2. Andrew Martonik, “Larry Page: 1.5 Million Android Devices Activated Every Day,” Android Central, July 18, 2013, http://www.androidcentral.com/larry-page-15-million-android-devices-activated-every-day.
3. “Tips and Statistics,” Safety Insurance Group, accessed August 21, 2013, https://www.safetyinsurance.com/driversafety/tips_statistics.html.
4. Gavin Newsom and Lisa Dickey, Citizenville: How to Take the Town Square Digital and Reinvent Government (New York: Penguin, 2013).
5. The nineteenth-century French economist Frédéric Bastiat produced just such a satire, “A Petition From the Manufacturers of Candles, Tapers, Lanterns, Sticks, Street Lamps, Snuffers, and Extinguishers, and from Producers of Tallow, Oil, Resin, Alcohol, and Generally of Everything Connected with Lighting.” His tongue-in-cheek letter was written well before the invention of the light bulb; he was asking the French government to ban the sun.
Chapter Two
1. Sarah Greek, “Bachelor’s Degree—At Age 18,” College Fix, July 11, 2013, http://www.thecollegefix.com/post/13981/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed.
2. “From Harshal,” Khan Academy Stories, April 12, 2013, https://www.khanacademy.org/stories/harshal-april-12-2013.
3. Kara Miller and Kinne Cahpin, “Sal Khan Reinvents Education,” WGBH News, April 26, 2013, http://www.wgbhnews.org/post/sal-khan-reinvents-education.
4. “From Dave,” Khan Academy Stories, December 13, 2012, https://www.khanacademy.org/stories/dave-m-december-13-2012.
5. “MTT2K,” YouTube video, posted by John Golden, June 18, 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=hC0MV843_Ng.
6. Angela Chen, “Parody Critiques Popular Khan Academy Videos,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 28, 2012, http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/parody-critiques-popular-khan-academy-videos/37543; Maggie Severns, “Math Teachers’ Parody Prompts Project to Critique Khan Academy’s Lessons,” Slate, June 26, 2012, http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/06/26/khan_academy_mystery_science_theater_300_parody_by_math_teachers_video_.html.
7. Justin Reich, “Don’t Use Khan Academy without Watching This First,” EdTech Researcher (blog), Education Week, June 21, 2012, http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/edtechresearcher/2012/06/dont_use_khan_academy_without_watching_mmt2k_first.html?intc=mvs.
8. Valerie Strauss, “Khan Academy: The Hype and the Reality,” The Answer Sheet (blog), Washington Post, July 23, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/khan-academy-the-hype-and-the-reality/2012/07/22/gJQAuw4J3W_blog.html.
9. Strauss, “Sal Khan Responds to a Critic—and the Critic Answers Back,” guest post by Karim Kai Ani, The Answer Sheet (blog), Washington Post, August 2, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/sal-khan-responds-to-critic/2012/07/25/gJQA83rW9W_blog.html.
10. Some estimates are even higher—the Evergreen Education Group estimates that 275,000 students in forty states are enrolled full-time in online classes. Vanessa Romo, “Are Charter Schools Really a Good Idea?” Take Part, June 3, 2013, http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/06/03/virtual-school-charter-growth-America.
11. “High School Graduation Rate (1990–2012),” America’s Health Rankings, 2012 Annual Report, http://www.americashealthrankings.org/all/graduation.
12. Yasmin Rammohan, “High Dropout Rate for Chicago Schools,” WTTW.com, November 7, 2011, http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2011/11/07/high-dropout-rate-chicago-schools.
13. “Reading Performance,” National Center for Education Statistics, 2011, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/coe_cnb.pdf.
14. “Leadership,” Kaplan Inc., accessed August 2013, http://www.kaplan.com/about-kaplan/leadership.
15. Mechanical Turk allows developers to pay real people small amounts of money to complete simple tasks. For instance, you might pay someone three cents every time he confirms that the book cover shown on a product page indeed matches the title in the database. Amazon built the system for its own use and decided to open it up to anyone.
16. Michelle Jamrisko and Ilan Kolet, “Cost of College Degree in U.S. Soars 12 Fold: Chart of the Day,” Bloomberg.com, August 15, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-15/cost-of-college-degree-in-u-s-soars-12-fold-chart-of-the-day.html.
17. Jillian Berman, “Student Debt Balance around 60 Percent of Graduates’ Annual Income on Average: Study,” Huffington Post, June 19, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/student-debt-graduates-income_n_3464924.html.
