Don't Tell the Newfoundlanders
Page 25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have been fortunate in having the help of a great many people in the process of compiling this book. A special debt of gratitude is owed to all the archivists and librarians in St. John’s, London, England, and Ottawa for their unreserved assistance.
Special thanks to historian and friend John FitzGerald for generously sharing his time and considerable knowledge, especially of the referendum process. I am grateful to Bernice Morgan and Lt. Governor John Crosbie, who both read earlier versions of this book and gave me the benefit of their wisdom, and to Gwynne Dyer, who not only read the manuscript and shared his insights but also treated me to lunch at his local in London.
The Halley family, especially Jim’s widow, Ethel, and son William have given me their complete co-operation, as has Jim’s great friend, John Andrews. Thanks to them and to James A. McGrath, who was very encouraging with his passion for this period of our history.
Thank you to Harold Paddock for his story and his wonderful poem, which he so kindly allowed me to include in the appendix, and to historians Peter Neary, Jim Hiller and Melvin Baker for answering my many questions, and also Larry Felt for his comments.
The staff at the Centre for Newfoundland Studies at Memorial University of Newfoundland could not have been more helpful and I want to thank especially Joan Ritcey, Linda White, Colleen Quigley, Glenda Dawe, Paulette Noseworthy, Bert Riggs and Jenny Higgins and Vince Walsh at the MUN Heritage site. The Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador at the Rooms is an invaluable resource and the staff, especially Larry Dohey, Joan Mowbray, Sandra Ronayne and Alan Byrne were always most helpful. I appreciate the assistance of Andrea Hyde at the Legislative Library of Newfoundland and Labrador, and of the former legislative librarian, Norma Jean Richards, who told me, “it’s what’s not in the files that is interesting, Greg.”
I would like to acknowledge my dear friend Cathy Jones for her generous support of my research and her general whole-hearted encouragement. Thanks to my friends Don Sharp for his connections; Glen Neary for his contribution to my London research; Howard Granger for helping me access his father’s papers; Don Walsh for his swift and hassle-free technical assistance with the maps; and to Marian White and my brother Beni for their steady support.
Special thanks to the staff at Random House of Canada, many of whom I now count as my friends, especially Diane Martin for her continuing support and her introduction to Rosemary Shipton, whose keen interest and expertise I greatly value. And to Jane McWhinney and her eagle eye, my sincerest appreciation and thanks. And to Deirdre Molina and Michelle MacAleese, whom I have relied on throughout the entire process, many, many thanks for all your help.
Finally I wish to thank my redoubtable assistant, Whitey, for her tireless efforts and dedication to this project.
PHOTO CREDITS
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders; in the event of an inadvertent omission or error, please notify the publisher. Grateful acknowledgement is expressed to the following people and sources for permission to reprint these images.
FIRST INSERT
1.1 The Rooms Provincial Archives Division, St. John’s, A47-28
1.2 The Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, New York
1.3 National Film Board of Canada, Photothèque, Library and Archives Canada, C-031186
1.4 Frank Royal, National Film Board of Canada, Phototheque, Library and Archives Canada, C-023266
1.5 United Nations, Library and Archives Canada, C-018532
1.6 Walter Stoneman, © National Portrait Gallery, London;
1.7 Aselstyne/Canada, Department of National Defence, Library and Archives Canada, PA-159575;
1.8 Yousuf Karsh, Yousuf Karsh fonds, Library and Archives Canada, Accession number 1987-054, e010679424;
1.9 Library and Archives Canada/PA-121703
1.10 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland: File 285 Box 4,5,6
1.11 The Rooms Provincial Archives Division, St. John’s, A67-49
SECOND INSERT
1.12 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Coll. 307, no.13.03
1.13 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland Coll. 285 Box 31 no. 42
1.14 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Coll. 285, Box 4,5,6 no. 28
1.15 The Rooms Provincial Archives Division, St. John’s, NL MG 956.77
1.16 Halley Family Collection, courtesy of Bill Halley
1.17 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Coll. 285 Box 7,8,9 no. 45
1.18 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Coll. 285, Box 10,11
1.19 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Coll. 285, Box 10,11, no.3
1.20 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Coll. 285
1.21 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Coll. 285, Box 13,14,15, no.38
1.22 Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Coll. 285, Box 28,29,30 no.27
1.23 Media and Data Centre, Queen Elizabeth II Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland
APPENDIX A
Dramatis Personae
Great Britain
Addison, Lord Secretary of State for Dominions Affairs of Great Britain 1945–47
Ammon, C.G. Member of Parliament of Great Britain, Chairman Goodwill
Mission to Newfoundland 1943
Amulree, Lord William Warrender Mackenzie, Head of Newfoundland Royal Commission 1933
