as Swann’s protégé, 34–35, 54
as task master, 76–77, 79
Teller and, 366–68
tennis played by, 78
test ban negotiations and, 401–3, 422–23, 427
test ban opposed by, 406–7
Time cover of, 6, 168–69
Trinity test and, 293–94, 310
Tuve’s childhood friendship with, 29
UC Berkeley’s recruitment of, 41, 42–43
underwater communications research organized by, 227
unipolar effect experiment of, 35–36
at University of South Dakota, 33
Urey’s skepticism as challenge to, 183–84, 188
war effort as focus of, 220, 225, 240
Weaver invited to Rad Lab by, 177
Y-12 regarded as personal fiefdom by, 271
at Yale, 36, 42–43
Lawrence, Gunda, 30, 32, 72, 219
cancer recovery of, 162–63
Lawrence, John Eric, 80, 135–36
Lawrence, John Hundale, 30, 49, 161–62, 168, 177, 179, 182, 219, 307, 314, 329, 385, 441
Athenia sinking and, 220, 240
biomedical research of, 177
blood studies of radiation researchers advised by, 142
as Donner Lab director, 146
EOL’s failing health and, 390, 425–26
EOL’s relationship with, 139
at Harvard Medical School, 140
mice experiments of, 140, 153, 163, 465n
safety regime for Rad Lab outlined by, 142, 153
UC Berkeley medical school’s rebuffing of, 145–46
withdrawn personality of, 139
Lawrence, Margaret, 229, 391, 395
Lawrence, Mary Blumer “Molly,” 76, 77, 101, 146, 152, 181, 229, 249, 385, 390–91, 393, 423, 424, 426, 441, 442
EOL’s courtship of, 38, 64, 65
EOL’s marriage to, 71–72, 78
and EOL’s memorial service, 431–32
EOL’s secrecy and, 252
Harvard move opposed by, 150
pregnancies of, 80
radiation poisoning of EOL feared by, 80
Rad Lab 50th anniversary talk of, 442–43
on Rad Lab’s team approach to science, 77
round-the-world voyage of, 395–96
Lawrence, Robert, 101
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, see Radiation Laboratory
Lawrence family, 30, 72
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, see Livermore National Laboratory
Lawrence-Loomis relationship, 192, 209
correspondence in, 201, 202, 220
divergent backgrounds and personalities in, 196–97
Rad Lab funding and, 197
Lawrence-Oppenheimer relationship, 88, 233–34, 375
Brady on, 90
break-in, 378, 385–86
complementary approaches to physics in, 90, 96, 97
correspondence in, 301–2
and decision to drop atomic bomb, 300
divergent backgrounds and personalities in, 89–90, 385
divergent social circles of, 99–100
EOL’s hostility to Oppenheimer’s politics in, 100–101
EOL’s letter to Groves and, 262–63
far-reaching consequences of, 90–91
and future development of atomic weapons, 300–301
growing distance and fraying in, 302, 319, 332, 385
impact on Berkeley of, 91, 101–2
as personal friendship, 89, 96, 98, 101
lawrencium (element 103), 429
LeBaron, Robert, 341
Lebedev Physical Institute (Moscow), 305–6
LeConte, John, 40
LeConte Hall (UC Berkeley), 40–41, 48, 166, 247–48
Lederman, Leon, 439
Leigh, Vivien, 395
leukemia treatments, 161–62
Leuschner, A. O., 75
Lewis, Gilbert, 55, 62, 110, 117, 132, 141–42, 242
EOL contrasted with, 242–43
heavy water production by, 106–7
Libby, Willard, 403, 408
Lick Observatory (UC Berkeley), 39–40
Life, 377
light, as both wave and particle, 23, 37
Lilienthal, David, 315, 327, 331, 346, 350, 427
as AEC chairman, 317–18
disarmament promoted by, 427
EOL and, 341–42, 348–49
H-bomb project opposed by, 341–42, 348–49, 410–11
linear accelerators, 46, 69, 78, 306, 307, 316, 396
design of, 355–56
lithium, 70–71, 107, 108, 111
disintegrations of, 72–73
nucleus of, 69
lithium-6, 355
“Little Boy” (atomic bomb), 276, 292, 297