18. Andy Kessler, “Sebastian Thrun: What’s Next for Silicon Valley?,” Wall Street Journal, June 15, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303807404577434891291657730.html.
19. Ibid.
20. Steve Kolowich, “San Jose U. Puts MOOC Project with Udacity on Hold,” Chronicle of Higher Education, July 19, 2013, http://chronicle.com/article/San-Jose-State-U-Puts-MOOC/140459/.
Chapter Three
1. “Aflac Real Cost Calculator Source Information,” Aflac, updated January 2013, accessed August 2013, http://www.aflac.com/individuals/realcost/source/.
2. Ketaki Gokhale, “Heart Insurance in India for $1,583 Costs $106,385 in U.S.,” Bloomberg, July 28, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-28/heart-surgery-in-india-for-1-583-costs-106-385-in-u-s-.html.
3. Ibid.
4. Eric Topol, The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care (New York: Basic Books, 2012), vi. Italics added.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. “iDoctor: Could a Smartphone Be the Future of Medicine?,” Rock Center with Brian Williams, NBC News, January 24, 2013, http://www.nbcnews.com/video/rock-center/50582822.
8. Topol, The Creative Destruction of Medicine, ix–x.
9. Ibid., 20.
10. Ibid., 22.
11. Philip Klein, “The Empress of Obamacare,” American Spectator, June 2010, http://spectator.org/archives/2010/06/04/the-empress-of-obamacare.
12. “Obamacare Rate Shocker: Committee Surveys Leading Insurance Companies—Obamacare to Cause Premiums to Spike Nationwide, as High as 400 Percent,” United States House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee, May 13, 2013, http://energy-commerce.house.gov/press-release/obamacare-rate-shocker-committee-surveys-leading-insurance-companies%E2%80%94obamacare-cause.
13. “Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage,” Congressional Budget Office, May 2012, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44190_EffectsAffordableCareActHealthInsuranceCoverage_2.pdf.
14. Sharon Begley, “Delay in Obamacare Requirement Puts Onus on the Honor System,” Reuters, July 5, 2013, http://news.yahoo.com/delay-obamacare-requirement-puts-onus-honor-system-053417869.html;_ylt=A2KJ2PZzwtZR.U0ABhPQtDMD%20%20target=.
15. Erin Gilmer, “Developing Mobile Apps a Medical Devices: Understanding U.S. Government Regulations,” IBM.com, April 16, 2013, http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mobile/library/mo-fda-med-devices/index.html.
16. Sarah underwent two double-lung transplants, as her first set of donor lungs sent her into primary graft failure, a complication that occurs in 10 to 25 percent of lung transplants. Doctors were able to successfully transplant a second set of “high-risk” lungs before Sarah’s condition declined any further. See “Sarah Murnaghan Received Second Lung Transplant, Parents Say,” Philly.com, June 30, 2013, http://articles.philly.com/2013-06-30/news/40273037_1_second-transplant-lung-transplant-graft-failure; Devin Kelly, “Pennsylvania Girl Got Second Lung Transplant After First Failed,” Los Angeles Times, June 28, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/28/nation/la-na-nn-sarah-murnaghan-second-transplant-20130628.
17. “Anthony Atala: Printing a Human Kidney,” TED Talks, TED.com, March 2011, http://www.ted.com/talks/anthony_atala_printing_a_human_kidney.html.
18. Kevin Sack, “Kidney Transplant Committee Proposes Changes Aimed at Better Use of Donated Organs,” New York Times, September 21, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/22/us/proposals-aim-to-improve-kidney-transp
lant-system.html?_r=0.
19. “Dialysis Overview,” Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, accessed August 2013, http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/dialysis/np_overview.aspx.
20. “Diabetes Statistics,” American Diabetes Association, updated August 20, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/.
21. “The Cost of Diabetes,” American Diabetes Association, updated March 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/advocate/resources/cost-of-diabetes.html.
22. “What Organs Can Be Donated?,” New York Organ Donor Network, accessed August 2013, http://www.donatelifeny.org/about-donation/what-can-be-donated/pancreas-transplants/.
23. “DATA: United States,” New York Organ Donor Network, updated April 12, 2013, http://www.donatelifeny.org/about-donation/data/#Data%20US1.
24. Daniel Henninger, “Drug Lag,” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, Library of Economics and Liberty, Liberty Fund, accessed August 2013, http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/DrugLag.html.
