6. Irish Independent, 21 November 1918.
7. Ó hÓgartaigh, Kathleen Lynn, p. 42.
8. Irish Times, 26 and 28 February 1918.
9. Dublin Corporation Reports, 1919, no. 254; Irish Times, 26 February 1919; Irish Independent, 27 March 1919.
10. Irish Independent, 27 March 1919. These figures exclude the deaths of those admitted to Dublin hospitals from places outside the capital.
11. Dublin Corporation Reports, 1919, no. 263, 265, 284.
12. See chap. 3 above.
13. Dublin Corporation Reports, 1921, no. 60; Annual Report of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, 1920.
14. Cameron Papers, Report of the Deputy Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, 1920; Irish Times, 28 February 1921; Ó hÓgartaigh, Kathleen Lynn, p. 41; Freemasons Roll of Honour; Parkinson, History of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Ireland, vol. 1.
15. Luddy, Prostitution and Irish Society, p. 186. Joseph O’Brien, Dear, Dirty Dublin, p. 116, argues that if stillbirths and premature births related to syphilis are included in death rates these would rank as one of the main causes of infant mortality, as well as leaving many children with serious medical conditions.
16. Yeates, Lockout, p. 53–4, 363–4.
17. Luddy, Prostitution and Irish Society, p. 165–72.
18. Yeates, Lockout, p. 502.
19. Weekly Irish Times, 23 October 1915.
20. Luddy, Prostitution and Irish Society. See chap. 5, and Johnston-Keogh, ‘Dublin’s Women Patrol and women’s entry into policy.’
21. Luddy, Prostitution and Irish Society, p. 178.
22. Dublin Corporation Reports, 1918, no. 13. I use the term ‘comparative deprivation’ in the industrial relations sense, where the erosion of a differential in pay or conditions can cause resentment among the group adversely affected. This often manifests itself in various forms of negative behaviour.
23. Quoted by Dennison and MacDonagh, Guinness; see especially chap. 10 and 13.
24. Matthews, Renegades, p. 211–12.
25. Luddy, Prostitution and Irish Society, p. 191; Ó hÓgartaigh, Kathleen Lynn, p. 39.
26. Luddy, Prostitution and Irish Society, p. 204–5; Matthews, Renegades, p. 222.
27. For a detailed debate on the issues raised by the 1926 Interdepartmental Report see Howell, ‘Venereal disease and the politics of prostitution in the Irish Free State,’ Riordan, ‘Venereal disease in the Irish Free State,’ and Howell, ‘The politics of prostitution and the politics of public health in the Irish Free State.’
28. Irish Times, 16 November 1918.
29. Lynch’s peculiar political trajectory had seen him fight against the British Empire during the Boer War and subsequently be condemned to death for high treason, only to have the sentence commuted to a short prison sentence, then become Home Rule MP for Galway. After the First World War he continued his parliamentary career as a Labour MP for Battersea South.
30. Ryan, Comrades, p. 41, 42.
31. Bureau of Military History, Witness Statements, WS 1119, Joseph McDonagh; Irish Times and Irish Independent, 12 to 16 November 1918.
32. Richard Coleman had died on 12 December in Usk Prison in Monmouthshire. By coincidence, he had served under Thomas Ashe at Ashbourne in 1916.
33. Irish Independent, 13 November 1918. Cissie Cahalan was a shop worker and a member of the Irish Linen Drapers’ Assistants’ Association.
34. Ward, Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, p. 226.
35. Irish Times, 6 December 1918.
36. National Archives, CAB 24/70.
37. Mulholland, The Politics and Relationships of Kathleen Lynn, p. 63.
38. He would later serve briefly as first Commissioner of the Garda Síochána.
39. Originally opposed to the militarism of the Volunteers, Little would later take the anti-Treaty side in the Civil War and served in the Four Courts garrison. He subsequently edited An Phoblacht, the IRA newspaper, and served as a Fianna Fáil TD and as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs during the Second World War.
40. Bureau of Military History, Witness Statements, WS 660, Thomas Leahy.
41. Dublin Corporation Minutes, 18 October 1918, item no. 646.
42. Irish Times, 12 November 1918.
43. Dublin Corporation Minutes, 2 November 1919, item no. 666.
44. Irish Independent, 16 July 1918.
45. Irish Times, 3 December 1918.
46. Irish Times, 1 March 1919.
47. It would take another world war to resolve the chaos of the British coal industry through nationalisation. One permanent benefit from the coal shortage was government funding to extend the Cavan and Leitrim Light Railway into the Arigna Valley and open up its seams for the Dublin market.
