by Mike Kelly
In Israel, Major Koby Zrihen of the Israeli National Police walked me through the crime scene of the Jaffa Road bombing. Dr. Yehuda Hiss of the National Institute of Forensic Medicine supplied autopsy records and background on the effect that explosions have on the human body. Dr. Avi Rivkind, the chief trauma surgeon of Hadassah Ein Karem Medical Center also explained the numerous medical issues from terrorist bombings and described in detail how he treated the dead and the wounded after the Jaffa Road bombings and later surgically repaired Hassan Salameh’s wounds. Several staffers with Israel’s national ambulance service, Madan David Adom, also guided me through the bomb scene. These include Yonatan Yagodovsky, Dr. Eli Jaffe, and David Sofer. Others who generously offered accounts of the bombing and its aftermath include Leah Stein Mousa, Phyllis Rosenbaum, Jeffrey Sosland, and journalists Roni Shaked and Nahum Barnea, whose son, Yonatan, was killed on the same bus with Sara Duker and Matthew Eisenfeld.
Israel’s Shin Bet counterterrorism agency steered me through their investigation of the Jaffa Road bombing and their hunt for Hassan Salameh. Among the former officials who spoke on the record were Ami Ayalon, Avi Dichter, Yisrael Hasson, Reuven Paz, and Barak Ben Zur.
Retired military judge Ilan Katz reviewed the transcripts of the Salameh trial, as did retired prosecutor Avinoam Sharon. Also, in Israel, Avi Gill offered insight into the issues facing Prime Minister Shimon Peres in the wake of the Jaffa Road bombings, as did David Baker and Mark Regev of the staff of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Also helpful were staff members of the Israeli consulate in New York City, notably Shani Rozanes and Shahar Azani, as well as the former consul general, Colette Avital. Sivan Weitzman of Israel’s prison service patiently answered my questions about Hassan Salameh, as did Emi Palmor of the Ministry of Justice. Lt. Col. Peter Lerner of the Israeli Defence Force helped track down transcripts from Salameh’s military trial.
From the Palestinian side, a number of officials, including Jibril Rajoub, offered background on the influence of Hamas, the multiple dilemmas created by Yasser Arafat, and the problems in dealing with the rise in suicide bombings. Others declined to be named because of the volatile nature of Palestinian politics in both the West Bank and in the Gaza Strip.
In writing about Sara, Matthew, and Alisa, I relied heavily on their friends and former colleagues for insight into their personalities and dreams. I am especially grateful to Matthew Berkowitz, Shlomo Tucker, Joyce Raynor, Moshe Benovitz, Abby Sosland, Joshua Cahan, Menachem Schrader, David Hoffman, William Lebeau, Peter Beinart, Nora Selengut Brooke, Elli Saks, Tal Winberger, Devorah Schoenfeld, Avigayl Young, Edward Bernstein, Shai Held, Aharon Oren, Peter Bower, Stephanie Pfirman, Celia Deutsch, Ted Scott, Xiao-Guang Sun, Oshrat Carmiel, Charles Sheer, Ross Felix, Rivkah and Joel Fishman, Ayala Levin-Kruss, Aliza Berger-Cooper, Rahel Jaskow, James Ponet, Francine Sears, Michael Bernstein, Linda Gissen, Chana Henkin, and Simi Peters.
Finally, I owe my deepest gratitude to the Duker, Eisenfeld, and Flatow families—especially to Arline Duker, Leonard and Vicki Eisenfeld, and to Stephen Flatow. Recounting the stories of the deaths of their children was sometimes not easy for them, but each was invariably available to answer the smallest of questions or to supply personal documents and photographs. This book is a tribute to their courage and humanity.
