83.Jean Bouchard, cited in “Bomb Scare, Goon Squads at Montreal Polls,” GM (November 9, 1965), 1.
84.“‘Bomb’ Slows Montreal Voting,” VS (November 8, 1965), 1; “1 bombe fantôme, 21 arrestations et l’incendie d’un poll, seuls incidents d’une journée généralement tranquille,” JM (November 9, 1965), 3; and “Québec a connu une élection sans incident,” LP (November 9, 1965), 2.
85.See Newman, “Quebec’s ‘Three Musketeers’ Carry the Gospel,” 7.
86.Peter C. Newman, “The Left Wing Takes a Beating in Cabinet Shuffle,” TS (December 18, 1965), 7.
87.Bernard Dufresne, “Liberal Caucus Probes Election and Votes Confidence in Pearson,” GM (January 4, 1966), 3.
88.Trudeau, Memoirs, 78–79.
89.Editorial, “The Convert,” GM (January 13, 1966), 6.
90.McRoberts, Misconceiving Canada, 44.
91.Patricia Smart, ed., The Diary of André Laurendeau (Toronto: Lorimer, 1991), 154.
92.John Diefenbaker, cited in Robert McKenzie, “Quebec PCs Want Confederation Talks,” TS (January 17, 1966), 8; and Geoffrey Stevens, “PC Chief Quotes Auditor, Leaves Them in the Aisles,” GM (February 3, 1966), 8.
93.John Diefenbaker, Hansard (January 20, 1966), 54.
94.Dominique Clift, “Trudeau—A Voice in the PM’s Ear,” TS (January 22, 1966), 7.
95.Pierre Trudeau, cited in “Quebec Doesn’t Need Special Status: MPs,” GM (February 24, 1966), 23.
96.Ibid.
97.Pierre Trudeau, cited in “Human Rights Declaration Soon in Quebec, Says Lesage,” TS (May 18, 1966), 71.
98.Pierre Trudeau, cited in “Quebec Special Status Bid Seen Threat to Bilingualism” [sic], GM (March 14, 1967), 31.
99.Pierre Trudeau, cited in “Separatist Warning,” TS (March 9, 1967), 42.
100. See Geoffrey Stevens, “New-Old Faces Making a Mark in Commons,” GM (March 19, 1966), A3.
101. Pierre Trudeau, Hansard (June 21, 1966), 6742.
102. Ibid., 6743.
103. Pierre Trudeau, Hansard (June 28, 1966), 6999–7000.
104. Hansard (July 7, 1966), 7370.
105. Frank Howard, “Favreau Remains on Top of Liberals’ Quebec Wing,” GM (March 28, 1966), 8.
106. Pierre Trudeau, “Le Réalisme Constitutionnel” (March 26, 1966), LAC Trudeau Fonds (MG26-020, Volume 29, File 4), 13–14; and Pierre Trudeau, cited in “Quebec Liberals Define Roles,” GM (March 28, 1966), 9.
107. See “Quebec Wants Bilingual Ontario,” TS (March 28, 1966), 2.
108. Pierre Trudeau, cited in “Quebec Liberals Define Roles,” 9.
109. “Liberal Extremists Take a Beating,” TS (March 28, 1966), 2; Normand Gérard, “P.E.-Trudeau condamne ceux qui sabordent le fédéralisme,” LS (March 28, 1966), 3; and Lewis Seale, “Trudeau Wins Point on Constitution,” SDR (March 28, 1966), 4.
110. Editorial, “Quebec’s New Federal Voice,” GM (March 29, 1966), 6.
111. Peter C. Newman, “Now There’s a Third Viewpoint in the French-English Dialogue,” TS (April 2, 1966), 7. See also Newman, “Dans la course à la succession de Pearson,” LP (March 26, 1966), 4; “Les successeurs éventuels de Pearson ne sont pas à Québec,” LP (March 26, 1966), 6; Tim Creery, “3-Pronged Pearson Talk Wins Quebec Support,” CH (March 28, 1966), 1; Tim Creery, “Most Liberals Expect Pearson to Stay into 1967,” CH (March 28, 1966), 1; editorial, “What Quebec Liberals Want,” OC (March 29, 1966), 6; and Victor Mackie, “Top Liberals Give Quebec Wide Berth,” VS (March 25, 1966), 14.