25. Ibid.
26. Avik S. A. Roy, “Stifling New Cures: The True Cost of Lengthy Clinical Drug Trials,” Project FDA, report no. 5, Manhattan Institute, April 2012, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/fda_05.htm.
27. Ibid.
28. Ronald Trowbridge and Steven Walker, “The FDA’s Deadly Track Record,” Wall Street Journal, August 14, 2007.
29. “Diamond Food Inc. 2/22/10: Warning Letter,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, letter sent February 22, 2010, http://www.fda.gov/iceci/enforcementactions/warningletters/ucm202825.htm.
Chapter Four
1. Ted Gregory, “North Dakota’s Oil Rush Lures Chicago-Era Residents,” Chicago Tribune, March 17, 2013, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-03-17/news/ct-met-north-dakota-fracking-chicagoans-20130317_1_oil-boom-oil-rush-man-camps.
2. Scott Tong, “George Mitchell, 94, Dies: Oil Man Unlocked Fracking,” Marketplace, December 7, 2012, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/sustainability/oil-man-who-figured-out-fracking.
3. Tong, “George Mitchell, 94, Dies”; Michael Shellenberger, “Interview with Dan Steward, Former Mitchell Energy Vice President,” The Breakthrough Institute, December 12, 2011, http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/interview_with_dan_steward_for.
4. Tong, “George Mitchell, 94, Dies.”
5. Shellenberger, “Interview with Dan Steward, Former Mitchell Energy Vice President.”
6. Institute for Energy Research, North American Energy Inventory, December 2011, http://www.energyforamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Energy-InventoryFINAL.pdf.
7. Jonathan Bailey and Henry Lee, “North American Oil and Gas Reserves: Prospects and Policy,” summary of a workshop at the Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government, July 2012.
8. “Natural Gas Reserves in the Appalachian Basin Underestimated,” energynews24.com, August 29, 2011, http://www.energynews24.com/2011/08/natural-gas-reserves-in-the-appalachian-basin-underestimated.
9. Rick Stouffer, “Marcellus Shale Estimated Natural Gas Yield Rises to Nearly 500 Trillion Cubic Feet,” Trib Total Media, July 28, 2009, http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_635579.html#axzz2bDgvo0FB.
10. Stephen Moore, “What North Dakota Could Teach California,” Wall Street Journal, March 11, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203370604577265773038268282.html.
11. Ibid.
12. Tong, “George Mitchell, 94, Dies.”
13. “Unemployment Rates for States,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 2013, http://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm.
14. Robert Johnson, “In This Oil Boomtown, Workers with No Experience Are Making $120,000 a Year” Business Insider, March 9, 2012, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/oil-boomtown-workers-no-experience-154600953.html.
15. Catherine Kim and Jessica Hopper, “Now Hiring: North Dakota Oil Boom Creates Thousands of Jobs,” Rock Center with Brian Williams, October 27, 2011, http://rockcenter.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/10/27/8495501-now-hiring-north-dakota-oil-boom-creates-thousands-of-jobs?lite.
16. Kris Maher, “Gas Drilling Bringing Jobs to Pennsylvania, but How Many?,” Review and Outlook, Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904233404576462543376226516.html?mod=WSJ_hps_sections_news.
17. “A Tale of Two Shale States,” Wall Street Journal, July 26, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303678704576442053700739990.html?mod=djemEditorialPage_h.
18. Cullen Browder, “Fracking Brings Risk, Reward to Pennsylvania; Could NC Be Next?,” WRAL.com, November 10, 2011, http://www.wral.com/news/local/wral_investigates/story/10359274/.
19. Nicolas Loris, “Hydraulic Fracturing: Critical for Energy Production, Jobs, and Economic Growth,” Backgrounder no. 2714, Heritage Foundation, August 28, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/hydraulic-fracturing-critical-for-energy-production-jobs-and-economic-growth.
20. “Unconventional Oil and Gas Production Supports More Than 1.7 Million U.S. Jobs Today; Will Support 3 Million by the End of the Decade, IHS Study Finds,” press release, IHS, October 23, 2012, http://press.ihs.com/press-release/commodities-pricing-cost/unconventional-oil-and-gas-production-supports-more-17-millio.
21. “Henry Hub Gulf Coast Natural Gas Spot Price,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, August 28, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/rngwhhdA.htm.