Index
Abu Nidal, 107
Achille Lauro (ship), 107
Albright, Madeleine, 64, 199, 222
Amar, Masuda, 27, 190
Anderson, Terry, 107, 259, 283
Annie (homeless person), 86–89, 98
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), 104–11, 115, 131, 138, 163, 164, 177–79, 195–98, 201, 209
Arafat, Suha, 273
Arafat, Yasser, 18, 20, 24–25, 35, 41–42, 65, 67, 68–69, 93–94, 112, 131, 141–42, 158, 198–99, 237, 258, 276, 289
Ashkelon bombing, 36, 42–43, 55, 65, 71, 82, 182
Avital, Colette, 81–82, 117, 118, 162
Avital, Shmulik, 33
Ayalon, Ami, 23, 24, 35, 41, 42
Ayash, Hofit, 82
Ayyash, Yahya, 22–23, 28, 56, 65–66, 119, 120–21, 141, 144, 154, 156, 157, 172, 173
Barak, Ehud, 258
Barnea, Nahum, 25, 43, 82, 190
Barnea, Yonatan, 26, 43, 82, 190
Basulto, Jose, 60
Beit El, 180, 290
Ben-Zur, Barak, 21
Berger, Aliza, 13, 15, 16
Berger, Kenneth, 79–81
Berger, Sandy, 62, 226–27, 276
Berko, Anat, 153
Berkowitz, Matthew, 88, 90, 97
Bernstein, Edward, 27, 88, 95, 97
Bernstein, Michael, 89–90, 97
Bernstein, Tracie, 89–90
Biton, Daniel, 27, 190
Boim, David, 239, 248, 253
Botwin, Yael, 248
Bradley, Bill, 133
Brandon, Harry, 216
Breinholt, Jeffrey, 246–50
Brothers to the Rescue, 59–65, 111, 115, 201, 223, 226, 259, 274
Bush, George W., 257–58, 286
Campuzano, Diana, 253
Carmiel, Oshrat, 84
Cave of Patriarchs/Machpelah, 24, 75, 140
Christopher, Warren, 59, 78
Clawson, Patrick, 205–19, 243, 260
Clinton, Bill, 18, 61, 62, 63, 64–65, 92, 103–5, 110–11, 112, 115, 130–31, 133, 162–63, 176, 222, 223–24, 225–26, 229–31, 244, 257, 269, 270, 272–73, 274–77, 279–81, 285–86
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 257–58, 271–75, 281, 285, 286
Cohen, Arik, 33
Cohen, David, 173–75
Cuba, 59–65, 92, 111, 201, 223, 226, 227, 259
Dahan, Michael, 32
Dayan, Uzi, 146–47
Deif, Mohammed, 156–58, 171, 172, 173–75, 177, 269
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 155, 168
Deutsch, Celia, 84–85, 267
Dichter, Avi, 144
Dole, Robert, 63, 109, 111, 162
Duker, Ariella, 45, 46, 50, 79, 85, 261–62, 287, 296, 300
Duker, Arline, 44–50, 53–54, 71–73, 79, 88, 95, 103–5, 111–16, 161, 162–64, 181, 198–99, 220, 233, 243, 256, 259–70, 287, 296, 299–300
Duker, Ben-Zion, 45
Duker, Sara, 4–5, 11–17, 25–35, 44–50, 65, 70–71, 74–78, 81, 84–92, 95–99, 183, 184, 190, 261–63, 265, 266–67, 288, 292–93, 301–2
Duker, Tamara, 45, 46, 49–50, 79, 85, 262–63, 287
Eichmann, Adolf, 185
Eisenfeld, Amy, 86, 260–61
Eisenfeld, Leonard, 50–54, 79, 95, 99, 103–5, 111–16, 161–66, 173, 176–77, 181, 198, 199, 220, 233, 243, 250, 252, 256, 259–70, 296, 299–300
Eisenfeld, Matt, 12–13, 16–17, 25–35, 50–53, 65, 70–71, 74–92, 95–99, 183, 184, 190, 260–61, 263–66, 301–2
Eisenfeld, Vicki, 50–54, 79, 95–96, 103–5, 111–16, 114, 115–16, 161–66, 162–66, 173, 176–77, 181, 198, 199, 220, 233–34, 243, 250, 253–54, 256–57, 259–70, 296, 299–300
Eizenstat, Stuart, 221–22, 227–30, 231, 257, 258, 275, 278, 279–80, 281–82, 283–84, 298
Fay, Thomas Fortune, 200–205, 209–19, 222–27, 231–33, 242–44, 256–57, 259–70, 281, 296–97
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 162, 164–65, 235–37, 240–42, 245–49, 250–51, 254–55
Fishman, Joel, 16, 50
Fishman, Rivkah, 16, 50, 98
Flatow, Alisa, 22, 56, 58–59, 71, 117–18, 120–30, 172, 200, 203–4, 289
Flatow, Etan, 127, 199
Flatow, Francine, 127, 199
Flatow, Gail, 127, 199
Flatow, Ilana, 127, 199
Flatow, Roslyn, 122, 123, 124, 127, 130, 199
