loyalists on

  Royal Navy bombardment of, 4.1, 7.1

  ships ordered to assemble on

  troops transferred to Long Island from, 6.1, 6.2

  Washington’s headquarters on

  Martin, Joseph Plumb, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1

  Maryland, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1

  Massachusetts, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 7.1

  Charter of

  General Court of

  martial law in

  outbreak of war in, see specific battles

  see also specific cities and towns

  mercenaries, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1

  German, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1 (see also Hessians)
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  Middle Temple (London)

  Mifflin, Gen. Thomas, 6.1, n35

  Miles, Samuel

  militias, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, n3

  in Boston Siege

  British disparagement of, 2.1, 4.1

  desertion of

  at Kip’s Bay

  myth of

  from New England, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  in New York campaign, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, n2

  Minden, Battle of

  Minutemen, 8.1, 9.1

  Mohawk Indians

  Morgan, Edmund, n22

  Native Americans, see Indians

  New England Chronicle

  “New Establishment”, 8.1, 8.2

  New Hampshire, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1

  New Jersey, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  Continental Congress delegates from, 1.1, 6.1

  loyalists in, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1

  militia units from, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 5.1

  see also specific cities and towns

  Newport Mercury

  New Rochelle (New York), 8.1, 9.1

  New York, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  arrival of British fleet at, 3.1, 3.2

  Battle of, prf.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1 (see also specific battles)

  British occupation of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2

  Continental Army march from Boston to, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2

  Continental Congress delegates from, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1

  defense of, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  epidemic of fear and disillusionment in

  evacuation of troops from

  Harbor, British prison ships in, 6.1, n23

  loyalists in, 1.1, 4.1

  provisional government of

  referendum on independence in

  tactical vulnerability of, 3.1, 4.1, n26

  see also Hudson River; Long Island; Manhattan; Staten Island; specific cities and towns

  North Carolina, 1.1, 7.1

  Observations on the Increase of Mankind (Franklin)

  Orpheus (ship), 7.1

  Paine, Thomas, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1

  Paris, Treaty of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

  Parliament, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2

  George III’s 1775 address to

  Howe brothers in, 2.1, 9.1

  limitation of monarchical power by

  opposition to militarization of colonial conflict in, 1.1, 9.1, 9.2, n26

  resistance to authority of, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1

  Patterson, James

  Pell’s Point, Battle of

  Peloponnesian War, 8.1, 8.2

  Pendleton, Edmund, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2

  Pennsylvania, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1

  Committee of Public Safety

  constitution of, 3.1, 5.1

  Continental Congress delegates from, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  loyalists in, 1.1, 3.1

  militia units from

  see also specific cities and towns

  Pennsylvania Evening Post

  Pennsylvania Packet, 1.1, 7.1

  Percy, Gen. Hugh

  Perth Amboy (New Jersey)

  Philadelphia, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 9.1

  British attack on, 8.1, n20

  Continental Congress in, see Continental Congress

  population of

  property requirements to vote in, 1.1, 3.1

  Washington in, 2.1, 2.2

  Phoenix (ship), 4.1, 4.2

  Pitt, William, 1.1, 1.2, 9.1

  Plan of Treaties, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1

  Polybius

  proportional representation, 5.1, 5.2

  Punic wars

  Puritans

  Putnam, Gen. Israel, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2

  Putnam, Rufus

  Quakers, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1

  Quebec, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Battle of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1

  Rainbow (ship)

  Rakove, Jack K., n1

  Reed, Col. Joseph, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1

  representation, proportional, 5.1, 5.2

  Rhode Island, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 7.1

  Rodney, Caesar

  Romans, ancient, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2

  Rose (ship), 4.1, 4.2

  Royal Navy, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2

  see also Howe, Adm. Richard; specific ships

  Royal Society

  Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (Franklin)

  Rush, Benjamin, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

  Russia

  Rutledge, Edward, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Sandy Hook (New Jersey)

  Saratoga, Battle of, 9.1, n20

  Schuyler, General Philip

  Scotch-Irish

  Scottish Highlanders, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1

  Second Treatise on Government (Locke)