22. Clifford Krauss, “U.S. Inches Toward Goal of Energy Independence,” New York Times, March 22, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/23/business/energy-environment/inching-toward-energy-independence-in-america.html?pagewanted=all.
23. Elisabeth Rosenthal, “U.S. to Be Top Oil Producer in 5 Years, Report Says,” New York Times, November 12, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/business/energy-environment/report-sees-us-as-top-oil-producer-in-5-years.html?_r=0.
24. Rob Wile, “Prince Alwaleed: Fracking Is Going to Crush the Saudi Economy If Nothing Is Done,” Business Insider, July 29, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-prince-alwaleed-warns-on-fracking-2013-7.
25. Ibid.
26. David G. Savage, “Saudi Arabia–based Charities Still Funding Terrorists, GAO Says,” Washington Times, September 30, 2009, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/30/nation/na-terror-funding30.
27. Ben Wolfgang, “As N.Y. Fracking Ban Drags On, Leading Energy Company Backs Out,” Washington Times, August 7, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/aug/7/ny-fracking-ban-drags-leading-energy-company-backs/.
28. George Monbiot, “When Will the Oil Run Out?” Guardian, December 14, 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/dec/15/oil-peak-energy-iea; Sarah Mukherjee, “Warning over Global Oil ‘Decline,’” BBC News, October 8, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8296096.stm.
29. Michael Klare, “End of the Petroleum Age?,” ed. John Feffer, Foreign Policy in Focus, Institute for Policy Studies, June 26, 2008, http://fpif.org/end_of_the_petroleum_age/.
30. Russell Gold and Ann Davis, “Oil Officials See Limit Looming on Production,” Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2007.
31. Energy and Power: A Scientific American Book (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1971) 39.
32. “U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil,” Energy Information Agency, March 15, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS2&f=A. Information about the crude reserves can be found in the Energy Information Agency’s data tables here: http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/data.cfm#crude.
33. Institute for Energy Research, “The Outer Continental Shelf (OCS),” accessed August 2013, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/issues/ocs/.
34. Institute for Energy Research, North American Energy Inventory.
35. “EPCA Phase III Inventory,” U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, last updated May 12, 2011, http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/oil_and_gas/EPCA_III.html.
36. Noble Royalties, Inc., “Federal Lands Study,” New American Energy Opporunity Foundation, September 2012, http://energyisopportunity.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Federal
-Lands-Study.pdf.
37. Ibid.
Chapter Five
1. Lynn O’Shaughnessy, “20 Biggest College Endowments,” MoneyWatch, CBS News, February 4, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505145_162-57567214/20-biggest-college-endowments/; “UTIMCO Performance Summary: Preliminary,” UTIMCO.org, March 31, 2013, http://utimco.org/extranet/webdata/news/fundperformance.pdf.
2. L.A. Fitzgerald, L. Laurencio, and D. Laurencio, “Geographic Distribution and Habitat Suitability of the Sand Dune Lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus) in Texas,” paper submitted to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department in fulfillment of requirements on Section 6 project, 2007, 16; L. Laurencio and Fitzgerald, “Atlas of Distribution and Habitat of Sceloporus arenicolus in Texas,” Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University.
3. “Request for Emergency Listing of the Sane Dune Lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus) under the Endangered Species Act,” WildEarth Guardians, April 9, 2008, http://texasahead.org/texasfirst/esa/task_force/priority/reference_docs/dsl/dsl_wild_earth_guardian_petition.pdf.
4. “Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for Dunes Sagebrush Lizard,” Federal Register 75, no. 39, December 14, 2010, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-12-14/pdf/2010-31140.pdf#page=1.
5. Ibid.
6. Mella McEwen, “Interior Secretary Confident Oil and Gas Development Can Move Forward,” Mywesttexas.com, May 11, 2012, http://www.mywesttexas.com/top_stories/article_ec4c47dd-c970-5ed8-b9ed-73d085af7631.html.
7. “Dunes Sagebrush Lizard,” Ecological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/dsl.html.
8. “Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing the Lesser Prairie-Chicken as a Threatened Species,” Federal Register 77, 238, December 11, 2012, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-12-11/pdf/2012-29331.pdf.
9. “Lesser Prairie Chicken Interstate Working Group,” Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, accessed August 2013, www.wafwa.org/html/prairie_chicken.shtml.
10. United States of America v. Brigham Oil and Gas, L.P., decisions available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/83119722/US-v-Brigham-Oil-and-Gas-L-P-Bird-kill.
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