48. McCamley, Dublin Tramworkers, p. 119.
49. Irish Independent, 25 March 1918; Irish Times, 27 and 28 February, 11 and 21 March and 8 April 1919.
50. Irish Times, 25 February 1918.
51. Mitchell, Labour in Irish Politics, p. 107–10. Even after it was amended, the Democratic Programme was considered ‘communistic’ by some senior members of the Dáil, including Piaras Béaslaí, Kevin O’Higgins and Cathal Brugha. Morrissey, William O’Brien, p. 162.
52. Dáil Éireann, Minutes of Proceedings, 21 January 1919, p. 22–4; Gaughan, Thomas Johnson, p. 157. At the same time central figures, such as Collins and Cosgrave, did show statist tendencies, which came to characterise the approach of successive Irish governments to economic development. Collins believed that the development of mining and natural resources was the proper domain of the state, while Cosgrave was an advocate of the state as the sole provider of insurance policies and products for commercial and social purposes. Mitchell, Revolutionary Government in Ireland, p. 49.
Chapter 15: A flickering green light at the end of a long tunnel
1. This is not to deny that that there were occasional clashes in Dublin city centre, usually outside Trinity College, between students and republicans, such as the highly publicised riot on VE Day involving a young Charles Haughey. See contemporaneous news reports, Irish Times, 1926–49; Wills, That Neutral Island, p. 170–72.
2. The attitude of the unions to the company would change after the war, but that is another story.
3. Irish Independent, 5 February 1919.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
The bibliography includes only sources cited in the text or the notes.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Ashe Papers, National Library of Ireland
Asquith Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford
Cabinet Papers, National Archives (London)
Cameron Papers, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
Chief Secretary’s Office, National Archives, Dublin
Colonial Office Files
Dáil Éireann, Minutes of Proceedings, 1919–21
Dublin Chamber of Commerce, Annual Reports, 1913–18
Dublin Corporation, Minutes and Reports, 1911–22, Dublin City Archives
Dr William Walsh Laity Papers, Dublin Diocesan Archive
Dublin Metropolitan Police, Annual Reports and Statistical Returns, 1912–19
Dublin Trades Council Minutes, 1913–1928, Irish Labour History Society
Glasnevin Trust
Guinness Archive, Dublin
Ireland’s Memorial Records, 1914–1918 (CD), Dublin: Eneclann, 2005
Irish Railway Records Society Archive, Dublin
Irish Transport and General Workers Union records, National Library of Ireland
Masonic Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, Ireland
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Annual Reports, 1911–24, National Library of Ireland
Report of the Departmental Committee into the Housing Conditions of the Working Classes in the City of Dublin, 1914, National Library of Ireland
Roberts Collection, Royal Dublin Fusiliers Association Archive, Dublin City Archives
Witness Statements, Bureau of Military
History, Dublin
I NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
Catholic Bulletin
Dublin Evening Mail
Evening Telegraph
Freeman’s Journal
Irish Independent
Irish Times
Labour Gazette (London)
II ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS, AND PAPERS DELIVERED AT SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES
Cody, Séamus, The Remarkable Patrick Daly (ILHS Monograph), Dublin: Irish Labour History Society, 1985.
Higgins, J. J. ‘The sinking of the RMS Leinster recalled,’ Postal Worker, November 1936.
Howell, Philip, ‘The politics of prostitution and the politics of public health in the Irish Free State: A response to Susannah Riordan,’ Irish Historical Studies, November 2007.
Howell, Philip, ‘Venereal disease and the politics of prostitution in the Irish Free State,’ Irish Historical Studies, May 2003.
Johnston-Keogh, John, ‘Dublin’s Women Patrol and women’s entry into policy,’ paper presented to Women’s History Association of Ireland and Irish Labour History Society, Dublin, 22 and 23 October 2010.
McCaffrey, Patricia, ‘Jacob’s women workers in the 1913 lock-out,’ Saothar, 16, 1991.
Maguire, Martin, ‘The Dublin working class, 1870s–1930s: Economy, society, politics,’ in Thomas Bartlett (ed.), History and Environment, Dublin: UCD Press, 1988.
Maguire, Martin, ‘The organisation and activism of Dublin’s Protestant working class, 1883–1935,’ Irish Historical Studies, May 1994.
Maguire, Martin, ‘A socio-economic analysis of the Dublin working class, 1870–1926,’ Irish Economic and Social History, 20, 1993.
Murray, Peter, ‘The First World War and a Dublin distillery workforce: Recruiting and redundancy at John Power, 1915–1917,’ Saothar, 15, 1990.
O’Flanagan, Neil, ‘Dublin City in an Age of War and Revolution, 1914–1924,’ MA thesis, University College, Dublin, 1985.
O’Riordan, Manus, ‘Connolly reassessed: The Irish and European context,’ Paper presented at Dr Douglas Hyde Conference, Strokestown, 2001.
O’Riordan, Manus, ‘Michael O’Leary, Kuno Meyer and Peadar Ó Laoghaire,’ Ballingeary Historical Society Journal, 2005.
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III BOOKS
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