Flatow, Stephen, 22, 56–
57, 71–73, 95, 112, 113, 116–18, 122–33, 137–38, 161–63, 177–79, 181, 195–219, 222–33, 244–45, 250, 253, 258, 271–78, 280, 282, 297, 299
Flatow Amendment, 178–79
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 105–11, 136
Gaby, Arik, 190
al- Gaddafi, Muammar, 118
Ganchrow, Mandell, 271–72, 273–74
Gantz, Peretz, 27, 82
Gaza Strip, 19–20, 22, 24, 55, 56, 57, 68, 121–26, 156, 289–91
al-Ghoul, Adnan, 56, 172, 173, 181, 248
Gill, Avi, 69, 141–42
Glasser, Ira, 104
Goldstein, Baruch, 24, 27, 66, 75–76, 140
Gore, Al, 223–24, 258
Graney, Tom, 242, 254–55
Gush Katif, Gaza Strip, 122, 125, 150, 174, 176
Hadassah University Hospital Ein Kerem, 36, 37, 40, 147–48
Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), 18, 21, 23, 55, 65–66, 67, 69, 93, 96, 106, 112, 119, 120–21, 141–45, 147, 150–60, 164, 166–68, 170, 173, 205–9, 289
Hamdan, Osama, 170
Hamida, Ahmed Abdel Hamid, 92–93
Hanuka, Sharon, 190
Hashemi-Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar, 197
Hasson, Yisrael, 41, 42, 141, 144–46
Hebron shootings, 24, 27, 66, 75–76, 140
Held, Shai, 12, 28, 85
Hezbollah, 21, 106, 107, 151–52, 154, 206
Hiss, Yehuda, 70–71
Holocaust, 131–34, 185, 229
Huja, Avi, 29, 32–33
Indyk, Martin, 54–56, 58, 78, 128, 142, 208, 250, 252–53
Intifada, 150–51
Iran, 56, 58, 69, 106, 107, 110, 138, 142, 160, 164, 166, 167, 170–71, 175, 179, 196–219, 221–27, 243, 256, 257, 259–83, 296, 297–98, 299
Iran Hostage Crisis, 106–7, 211
Islam, 21, 151–52, 207–8
Israeli National Police, 38–40, 66, 144, 148–49
Jaffa Road bus bombing (February 25, 1996), 4–5, 24–27, 29–35, 39–41, 65–68, 70–71, 80, 97, 140, 142–43, 157–58, 166, 174, 182–84, 190, 234, 243, 249, 294, 301–2
Jaffa Road bus bombing (March 3, 1996), 96, 158, 182, 184
Jaffa Road market bombings, 199, 248
Justice Department, 164–65, 239–42, 245, 248, 250, 255, 297
Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act, 259, 277–85
Katz, Ilan, 181–83, 184, 187–91
Kawasmeh, Wael Jumah, 27, 190
Kfar Darom, Gaza Strip, 125–26, 150, 174
Khair, Nahed Abu, 291
Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali Hosseini, 197, 217
Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip, 119, 150, 156, 168–69, 173, 174
Klein, Morton, 238, 239
Klinghoffer, Leon, 107, 111
Kushnirov, Anatoli, 27, 80, 190
Kushnirov, Jana, 26–27, 80, 190
Lamberth, Royce C., 195–97, 201–5, 209–19, 221–22, 224–25, 256, 259–70, 297
Larsen, Terje Roed-, 18–20, 24–25, 68–69, 141–42, 258
Lautenberg, Frank, 128, 178–79, 198–99, 222–27, 244, 250, 252, 259, 275, 277–78, 280, 283–86, 298
Lebanon, 107–8, 151–52, 154, 207, 211
Lebeau, William, 91, 96–98, 239
Levine, Chavi, 124–25
Lewin, Nathan, 239, 253
Lieberman, Joseph, 274
LoBiondo, Frank, 179
Mack, Connie, 259, 277–80, 283–86, 298
martyrdom theology, 4, 20, 152–54, 186, 294
martyrs’ crossroads, 180, 290
McKune, Kenneth R., 165–66, 176–77, 198, 208, 240
Mossad, 56, 118, 162, 185, 187, 260
Mousa, Leah Stein, 25, 29, 34, 37–38, 78, 278–79, 298–99
Nachum, Merav, 190
Nazis, 131–33, 185, 187
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 57, 67–68, 94–95, 139, 162, 258, 293–94
9/11, 2–4
Nuccio, Richard, 61–63
Ohayon, Yosy, 148–49, 155, 158, 159
Oklahoma City bombing, 109, 111
Oslo Peace Accords, 18, 23–24, 27, 42, 47, 55, 57, 58, 67, 85, 93, 94, 103, 142, 235, 237, 258, 289
Paige, Jerome, 262