Livermore, Calif., 353, 357
Livermore National Laboratory, 353, 357, 369, 396, 407–8, 411, 420, 428
AEC’s commitment to, 372–73
canceled projects at, 407
early failures at, 370–72
escalating budgets of, 373
fusion reactor program at, 396
H-bomb project at, 361, 365–73, 394
Los Alamos’s rivalry with, 316, 369–70, 372
nuclear weapons development as ongoing priority of, 428–29, 441–42
Scientific Steering Committee of, 368
Teller in threat to quit, 367–68
uncertain future of, 399
York as director of, 400
Liverpool, University of, 114, 137
Chadwick’s move to, 120
first British Cyclotron installed at, 120–21
Livingood, Jack, 76, 78, 126, 143–44, 152–53
high-voltage accident of, 79
Livingston, Milton Stanley, 29–30, 64, 68, 71, 77, 87, 107, 108, 114, 115, 117, 120, 124, 132, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 181, 321, 322, 423, 443
aloofness of, 84–85
background of, 51–52
Cooksey’s slighting of contributions by, 87–88
on deuton affair, 121
EOL’s relationship to, 84
first working cyclotron built by, 53–54
lack of credit as issue for, 86, 87
modification to vacuum chamber design by, 64–65
in move to Cornell, 130, 137
1,100,000 volt protons obtained by, 65, 68–69
practical abilities of, 52
salary of, 83
X-ray tube and, 83–84
Loeb, Leonard B., 35, 38, 41, 52, 82, 118
on dynamics of Rad Lab researchers, 86
on Livingston, 87
Lomanitz, Rossi, 249–50, 326
Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 22
Loomis, Alfred Lee, 191–92, 224, 226, 314, 317, 319, 322, 340–41, 385, 392, 396
Aberdeen Chronograph invented by, 193–94
Alvarez and, 192, 193, 198
background of, 192–93
and EOL’s color TV tube, 391–92
EOL’s relationship with, see Lawrence-Loomis relationship
H-bomb project and, 341
investment banking business of, 194
law career of, 193
184-inch cyclotron fund-raising and, 204–5, 209, 210
Physical Review paper underwritten by, 196
at Rad Lab, 198–99
Rutherford’s meeting with, 195–96
technology as fascination of, 193
Wood and, 195
Loomis, Manette, 197, 340–41, 396, 425
Loomis, Paulie, 194
Los Alamos laboratory, 273, 278, 280, 291, 308, 328, 340, 361, 421
Bradbury as director of, 361
Livermore’s rivalry with, 369–70, 372–73
Oppenheimer as head of, 94, 263, 320
Teller’s accusation of foot-dragging against, 370
Teller’s departure from, 363
Teller’s unsettling presence at, 361–62
Trinity plutonium bomb test at, 292<
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Los Alamos Primer, The (Serber), 346
Lucci, Telesio, 81–82
Lucci, Winifred, 81
Luce, Henry, 377
McCarthy, Joseph, 377
McCormick, Robert R., 318
McEnerney, Garrett, 152
McGill University, 17, 183
McMahon, Brien, 315, 341, 362
McMahon Bill, 315
McMillan, Edwin, 86, 121, 136, 145, 156, 159, 166, 172, 180, 221, 227, 245, 293, 295, 305, 332, 423, 426
Berkeley faculty position obtained by, 137
Bethe rebutted by, 170–71
and EOL’s color TV tube, 391–92
loyalty oath controversy and, 336
at MIT Rad Lab, 225, 244
in MIT secret project, 244
“phase stability” principle of, 305, 321–22
Seaborg’s relationship with, 244
and search for carbon-14, 184
on split between theorists and experimentalists, 96–97
synchrotron of, 311, 316
uranium fission project and, 243–44
McMillan, Elsie, 292, 332
Macy Foundation, 140, 178, 179
magnetic fields, 48, 49
magnets, 266, 274
Manchester, England, 137
Manchester, University of, 17
Manhattan Project, 260, 279, 285, 292, 298, 304, 308, 316, 334, 394
postwar research program of, 282
scale of, 268–69
security staff of, 262–63