Attlee, Clement R. Secretary of State for Dominions Affairs of Great Britain 1942–43
Deputy Prime Minister Great Britain 1942–45
Prime Minister Great Britain 1945–50
Beaverbrook, Lord William Maxwell Aitken, Lord Privy Seal Great Britain 1943–45
Minister of Aircraft Production Churchill’s War Cabinet 1940–41
Minister of Aviation Supply Churchill’s War Cabinet 1941–42
Churchill, Sir Winston Minister Aviation Supply Lloyd George’s War Cabinet 1914–15, 1917–19
Prime Minister Great Britain 1940–45
Clutterbuck, P. Alexander Ass’t Secretary Dominions Office of Great Britain 1940–42
Ass’t Under-Secretary of State for Dominions Affairs 1942–46
High Commissioner of Great Britain in Canada 1946–52
Cranborne, Lord Secretary of State for Dominions Affairs of Great Britain 1940–42, 1943–45
Emrys-Evans, P.V. Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Dominions Affairs,
Great Britain, 1942–45
Herbert, Sir Allan Independent Member of Parliament of Great Britain, 1935–50
Member of Goodwill Mission to Newfoundland, 1943
Keynes, John Maynard Special Advisor to Chancellor of the Exchequer Great Britain
Counsellor to Ministry of Finance Great Britain
Macdonald, Sir Gordon Governor of Newfoundland for Great Britain 1946–March 1949
MacDonald, Malcolm U.K. High Commissioner to Canada 1941–46
Machtig, Sir Eric Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Dominions Affairs Great Britain 1940–47
Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations Great Britain 1947–48
Noel-Baker, Philip Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations of Great Britain 1947–50
Thomas, J.H. Secretary of State Dominions Affairs of Great Britain 1931–35
Walwyn, Sir Humphrey Vice-Admiral Governor of Newfoundland for Great Britain 1936–46
Canada
Bridle, Paul A. Third Secretary to High Commissioner in Newfoundland 1945–46
Secretary Inter-departmental Committee on Canada–
Newfoundland Relations 1946–48
Second Secretary to High Commission in Newfoundland 1948–49
Acting High Commissioner in Newfoundland May–Sept 1948
March 1949
Burchell, C.J. High Commissioner in Newfoundland Sept 1941–Jan 1944;
High Commissioner in Newfoundland Sept 1948–March 1949
Howe, C.D. Minister of Munitions and Supply 1940–45
Minister Reconstruction and Supply 1944–48
Minister Trade and Commerce 1948–57
Cabinet Committee on Newfoundland 1946–48
Keenleyside, Hugh L. Ass’t Under-Secretary of State External Affairs 1941–44
Acting High Commissioner in Newfoundland Jan–April 1944
Deputy Minister Mines and Resources 1947–50
King, W.L. Mackenzie Prime Minister Canada 1935–48
Secretary of State for External Affairs 1935–46
Macdonald, J. Scott Counsellor, Department of External Affairs 1940–44
Canadian High Commissioner in Newfoundland 1944–May 1948
MacKay, R.A. Member Second Political Division Dept External Affairs 1945–46
Member Second Political Division Dept External Affairs 1947–48
Inter-departmental Committee on Canada–Newfoundland Relations 1947–48
Chairman Steering Committee Inter-departmental Committee on Canada–Newfoundland Relations 1948–49
Head British Commonwealth Division Dept. External Affairs 1948–52
Massey, Vincent Canadian High Commissioner to Great Britain 1935–May 1946
Pearson, Lester B. Under-Secretary of State External Affairs 1946–48
Secretary of State External Affairs 1948–57
Member Cabinet Committee on Newfoundland 1948
Pickersgill, J.W. Private Secretary to Secretary of State External Affairs 1942–45
Special Assistant to the Prime Minister 1945–52
Robertson, N.A. Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs 1941–46
Canadian High Commissioner to Great Britain 1946–Feb 1949
Clerk of the Privy Council and Secretary to the Cabinet March 1949–52
St. Laurent, Louis S. Minister of Justice 1941–46 Secretary of State for External Affairs 1946–48
Chairman Cabinet Committee on Newfoundland 1946–48
Prime Minister of Canada 1948–57
Sharp, Mitchell W. Director Economic Policy Division Department of Finance 1947–51
Member Interdepartmental Committee on Canada–
Newfoundland Relations 1946–48
Steering Committee on Inter-departmental Committee on Canada–Newfoundland Relations 1948–49
Wrong, H.H. Assistant Under-Secretary of State External Affairs 1942–44
Associate Under-Secretary of State External Affairs 1944–46
Canadian Ambassador to Washington 1946–53
Newfoundland
Alderdice, Frederick Prime Minister of Newfoundland 1932–34
Commissioner in Commission of Government 1934–36
Bradley, Gordon F. Chairman of the National Convention of Newfoundland 1946–47
Member of the National Convention of Newfoundland 1946–48
Chairman of Delegation to London 1947
Chairman of Delegation to Ottawa 1947
President Newfoundland Confederate Association Member
Delegation to Ottawa to the negotiations of Terms of Union in 1948
Secretary of State April 1, 1949–53
Cashin, Major Peter J. Member of National Convention of Newfoundland 1946–48
Member Delegation to London 1947
Spokesman for Responsible Government League 1946–49
Crosbie, Chesley A. Member National Convention of Newfoundland 1946–48
Member Delegation to London 1947
Leader of Party for Economic Union with U.S. 1948
Member Delegation to Ottawa to negotiate final Terms of Union in 1948
Emerson, Sir Edward Commissioner of Justice and Defence Newfoundland 1940–44
Administrator and Chief Justice of Newfoundland 1945–49
Fox, C.F. Chairman National Convention of Newfoundland Sept–Nov 1946
Gruchy, Philip Vice-president Anglo-Newfoundland Development Co. Ltd.