  Serle, Ambrose, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2

  Sherman, Roger, 3.1, 5.1

  Six Nations

  slavery, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1

  avoidance of discussions of, prf.1, 2.1, 1.1, 3.1

  Jefferson and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  sectional split over

  smallpox, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1

  inoculation for, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, n33

  Society of the Cincinnati

  South Carolina, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2

  slavery in, 3.1, 5.1

  Sparta

  Stamp Act (1765)

  Staten Island, 2.1, 6.1

  British forces on, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  British troops transported to Long Island from

  peace talks on, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

  Stedman, Charles

  Stirling, Lord (Gen. William Alexander), 2.1, 4.1, 8.1

  as British captive, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  on Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, map, 6.3

  submarines, 4.1, 7.1

  Sullivan, James

  Sullivan, General John, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  Summary View of the Rights of British Americans (Jefferson), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Tallmadge, Major Benjamin, 6.1, 6.2

  Tappan Zee

  taxes, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1

  levied by British, 1.1, 4.1

  proposed compromises on, 1.1, 6.1

  resistance to, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Thebes

  Thoughts on Government (Adams)

  Throg’s Neck

  Ticonderoga, Battle of, 2.1, 2.2

  Tilghman, Lt. Tench, 6.1, 8.1

  Topsfield (Massachusetts), 3.1, 3.2

  Tories, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

  Trenton, Battle of

  Trumbull, John, 3.1, 7.1

  Turtle (submarine), 7.1

  Valley Forge, 8.1, 9.1

  Vietnam War, n21

  Virginia, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2

  commitment to independence of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  constitution of, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  Continental Army troops from, 7.1, 7.2

  Continental Congress delegates from, 3.1, 5.1

  slavery in

  see also specific cities and towns

  Virginia Convention, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2

  Warren, Joseph, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1

  Washington, George, prf.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, n23, n28, n22

  and Battle of Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, n2

  at Boston Siege, 1.1, n12

  British disparagement of

  and Canadian campaign, 2.1, n31

  Continental Army march to New York from Boston led by, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2

  Continental Congress and, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1

  councils of war convened by, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1

  daily demands on

  and Declaration of Independence

  and defense of New York, 2.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1

  evacuation of Continental Army from Manhattan by, 7.1, 8
.1, 8.2, map, 9.1

  Farewell Address

  in French and Indian War, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1

  General Orders, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1

  Germain’s threat to execute

  Hancock and, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2

  at Harlem Heights, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

  honor-driven behavior of, prf.1, 6.1, 7.1

  Howe’s communications with, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  and Kip’s Bay disaster

  Manhattan headquarters of

  militia units and, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 7.1

  officer corps of, 2.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, n35, n25

  physical and psychological characteristics of, 2.1, n2

  Reed and, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1

  resolute defiance of British by

  response to British atrocities at Bunker Hill

  retreat through New Jersey of

  and “spirit of ’76”

  tactical withdrawal from Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  at Trenton

  unrealistic optimism about success against British of, 5.1, 5.2

  veneration of public for, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1

  Washington, Lund, 7.1, 8.1

  Washington, Martha, 2.1, n33

  Westmoreland, Gen. William, n21

  Whigs, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1

  White Plains (New York)

  Williams, William

  Williamsburg (Virginia), 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  Witherspoon, John

  Wood, Gordon, n22

  World War I, 3.1, 5.1

  World War II

  Yorktown, Battle of, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  A Note About the Author

  Joseph J. Ellis is the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Founding Brothers. His portrait of Thomas Jefferson, American Sphinx, won the National Book Award. He is the Ford Foundation Professor of History Emeritus at Mount Holyoke College. He lives in Amherst, Massachusetts, with his wife and their youngest son.

  Other titles by Joseph J. Ellis available in eBook format

  American Creation • 978-0-307-26774-0

  American Sphinx • 978-0-375-72746-7

  First Family • 978-0-307-59431-0

  Founding Brothers • 978-1-4000-7768-7

  His Excellency • 978-1-4000-4376-7

  Visit: www.josephellishistorian.com

  Like: www.facebook.com/pages/Joseph-J-Ellis/152923398076184

  For more information, please visit www.aaknopf.com

  Illustrations

 

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