Mansfield, Mike, 437
Mansfield Amendment, 437
Mark I (linear accelerator prototype), 356–57, 361
Mark II linear accelerator, 357, 360
Marks, Herbert, 312
Marsden, Ernest, 17, 18
Marshak, Al, 233
Marshall, George C., 232, 259, 286, 290
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 137, 144, 173, 437
Rad Lab at, see MIT Rad Lab
mass spectrographs (mass spectrometers), 238, 252, 270
184-inch cyclotron converted into, 253
Materials Testing Accelerator (MTA), 356–57
AEC’s growing unhappiness with, 359–60
cost of, 356–57, 359
failure of, 360–61
MAUD Committee, 222–23, 232
atomic bomb project advocated by, 229–30
Maxwell, James Clerk, 18–19, 58
May, Andrew J., 312
May-Johnson bill, 312–14
Mayo Clinic, 162
medical research, 148, 176, 178, 179, 307
radioisotopes in, 131, 175
see also cancer, radiation treatments for; medicine, nuclear
medical schools, 307
division between basic science and medicine fostered by, 140–41, 146
medicine, nuclear, 10, 220
Meitner, Lise, 221–22
Meloney, Marie Mattingly, 22
mesons (mesotrons), 205–6, 323–24
Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab), 252, 265, 274, 280–81, 296–97, 303, 310, 329
concerns about shutting of, 281–82
postwar plans for, 282
Metropolitan-Vickers, 120
mice, 143
John Lawrence’s experiments with, 140, 153, 163, 465n
Michigan, 242
“Mike” test, 369
military-industrial complex, 9
military research, 9, 213, 218, 309, 325, 434, 428–29, 437
Millikan, Robert A., 40, 109, 133
Oppenheimer and, 99
million-volt transformer, 26–27
Mills, Mark, 401, 409, 421–22
Minnesota, University of, 33, 34
MIRVs, 429
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 137, 144, 173, 437
MIT Rad Lab, 227, 254, 269, 306, 316
EOL’s creation of, 224–25
Modern Electrics, 31
Mohole, Project, 438
molybdenum, 167
moon race, 2, 11
Moore Dry-Dock Company, 179
Morgenstern (Los Alamos device), 371
Morris, Dave Hennen, 204
Morris, Joe, 80
Morrison, Philip, 297–98, 312
Morse, John H., Jr., 412–13
Morse code, 31
Mount Palomar, 209
MTA, see Materials Testing Accelerator
muons, 306
Murphree, Eger, 237, 255
Murray, Thomas, 404, 413
Murrow, Edward R., 415
MX, 441
Nagasaki, Japan, 8
plutonium bomb dropped on, 245, 278, 297–98, 303
Nahmias, Maurice, 160, 179–80
National Academy of Sciences, 51, 168
fallout study of, 405–6
National Advisory Cancer Institute, 220
cyclotron grants by, 175–76
National Bureau of Standards, 218
National Cancer Institute, 175, 177
National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 223–24, 226–27
radar research of, 224
National Research Council, 39, 41, 55, 74, 126
National Research Fellows, 41, 63
National Science Foundation, 440
National Security Council (NSC), 402, 417–18
test ban debate in, 417–18
National Youth Authority, 74
Nature, 71
Nauen, Germany, 32
Navy, U.S., 428
NDRC, see National Defense Research Committee
neptunium (element 93), 221, 225, 243, 246
Neumann, John von, 413
neutrons, 4, 80, 106, 128, 165, 183, 214, 243, 355
atomic mass unit of, 109
Chadwick’s discovery of, 82, 106, 206
health hazards of, 141–44
irradiation with, 131, 162, 163–64, 177
pollution from, 141–42
Rutherford’s concept of, 25–26
weight of, 109, 111, 114, 115–16, 123
New Deal, 74, 194, 318
New Mexico, 358
New Republic, 412
newspapers, 22
Newsweek, 412
Newton, Isaac, 19
New York Times, 22, 109–10, 410, 439
Neylan, John Francis “Jack,” 304, 314, 316, 319, 326, 345–46, 357, 359, 385, 390, 395
as AEC Personnel Security Board chair for Berkeley, 327–29
anticommunism of, 151, 152