Member Newfoundland Delegation to Ottawa to negotiate final Terms of Union in 1948
Halley, James T., Q.C. Co-founder Party for Economic Union with America
Higgins, Gordon F. Member National Convention of Newfoundland 1946–48
Member Delegation to Ottawa 1947
Hollett, Malcolm Member of the National Convention of Newfoundland 1946–48
Member of Delegation to London 1947
Jamieson, Donald Newfoundland broadcaster Campaign Manager Party for
Economic Union with America 1948
Job, R.B. Member National Convention of Newfoundland 1946–48
Member Delegation to Ottawa 1947
McEvoy, J.B. Chairman of the National Convention of Newfoundland 1947–48
Member Newfoundland Delegation to Ottawa to negotiate final
Terms of Union in 1948
Perlin, Albert Columnist with the Daily News, St. John’s, 1946–59
Pottle, H.L. Commissioner for Home Affairs and Education Newfoundland 1947–March 1949
Minister of Welfare Provisional Government of Newfoundland April 1–May 1949
Quinton, H.W. Commission for Home Affairs and Education Newfoundland 1947
Commission for Public Health and Welfare Newfoundland 1947–49
Minister of Public Health, Provisional Government of Newfoundland April–May 1949
Smallwood, J.R. Member National Convention of Newfoundland 1946–48
Member Delegation to Ottawa 1947 Member of Delegation to London 1947
Campaign Manager Newfoundland Confederate Association 1948
Member Newfoundland Delegation to Ottawa to negotiate the final Terms of Union Aug–Dec 1948
Premier and Minister of Industrial Development,
Provisional Government of Newfoundland April–May 1949
Walsh, Albert Commission for Home Affairs and Education Newfoundland 1944–47
Commissioner of Justice and Defence Newfoundland 1947–49
Chairman Newfoundland Delegation to Ottawa to negotiate the
Terms of Union Aug–Dec 1948
Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland April 1–Sept 1949
Winter, G.A. Director T. & M. Winter Ltd, Member Newfoundland Delegation to Ottawa to negotiate final Terms of Union Aug–Dec. 1948
Minister of Finance Provisional Government of Newfoundland April–May 1949
APPENDIX B
CHRONOLOGY OF MAIN EVENTS
1832 Newfoundland wins representative government
1855 Newfoundland granted full responsible government
1907 Newfoundland granted Dominion status
1933 Responsible government suspended in Newfoundland
1934 Commission of Government takes over in Newfoundland
1938 Newfoundland Airport completed at Gander
1939 Defence of Newfoundland Act passed by Commission of Government
1940 Britain transfers control of air bases in Newfoundland to Canada
1941 First American troops arrive in St. John’s, January
Leased Bases Agreement signed, March
First Canadian high commissioner appointed to Newfoundland, September
1942 Dominions Secretary Clement Attlee and Alexander Clutterbuck visit Newfoundland
1943 Goodwill Mission from Parliament of Great Britain visits Newfoundland
1945 Labour Government elected in Great Britain, July
Clement Attlee becomes prime minister of Great Britain, July
Clutterbuck arrives in Ottawa for secret talks with Canadians, October
Secretary of state for dominions affairs announces National Convention, December
1946 National Convention elected, June 21
Responsible Government League formed, December 23
1947 Delegation to London, April
Delegation to Ottawa in June–September
Canadian Terms of Union presented to Governor Macdonald
1948 National Convention rejects Confederation as choice on Referendum ballot, January
National Convention dissolves, January
Newfoundland Confederate Association formed, February 21
Economic Union with America Party formed, March 20
First Referendum Vote, June 3
Second Referendum Vote, July 22
Canada accepts results of Second Referendum, July 30
Great Britain and Commission Government accept results, July 30
Newfoundland delegates to negotiate terms with Canada appointed by Commission of Government, August 5
Writs issued in Supreme Court of Newfoundland against Commission of Government, November 13
Motion presented in Parliament of Great Britain calls for return of responsible government in Newfoundland, November 26
Ches Crosbie announces he will not sign Terms of Union, December 9
Responsible Government League presents resolution against Union to Governor of Newfoundland, December 10
Terms of Union signed in Ottawa, December 11
1949 A.P. Herbert tries to present Newfoundland Liberation Bill to House of Commons in London, January 28
Bill presented in Canadian Parliament to approve Terms of Union, February 7
Royal Assent is given to Canadian Bill approving Terms of Union, February 18
Commission of Government approves Terms of Union, February 21
Confederation ceremonies held in Ottawa and St. John’s, April 1
Albert Walsh sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland, April 1
Lieutenant-Governor calls on J.R. Smallwood to form provisional government, April 1
APPENDIX C
Maps of Dominion of Newfoundland and Labrador