test ban opposed by, 402, 406, 407, 416, 417
Strawberry Canyon, 200, 254–55
Strong, Ed, 248
strong force, 205
Studienreisen (study trips), 40, 41, 42
subatomic particles, 2, 4, 49
submarines, nuclear-powered, 325
Suisun Bay, proposed heavy-water reactor in, 345
Superbomb, see hydrogen bomb
Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), 11–12
cancellation of, 440
debate over, 439–40
Supreme Court, California, 333
Swann, William Francis Gray, 33–34, 41, 43, 54, 55, 105, 196
egotism of, 35
EOL as protégé of, 34–35, 54
European sabbatical of, 41
“glorification of facts” disdained by, 34
synchrocyclotron, 306, 322
funding for, 316–17
see also cyclotron, 184-inch
synchrotron, 305, 307, 311, 316, 322, 396
Szilard, Leo, 48, 217, 218, 219, 223, 230
as advocate for secrecy in atomic bomb research, 215, 220
cyclotron principle used by, 47
morality issues and, 280, 296
Nazi atom bomb feared by, 214–15, 217
Taylor, Elizabeth, 395
Teapot, Operation, 399
technetium (element 43), 167
telegraph key, 31
television, 397
Elizabeth II’s coronation on, 397
EOL’s color tube for, 391–94; see also Chromatic Television Laboratories
Teller, Edward, 214–15, 218, 293, 337, 344, 361, 365, 369, 381, 401, 411, 421, 442
Boulder lab proposal by, 362
“clean bomb” concept endorsed by, 404
as crucial asset for bomb program, 364
in departure from Los Alamos, 363
egotism of, 367
EOL and, 366–68
on EOL’s meeting with Eisenhower, 409–10
H-bomb pushed by, 340, 342–43, 344, 348, 349, 408–9
as intuitive theorist, 366
as Livermore director, 428
Los Alamos accused of foot-dragging by, 370
mercurial personality of, 361, 363, 364, 366
Oppenheimer hearing testimony of, 379
Sputnik and, 415
on test ban monitoring, 418
test ban opposed by, 402, 406–7
in threat to quit Livermore, 367–68
UCLA’s offer to, 340
Tennessee Eastman Corporation, 267, 269
Tennessee Valley Authority, 194, 259, 261, 318
Tenney, Jack, 326, 332
tennis, 78
Tesla, Nikola, 27
Tesla coils, 27, 44, 48, 49, 69
Texas, University of, 151
attempted recruitment of EOL by, 200
thallium, 128
therapeutic isotopes, 307
thermal diffusion, 237, 276, 436
thermonuclear bomb, see hydrogen bomb
Thomas, Charles, 295
Thomson, G. P., 186, 222, 229
Thomson, Joseph John “J. J.,” 16
thorium, 17
Thorne, Landon, 194
Three Mile Island disaster, 11
Throop Polytechnic Institute, 40, 176
Tibbets, Paul, 292, 297
Time, 109, 110, 377
cover story on EOL in, 6, 168–69
Times (London), 21
Tinian Island, 292, 297
Tizard, Henry Thomas, 222
Tolman, Richard, 378
Tower House (Tuxedo Park, N.Y.), 191–92, 195–96, 224
Toyko, Japan, firebombing of, 289
transuranic elements, 243, 307, 429
Trinitron TV technologies, 397
Trinity test, 280, 292–96, 310
tritium, 117, 183, 340, 343, 355
Truman, Harry S., 312, 339, 400
atomic bomb project and, 285–86, 302
and expansion of nuclear arsenal and, 341
H-bomb program and, 350–51, 356
Interim Committee’s recommendations for, 290
Oppenheimer’s meeting with, 303–4
Stalin and, 296
Trinity test and, 295
Tsarapkin, Semyon, 424–25
tumors, 140, 143
Tuve, Anthony, 29, 32
Tuve, Merle, 27–28, 33, 43–44, 48, 49, 51, 81, 99, 111, 116, 118, 136, 154, 199, 221, 408, 423
EOL’s career in high-energy physics set by, 44
EOL’s childhood friendship with, 29
EOL’s cyclotron idea downplayed by, 48
EOL’s recklessness criticized by, 117–19
EOL’s skepticism about Tesla coil approach of, 49–50
radio experiments of, 31–32
Tuxedo Park, N.Y., 191
Tower House in, see Tower House
Twentieth Century Fund, 427
U-235, see uranium-235
Uehling, Edwin, 94
Ulam, Stanislaw, 361, 369
ultrasonics, 195
Un-American Activities Committee, California, 326
underwater communications, 227
unipolar effect, 35–36
United States:
in arms race, 376, 442
in test ban negotiations with Soviet Union, 401–3, 422–23, 427, 428
see also government, U.S.