112. Pierre Trudeau, cited in Newman, “Now There’s a Third Viewpoint,” 7.
113. Pierre Trudeau, cited ibid.
CHAPTER THREE: FORKS IN THE ROAD
1.Dennis Braithwaite, “Different Views,” GM (April 6, 1967), 23.
2.Anthony Westell, “Old Quebec Guard Leaves Cabinet for Trudeau, Chrétien,” GM (April 5, 1967), 3.
3.Lester Pearson, cited in “Cabinet Shuffle Gives Quebec Younger, More Radical Voice,” TS (April 5, 1967), 1, 11.
4.Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Memoirs (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1993), 82–84.
5.See Martin O’Malley, “RC Bishops Preparing Fight on Abortion,” GM (April 7, 1967), 1.
6.Editorial, “New Generation Up Front,” TS (April 5, 1967), 6.
7.Editorial, “The Cabinet Changes,” CH (April 5, 1967), 6. See also editorial, “Strength for the Cabinet and for the New Quebec,” GM (April 6, 1967), 6.
8.Peter C. Newman, “Federalism Will Be the Big Winner in Cabinet Shuffle,” TS (April 5, 1967), 7. See also John Walker, “Swinging Quebec Up Front,” WT (April 5, 1967), 1.
9.Editorial, “The Cabinet Changes,” MG (April 4, 1967), 6. See also “Trudeau Named Justice Minister as Cabinet Changes Stress Youth,” MG (April 4, 1967), 1, 37; Greg Connolley, “4 New Cabinet Choices Bring Stamp of Youth,” OC (April 5, 1967), 2; Charles King, “Big Doings on a Dull Day in Parliament,” OC (April 5, 1967), 6; Ken Kelly, “Quebec Talent Enlisted by PM,” HCH (April 5, 1967), 1; J.R. Walker, “Quebec ‘Swingers’ in Cabinet,” CH (April 5, 1967), 11; Ian MacDonald, “Pearson Tries Young Look,” VS (April 5, 1967), 3; editorial, “Mr. Pearson Draws Two Aces,” VS (April 5, 1967), 4; and John Walker, “Trudeau Heads a Bright Young Team,” OC (April 6, 1967), 6.
10.Braithwaite, “Different Views,” 23.
11.John Diefenbaker, cited in “Cabinet Shuffle Gives Quebec,” 11.
12.Hansard (April 5, 1967), 14546–47. See also “Dief trouve une âme soeur en Pierre Elliott-Trudeau,” AC (April 5, 1967), 1; “Pour Diefenbaker, Trudeau est une âme soeur,” LDR (April 5, 1967), 3; George Bain, “Mr. Trudeau Speaks Up,” GM (April 6, 1967), 6; “Trudeau Fields First Commons Question,” CP (April 6, 1967); and Arthur Blakely, “Dief Went to Dine and Found Pierre a Tough Stone,” MG (April 6, 1967), 1.
13.“Pour Diefenbaker, Trudeau est une ‘âme soeur,’” 3; and “Dief trouve une âme soeur en Pierre Elliott-Trudeau,” 1.
14.Claude Ryan, cited in “Two Views of Who Should Be Quebec’s Voice in Ottawa,” GM (April 21, 1967), 7.
15.Editorial, “Please Allow Us to Be Pleased,” GM (April 21, 1967), 6.
16.Bain, “Mr. Trudeau Speaks Up,” 6.
17.Sylvio St.-Amant, cited in Frank Howard, “A Bouquet of Barbs from the Boys Back Home,” GM (June 24, 1967), A16. See also “Trudeau ‘dans le vent’ Cowan dans l’eau chaude,” LS (April 4, 1967), 3; “Pierre-E. Trudeau et Jean Chrétien font désormais partie du Cabinet,” LP (April 4, 1965), 1; “M. Pearson remplace MM. Cardin et Favreau par 2 québécois, MM. Eliot [sic] Trudeau et Chrétien,” JM (April 4, 1967), 4; “Un Cabinet Pearson rajeuni,” LS (April 4, 1965), 1; and “An Unlikely Alliance Which Cherishes an Inward Gaze,” GM (April 22, 1967), 8.
18.Edward McWhinney, “Confederation: Is the Time Ripe for Talks?” GM (February 18, 1967), 9.
19.Ibid.
20.The NDP motion was actually a sub-amendment to an amendment proposed during the Throne Speech debate by John Diefenbaker, who demanded that the government repatriate and reform the Canadian Constitution. See Hansard (May 11, 1967), 69–70.