EOL’s friendship with, 333, 337, 389
as EOL’s patron, 152
Oppenheimer disliked by, 152, 385
Rad Lab and, 151–52, 466n
UC loyalty oath controversy and, 333, 335
Nichols, Kenneth D., 261, 262, 271, 272, 273, 344, 379, 381, 382
Nimitz, Chester, 327
Nishina, Yukio, 310–11
nitrogen, 20, 71, 183, 184
radioactive, 124–25
nitrogen-13, 183
nitrogen-14, 20
Nobel Prize, 6, 16, 17, 40, 41, 49, 86, 91, 93, 96, 102, 120, 123, 138, 157, 165, 172, 173, 175, 181, 222, 316, 329, 408, 429, 433
awarded to EOL, 6, 55, 78, 185–87, 188–89, 200, 248, 285, 409
EOL’s acceptance speech for, 45–46
Oppenheimer’s failure to win, 92, 262
Normandy, invasion of, 279
North Korea, 364
Northwestern University, 146
attempted recruitment of EOL by, 54
Norwegian heavy-water plant, 256
nuclear fission, 69, 71, 128, 192, 206, 216–17
chain reactions in, see chain reactions
discovery of, 213–14, 221
military application of, see atomic bomb; hydrogen bomb
Oppenheimer on, 93–94
nuclear fusion, 396
see also hydrogen bomb
nuclear isomerism, 172–73
nuclear medicine, 10, 220
nuclear physics, 44
complexity
of, 120
government role in, 311–12
high-energy beams in, 5, 20, 25–26, 38, 44
impact of Lawrence-Oppenheimer relationship on, 91
passing of old-guard methods in, 128
slapdash approach to electrical and nuclear hazards in, 177
wartime secrecy and, 221, 249
nuclear policy:
impact of Lawrence-Oppenheimer relationship on, 92
Oppenheimer’s call for public debate on, 376
nuclear proliferation, 342, 376
nuclear research, 139, 312
Franck on consequences of, 303
military vs. civilian control of, 309
nuclear test ban movement, 400, 403–4, 406–7, 408, 412
decoupling of disarmament issue from, 417, 418
progress in, 422
U.S.-Soviet negotiations and, 401–3, 422–23, 427, 428
nucleus, 4, 205
lithium, 69
Rutherford’s discovery of, 18
uranium, 213–14, 243
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 7, 260, 261, 267, 308, 325, 355, 356, 433
Bohr’s visit to, 271–72
contractors and, 267–68
culture shock of ex-Rad Lab scientists at, 270
K-25 at, 272, 275
military regimentation at, 269
plutonium separation plant at, 277
procurement crisis at, 267
recruitment for, 269
silver used in, 267
thermal diffusion plant at, 276
women hired as operators at, 270–71
Y-12 at, see Y-12
Office of Defense Mobilzation, Science Advisory Committee of, 416
Office of Naval Research, nuclear research funded by, 312
Oliphant, Mark, 19, 110, 111, 114, 116–17, 171, 199, 205, 222, 224, 229–30, 231, 252
on EOL’s Nobel Prize, 186–87
Nazi atomic bomb feared by, 231
Oppenheimer, Frank, 89, 387
as Communist Party member, 100, 329, 331, 480n
leftist views of, 329–30
at Rad Lab, 330
Oppenheimer, Jackie, 329
Oppenheimer, Julius Robert, 12, 21, 89, 91–96, 101, 230, 233, 249, 251, 273, 287, 295, 318, 321, 323, 328, 329, 332, 339, 368–69, 425, 427, 442
AEC consultancy of, 376
AEC dossier on, 387
AEC’s security clearance hearing on, 377–78, 379–86, 387, 388, 390, 417
appointed director of Institute for Advanced Study, 320–21
background of, 89
in call for public debate on nuclear policy, 376
Chevalier and, 379–80
classroom style of, 94–95
and deployment vs. demonstration debate, 291–92
entourage of, 94
on EOL at Geneva test ban talks, 427
on EOL’s achievements, 97–98
EOL’s relationship with, see Lawrence-Oppenheimer relationship
FBI dossier on, 377
as GAC chairman, 364
at GAC meeting, 346
gift for synthesis of, 93
Groves’s first encounter with, 261–62
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