United States Steel Corporation, 210
uranium, 16, 17, 129, 216, 252
enriched, see uranium-235 (U-235), separation of
fears of shortage in, 354–55
nuclear fission of, 93–94, 192, 213–14, 216–17, 227–28, 243–44
nucleus of, 213–14, 243
production of, 358
uranium-235 (U-235), 216, 222, 228, 234, 236, 246, 355
uranium-235 (U-235), separation of, 7
centrifuge method for, 238, 256, 257–58
electromagnetic method for, 64, 237–38, 248, 252, 257, 260, 261, 265–66, 268, 269, 272, 310, 433
gaseous diffusion method for, 235–36, 237, 239, 257, 260, 272, 275, 325
tailings from, 355
uranium-238 (U-238), 216, 231, 355
Uranium Committee (Briggs committee), 218, 223, 229, 238, 245
Compton panel’s review of, 227–28
counterproductive regime of, 220–21
EOL’s criticism of, 225–26
uranium hexafluoride (hex), 237, 257, 260, 272
Urey, Harold, 188, 221, 233, 235, 237, 255, 257, 262, 313, 408
cyclotron’s usefulness disparaged by, 183
deuterium discovered by, 106
gaseous diffusion research of, 235–36, 239, 272
U.S. Radium Corporation, radium poisoning of workers at, 80
vacuum chambers, 27, 31, 44, 48, 49, 50, 53–56, 181, 187
of calutrons, 252, 255, 258, 266, 273–74, 275
of eleven-inch cyclotron, 64–65, 67, 68
of Mark I accelerator, 357
of sixty-inch cyclotron, 179, 187
of thirty-seven-inch cyclotron, 155, 238
of twenty-seven-inch cyclotron, 62, 78, 84, 107, 130, 153, 167
two dees of, 53, 64–65, 67, 68, 85, 169, 170
Van de Graaff, Robert, 27–28
Van de Graaff generators, 27–28, 44, 69
Vandenberg, Hoyt, 384
Veksler, Vladimir, 305–6, 423
Vermillion, S.Dak., 32–33
Vietnam War, 437, 438
Wahl, Arthur C., 245
Wallace, Henry, 232
Walton, Ernest, 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 108, 133, 135, 181, 186
Washington Times-Herald, 331
Washington University (St. Louis), 251, 389, 408
cyclotron at, 264
Watson, Edwin M. “Pa,” Uranium Committee formed by, 218
Waymack, William, 315
Weaver, Warren, 125, 176, 178, 200, 254, 308, 309, 323, 359, 438
184-inch cyclotron and, 201–
4, 205
Rad Lab visited by, 177
Weinberg, Alvin M., 7, 8, 11, 440
on pitfalls of Big Science, 433–34, 435–36
Weinberg, Steven, 433, 439
Weisskopf, Victor, 345, 437
White, Milton, 76, 142
lithium experiment of, 72–73
in move to Princeton, 137
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 442
Wick, Gian-Carlo, 334, 335
Wideröe, Rolf, 355, 442
Archiv paper of, 45–46, 47, 63
Wigner, Eugene, 9, 218, 219, 256
Wilkes, Daniel, 406
Williams, John, 330
Willkie, Wendell, 318
Wilson, Robert R., 2, 84, 87, 170
Wilson, Woodrow, 32
Winternitz, M. C., 135, 464n
Winthrop & Stimson, 193
Wisconsin, University of, 59
Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), 59
Wood, Robert W., 195, 196
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 74, 178–79
World War I, 39, 193
World War II, 3–4, 9, 185, 200, 279, 434
atomic bomb in, see atomic bomb
impact of Lawrence-Oppenheimer relationship on allied strategy in, 91
Normandy invasion in, 279
radar developed in, 7–8
U.S. technical unpreparedness for, 208–9
Worthington, Hood, 318
X-rays, 26, 49, 75, 78, 79, 80, 140, 143, 162, 177
diagnostic, 405
discovery of, 16
X-ray tubes, 61, 78, 80, 82, 140, 149, 162
Livingston and, 83–84
patenting of, 83
Y-12 (Oak Ridge Laboratory), 265, 266, 267–75
cost of, 268
as EOL’s personal fiefdom, 271
procurement crisis and, 267
silver used in, 267
Yale University, 36
EOL at, 36, 42–43
Sloane Physics Laboratory at, 34
Yalta conference (1945), 284
Yasaki, Tameichi, 174, 291, 310
York, Herb, 364–65, 366, 368, 369, 372, 399, 400–401, 402, 407, 411, 417
as go-between EOL and Teller, 367
as Livermore director, 400
named Livermore director, 368
Yukawa, Hideki, 323
Zeleny, John, 43
Photography Credits
Courtesy of Robert Lawrence: 1
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: 2–4, 6–29, 33–36
US Patent and Trademark Office: 5
Los Alamos National Laboratory: 30–31
Arthur Holly Compton, Atomic Quest: 32
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hiltzik, Michael A.
Big science : Ernest Lawrence and the invention that launched the military-industrial complex / by Michael Hiltzik.
pages cm
1. Cyclotrons. 2. Physicists—United States—Biography. 3. Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901–1958. I. Title.
QC787.C8H55 2015
530.092—dc23
[B] 2014017463
ISBN 978-1-4516-7575-7
ISBN 978-1-4516-7603-7 (ebook)
Big Science Page 59