21.Tommy Douglas, cited in Michael Gillan, “156–17 Vote Defeats Non-Confidence Motion Introduced by Douglas,” GM (May 12, 1967), 4. See also editorial, “What the NDP Really Wants,” GM (May 15, 1967), 6.
22.Pierre Trudeau, cited in Norman Webster, “Go Slow on Changes, Trudeau Tells Quebec,” GM (October 26, 1965), 10.
23.Pierre Trudeau, cited in Irwin Block, “Provincial Pacts ‘Could Destroy Canada,’” TS (May 30, 1967), 1; and “Provinces Have Power to Bust Nation,” GM (May 31, 1967), 4.
24.One month later, the advisers to the Steering Committee on Constitutional Questions were named: G.E. Le Dain, dean of Osgoode Hall law school; Mark MacGuigan, dean of law at the University of Windsor; Gérard La Forest of the University of New Brunswick; and Barry Strayer of the University of Sask-atchewan.
25.Pierre Trudeau, Hansard (May 31, 1967), 790.
26.Editorial, “Let’s Confess: It’s Great to Be Canadians
,” TS (July 1, 1967), 6.
27.Cited in John Dafoe, “Premiers Meet and Save Face for Ottawa,” GM (July 6, 1967), 9.
28.John Diefenbaker, Hansard (July 5, 1967), 2275.
29.Paul Martin, Hansard (July 5, 1967), 2275.
30.John Diefenbaker, Hansard (July 5, 1967), 2275.
31.Pierre Trudeau, cited in Dominique Clift, “Quebec Convention Triumph for Trudeau,” TS (January 29, 1968), 1.
32.Cited in Michael Gillan, “Gad, Trudeau!” GM (July 6, 1967), 1.
33.George Bain, “Away Convention,” GM (July 6, 1967), 6.
34.Tom Hazlitt, “Trudeau’s Ascot Isn’t So Dandy,” TS (July 6, 1967), 10.
35.Pierre Trudeau, cited in Mary Jukes, “‘It’s Very Fetching’ Woman MP Comments,” GM (July 7, 1967), 9.
36.Lester Pearson, cited in “Trudeau Wears a Tie—and Sandals in House,” GM (July 7, 1967), 9.
37.Margaret Rideout, cited in Jukes, “‘It’s Very Fetching,’” 9.
38.Grace MacInnis, cited ibid.
39.Jean Wadds, cited ibid.
40.Charles de Gaulle, cited in Robert McKenzie, “De Gaulle Boosts ‘Quebec-First’ Mood,” TS (July 24, 1967), 1.
41.Editorial, “De Gaulle Brinksmanship Has Canada on Edge,” TS (July 24, 1967), 6. See also “Le ‘Vive la Nouvelle-France’ a choqué les fédéralistes,” LD (July 24, 1967), 1.
42.See “Des pancartes à slogans séparatistes,” LS (July 25, 1967), 3.
43.Cited in “‘Long Live Free Quebec’ de Gaulle Tells Montrealers,” GM (July 25, 1967), 1. See also Tim Creery, “Separatist Cry Rouses Quebecers,” OC (July 25, 1967), 1; and Fernande Lemieux, “De Gaulle: Vive le Québec libre,” LS (July 25, 1967), 1.
44.Lester B. Pearson, Mike: The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson, vol. 3, 1957–1968, ed. John A. Munro and Alex I. Inglis (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975), 267–68.
45.Ibid., 268.
46.Lester Pearson, cited in “De Gaulle Rebuked by Pearson,” GM (July 26, 1967), 1. See also “Les beaux discours de de Gaulle ne changeront rien au Québec,” LS (July 25, 1967), 19; and “La patience des autorités fédérales mise à l’épreuve,” LD (July 25, 1967), 1.
47.John Diefenbaker, cited in “PM Didn’t Scare de Gaulle,” TS (July 26, 1967), 2. See also “‘Une intrusion inexcusable’ (Diefenbaker),” LS (July 25, 1967), 1.
48.Editorial, “This Meddlesome Old Man Abuses Our Courtesy,” TS (July 25, 1967), 6.