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), 21, 55, 93, 98, 106, 117–18, 120, 138, 151, 154, 162, 164, 173, 206–9, 217
Pan Am Flight 103, 107–8, 110, 111
Paz, Reuven, 204–5, 260
Peres, Shimon, 57–58, 67–68, 69, 92–95, 112, 139, 142, 147, 162
Perles, Steven, 131, 134–38, 163, 166, 197–99, 200–205, 209–19, 222–33, 242–44, 256, 259–70, 273–75, 287, 296–97
Phillips, Esther Daniels, 70–71
Port, Larry, 85
Princz, Hugo, 131–33, 135–36, 229
al-Qaradawi, Sheik Yusuf, 154
al-Qassam Brigade, 146, 147, 149, 156, 166, 168
Rabin, Leah, 276
Rabin, Yitzhak, 18, 23–24, 35, 55, 67, 81, 121, 151
Rajoub, Jibril, 141, 143, 237
Rajoub, Rizzek, 143, 158, 159, 237
al-Ramahi, Mahmoud, 290
Ramallah, 19, 153, 180
Reagan, Ronald, 108
Rehnquist, William, 176, 195–96
Reynolds, Jim, 245–46, 248
Richard, Mark, 239–40, 249–52
Riley, Kathleen, 44, 46–47, 47–53, 74
Rivivo, Avi, 33
Rivkind, Avraham, 36–37, 147–48
Roed-Larsen, Terje, 18–20, 24–25, 68–69, 141–42, 258
Ross, Dennis, 54–55, 57–58, 237–38, 239, 258
Rubin, Robert, 222
Rubin, Yitzhak, 32
Rusa, Kesari, 124–25
al-Saadi, Rabi, 169
Sabih, Nafez Mahmoud, 238–41, 249
Salameh, Hassan, 1–2, 6–7, 35, 56, 67, 96, 114, 119, 142–43, 145, 147–60, 162, 167–76, 177, 180–91, 234, 242–47, 249, 251–52, 254–55, 260, 288–89, 292–93, 297
Saxton, James, 179
Schrader, Menachem, 75–77
Scott, Ted, 84
Segal, Benjamin, 86
Senate Judiciary Committee, 278–79
September 11, 2001 attacks, 2–4
Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 37–38
Shaqaqi, Fathi, 117–18, 162, 207, 217
Sharon, Avinoam, 183–86, 301–3
Sharpolinsky, Boris, 82, 190
Shin Bet, 21, 22–23, 35, 41, 42, 56, 65, 66–67, 140–41, 142–43, 187, 241, 246–47
60 Minutes, 230–31, 234, 243, 249
Sofer, David, 31, 33, 37–38, 42–43, 278–79
Sosland, Jeffery, 26, 29
Specter, Arlen, 109–10, 250, 251–52, 254
State Department, 164–66, 221, 223, 230, 231–33, 237, 276, 279, 286
Stethem, Robert, 107, 111, 115
Stevens, Ted, 134–35
Sun, Xiao-Guang, 82–83
Tel Aviv bombings, 98, 120–21
Torricelli, Robert, 61, 298
Treasury Department, 222–23, 225, 226, 244, 287, 299
TWA hijacking, 107
Ungar, David, 248
US Marines bombings, 21, 152, 206, 297, 298
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act, 285
Wachsman, Nachshon, 248
Wadi, Jamil, 158
Wardeh, Intesar, 66, 295
Wardeh, Majdi Abu, 17–18, 29–30, 41, 66–67, 115, 157, 158, 180, 294–96
Wardeh, Mohammad Abu, 67, 114, 115, 157, 158, 162, 177
Wardeh, Muhammed Abu, 66, 295–96
Wardeh, Mussab, 294–95
Weinberger, Tal, 85
Weinstein, Ira, 27, 71, 78, 165, 184, 278, 298
West Bank, 1
9, 24, 41, 55, 56, 57, 68, 289
World Trade Center attacks, 2–4, 109, 111
Yassin, Sheik Ahmed, 121, 152–54
Young, Avigal, 97
Zaguri, Celine, 82
Zihuy Korbanot Ason (ZAKA), 40, 43
Zionist Organization of America, 238, 245
Zrihen, Koby, 38–41, 249
About the Author
Mike Kelly is an award-winning columnist at The (Bergen) Record in New Jersey and the author of two previous books: Color Lines, a critically acclaimed account of race relations in a small town and Fresh Jersey, a collection of his columns. In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, Kelly embarked on a variety of reporting projects to chronicle the impact of terrorism on the lives of ordinary people. His travels have taken him to Iraq, Malaysia, Northern Ireland, Kenya, and Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. He is married, the father of two daughters, and lives in Teaneck, New Jersey.