49.Edmonton Journal editorial, cited in “Just What Was Said about de Gaulle,” GM (July 26, 1967), 7; editorial ,“A Deplorable Note of Discord,” MG (July 25, 1967), 6; and editorial, “Go Home, de Gaulle,” CH (July 25, 1967), 4. See also Ian MacDonald, “De Gaulle Fans Fires of Pride,” VS (July 24, 1967), 1; Ian MacDonald, “De Gaulle Sounds Battle Cry,” VS (July 25, 1967), 1; “B.C. Leaders Roused to Fury,” VS (July 25, 1967), 1; “World Press Hits de Gaulle’s Stand,” VS (July 25, 1967), 10; Victor Mackie, “Pearson Scolds de Gaulle,” VS (July 25, 1967), 1; John Walker, “To Snub, or Not to Snub, de Gaulle?” OC (July 25, 1967), 1; editorial, “De Gaulle Rubs the Sore Spot,” OC (July 25, 1967), 6; and Tim Creery, “Long Live Free Quebec,” CH (July 25, 1967), 1.
50.Editorial, “Vive le Québec libre,” LS (July 25, 1967), 4. See also Fernande Lemieux, “Le Général a parlé avec courage et franchise,” LS (July 25, 1967), 3.
51.Claude Ryan, cited in “De Gaulle Is ‘Intruding’ Montreal Newspaper Says,” TS (July 25, 1967), 1.
52.Daniel Johnson, cited in “New Era Predicted by Premier Johnson,” MG (July 26, 1967), 2.
53.Charles de Gaulle, cited in “De Gaulle Going Home,” TS (July 26, 1967), 1.
54.Editorial, “Go Home, de Gaulle,” CH (July 25, 1967), 6; editorial, “Good Riddance,” CH (July 26, 1967), 6; Clive Cocking, “B.C. Woman Says de Gaulle Uses Separatists as Pawns,” VS (July 26, 1967), 11; Norman Campbell, “De Gaulle Calls Off Visit,” OC (July 26, 1967), 1; editorial, “A Sad Moment for de Gaulle,” OC (July 26, 1967), 6; Charles King, “Was de Gaulle’s ‘Vive’ Just a Bad Joke?” OC (July 26, 1967), 6; editorial, “Drapeau Talks for All Canada,” OC (July 27, 1967), 6; and “De Gaulle Snubs Pearson, Drapeau Rebukes General,” CH (July 27, 1967), 1.
55.Lester Pearson, cited in Michael Gillan, “Pearson Absolves Ottawa,” GM (July 27, 1967), 10.
56.Cited in “De Gaulle Did Not Interfere,” CP (August 14, 1967).
57.See John Saywell, ed., CAR 1967 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), 54.
58.Pierre Bourgault, cited in “Hypocrisy Assailed by Separatist Chief,” GM (July 26, 1967), 4.
59.See “De Gaulle Pledges Aid to Quebec,” GM (August 1, 1967), 1.
60.Ibid.; and Michael Gillan, “PM Again Rejects de Gaulle’s Stand,” GM (August 2, 1967), 1.
61.Lester Pearson, cited in Gillan, “PM Again Rejects de Gaulle’s Stand,” 1.
62.Pierre Trudeau, cited ibid.
63.See Christopher MacLennan, Toward the Charter: Canadians and the Demand for a National Bill of Rights, 1929–1960 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004).
64.Pierre Elliott Trudeau, “A Constitutional Declaration of Rights,” in Federalism and the French Canadians (Toronto: Macmillan, 1968), 52–60.
65.W.R. Lederman, cited in Ralph Hyman, “Law Experts Find Flaws in Proposal for Constitutional Bill of Rights,” GM (September 6, 1967), 3.
66.Jacques-Yvan Morin, cited in “Trudeau: Autonomy Calls Cut Quebec’s Influence,” TS (September 6, 1967), 1, 4.
67.Pierre Trudeau, cited ibid.
68.Pierre Trudeau, cited ibid.
69.Pierre Trudeau, cited in Rae Corelli, “Quebec Must Back Down on Autonomy, Trudeau’s Warning,” TS (September 6, 1967), 5.
70.Edward McWhinney, “Why Pearson Should Lead the Robarts Conference,” GM (October 31, 1967), 7.
71.Editorial, “All Canada Is French Homeland,” TS (September 6, 1967), 6.
72.Editorial, “No Conflict in Principle,” GM (September 7, 1967), 6.
73.Daniel Johnson, cited in “Johnson Claims Talks Only Hope for Canada,” GM (September 7, 1967), 9.
74.Jean-Noël Tremblay, cited in “Robarts’ Constitution Talks Could Save Nation—Johnson,” CP (September 7, 1967).
75.Jean-Noël Tremblay, cited in “National State Is Goal, Quebec Minister Says,” GM (September 12, 1967), 1.
76.See Frank Howard, “An Underground Policy Fades in the Light of Scrutiny,” GM (September 30, 1967), 8.
77.See editorial, “Meanwhile, Back in Quebec,” GM (September 13, 1967), 6.
78.Jean Lesage, cited in Frank Howard, “Trudeau out of Touch with Quebec Goals, Jean Lesage Tells Liberals,” GM (September 15, 1967), 1.
79.Jean Lesage, cited in “Lesage Hoists Flag of Truce on French-Canada Question,” CP (September 18, 1967).
80.Jean Lesage, cited in Dominique Clift, “Lesage Attacks Ottawa over ‘2 Nations,’” TS (September 15, 1967), 1, 9.
81.Pierre Trudeau, cited in Frank Howard, “Jean Lesage Has No Special Right to Speak for Quebec, Trudeau Says,” GM (September 16, 1967), 3.
82.Dominique Clift, “Lesage Attacks Ottawa over ‘2 Nations,’” TS (September 15, 1967), 1, 9.
83.Pierre Trudeau, cited in Dominique Clift, “Liberal Ready to Change Direction on Quebec,” TS (September 18, 1967), 7.
84.Jean Marchand, cited in “Minister’s Views at Variance,” GM (September 14, 1967), 2.
85.Tom Hazlitt, “Liberal Caucus Cheers as Pearson Says He’ll Stay as Their Leader,” TS (September 26, 1967), 1, 3; and “Pearson Forecasts Government Statement,” GM (September 25, 1967), 10.
86.Lester Pearson, cited in Alastair Dow, “Full Commons Debate Likely, Says Pearson,” TS (September 25, 1967), 1.
87.Maxwell Cohen, “The Five Steps to a United Canada,” GM (October 3, 1967), 7.
88.Marcel Faribault, cited in Kenneth McRoberts, Misconceiving Canada: The Struggle for National Unity (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997), 47–48.
89.Cited ibid.,
48. The italics and parentheses appeared in the original text.
90.See Robert McKenzie, “‘Deux Nations’ Plan Wins Despite Dief,” GM (September 7, 1967), 57.
91.See Lewis Seale, “The Two-Language Problem of Nation,” GM (September 8, 1967), 7.
92.John Diefenbaker, cited in George C. Perlin, The Tory Syndrome: Leadership Politics in the Progressive Conservative Party (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1980), 94.
93.René Lévesque, cited in Saywell, CAR 1967, 64–65.
94.Editorial, “The Task Belongs to Quebec,” GM (September 21, 1967), 6.
95.See Walter Gray, “Constitutional Changes Sped by Separatists?” TS (September 21, 1967), 1.
96.A “senior government source,” cited ibid.
97.Jean Lesage, cited in Dominique Clift, “Lesage: I’ll Fight for Quebec’s Stake in Wealth of Canada,” TS (September 25, 1967), 1.
98.Eric Kierans, cited in Frank Howard, “Liberals Reject ‘Free Quebec,’” GM (September 20, 1967), 9.
99.Saywell, CAR 1967, 67.
100. See René Lévesque, Memoirs, trans. Philip Stratford (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1986), ch. 30.
101. Meanwhile, on October 16, Jacques Parizeau, future Parti Québécois premier and instigator of the second (1995) Quebec referendum on sovereignty, was in Banff, Alberta, explaining to “disturbed and even shocked” delegates to a conference on the economics of national unity that there would be no limit to how much Quebec would ask for from the rest of Canada and thus how much it would get. “When a society has been for so long in search of fulfillment and has found it within itself, it is very unlikely it can be distracted from this purpose,” said Parizeau. “This historical process is quite inevitable. The fact is that the so-called quiet revolution has had deep roots in all of French-Canadian society and is now quite irreversible. It can be slowed down but one does not really see how it can be stopped. [Quebec] might even become independent.” See “Quebecker Says Province Can Never Be Appeased,” TS (October 17, 1967), 2.
102. Cited in “Johnson: Only Want Our Rights,” CP (October 4, 1967).
103. Pierre Trudeau, Hansard (October 5, 1967), 2827.
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