144 read less: HLL, 209, 477, 258.
144 “a strong latent”: HLL, 483.
144 “vague, abstracted”: HLL, 411.
145 “thirsts and burns”: Lincoln, “Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois: The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions,” January 27, 1838, SW, 1832-1858, 34.
145 “I know very well”: Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 210.
145 “few men in baggy pants”: Wilson, Patriotic Gore, 785.
145 “emancipated slaves”: Nevins, The War for the Union, 235.
145 “been cracked”: Donald, Lincoln, 397.
145 scarcely less arbitrary: Compare Carl N. Degler, “The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification: The Problem of Comparison,” ORTW, 66.
146 the most effective restraint: Macaulay, History of England, WLM, i, 524-25.
146 throughout the country: Donald, Lincoln, 380.
146 compelled Congress: Degler, “The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification: The Problem of Comparison,” ORTW, 66.
146 “I can touch”: Taylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln’s Right Hand, 169.
146 “DEPARTMENT OF STATE”: Bancroft, Life of Seward, ii, 261.
147 “if you will have democracy”: Lady Gwendolen Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, 4 vols. (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1921), i, 139. Compare Degler, “The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification:The Problem of Comparison,” ORTW, 63, 66; Gabor S. Boritt, Abraham Lincoln, War Opponent and War President (Gettysburg, PA: Gettysburg College, 1987), 21.
13. The Scent of Freedom
148 “He is the first”: MCCW, 464.
148 “Yes, Marster”: MCCW, 465.
148 “Nonsense”: MCCW, 464.
148 scrubbed white: Ibid.
148 “Do, Dick”: Ibid.
148 “He won’t even”: Ibid.
148 “full of airs”: MCCW, 375.
148 “upper ten”: MCCW, 282.
149 “Tell her to go”: MCCW, 375.
149 “They go about”: MCCW, 464; see also MCCW, 234.
149 “by her own people”: MCCW, 198.
149 “begged them hard”: MCCW, 211.
149 “never thought”: MCCW, 199.
149 “Why”: MCCW, 199.
149 “the idlest”: MCCW, 428. Russian paternalists similarly insisted on the “lazy, childlike” characteristics of their serfs—Kolchin, “In Defense of Servitude: American Proslavery and Russian Proserfdom Arguments, 1760-1860,” AHR, vol. 85, no. 4 (October 1980), 811.
149 But she knew: See, e.g., MCCW, 249.
149 “hanging negroes”: MCCW, 234.
149 “NEGROES FOR SALE”: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 38.
149 In one respect: MCCW, 307, 428.
149 “You see, Mrs. Stowe”: MCCW, 168.
150 “God forgive us”: MGCW, 29.
150 sorcerers and magicians: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (New York: Dover, 1956), 93-96.
150 “noiseless”: MCCW, 211.
150 “ministrations”: MCCW, 251.
150 “Egyptian Sphinx”: MCCW, 464.
150 “full-blooded”: MCCW, 213.
150 “trembled”: MCCW, 214 (original spelling modernized).
150 “It has to go”: MCCW, 1.
150 “there are people”: Ibid.
150 “it is Lincoln’s”: Ibid.
150 “Hell”: MCCW, 248.
150 a fool: Hammond, Secret and Sacred: The Diaries of James Henry Hammond, ed. Bleser, 146.
151 “As Swift”: MCCW, 274.
151 “splendid specimen”: Ibid.
151 “the Magnificent John”: Ibid.
151 “so very agreeable”: MCCW, 329.
151 “a bitter”: MCCW, 274.
151 “I have always treated him”: MCCW, 329.
151 “She has a majestic figure”: MCCW, 348.
151 “exceedingly quiet”: Ibid.
152 “I wonder”: MCCW, 408.
152 “I have fallen”: MCCW, 284.
152 “the sweetest”: MCCW, 348.
152 “Buck” she said: MCCW, 430.
152 In the Summer Garden: Hodgetts, The Court of Russia in the Nineteenth Century, ii, 47-48.
153 “deviated”: Ibid., ii, 00.
153 smile of recognition: Ibid., ii, 00.
153 “I am often”: Mosse, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, 109-10.
153 flat and dreary: Edwards, The Russians at Home and Abroad: Sketches, Unpolitical and Political, of Russian Life Under Alexander II, i, 1; Marquis de Gustine, Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 89.
153 “the Tsar’s village”: Glen Botkin, The Real Romanous (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1931), 15-18.
153 “emptied and refilled”: Ibid., 15.
153 Six hundred men: Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, 159.
153 “terrestial paradise”: Botkin, The Real Romanous, 18.
154 He was sometimes seen: Almedingen, The Emperor Alexander II: A Study, 137.
154 dressed entirely in white: Justin Kaplan, Mr, Clements and Mark Twain (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 51.
154 Mark Twain: Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad (1869; New York: Library of America, 1984), 309-17.
155 “Constantine’s Eagles”: Alfred J. Rieber, “Interest-Group Politics in the Era of the Great Reforms,” RGR, 64.
155 payment of a debt: Mosse, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, 21.
155 rejoiced: Bayard Taylor to Seward, November 28, 1862, in Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor, i, 399.
155 “public”: Zakharova, “Autocracy and the Reforms of 1861-1871 in Russia: Choosing Paths of Development,” RGR, 33.
155 moved a step closer: Compare Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 295-96; Lincoln, The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia, xvi; and Zakharova, “Autocracy and the Reforms of 1861-1871 in Russia: Choosing Paths of Development,” RGR, 33-34.
155 thoughtful commands: Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, 159-61.
155 “on the threshold”: Zakharova, “Autocracy and the Reforms of 1861-1871 in Russia: Choosing Paths of Development,” RGR, 30.
155 “is striving”: Harcave, Years of the Golden Cockerel, 172.
155 “designed to renovate”: Lincoln, The Great Reforms, xvi.
155 “a body of passive”: Richard Pipes, “Peter B. Struve: The Sources of His Liberal Nationalism,” in Essays on Russian Liberalism, ed. Charles E. Timberlake (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1972), 68.
155 “decisive”: Zakharova, “Autocracy and the Reforms of 1861-1871 in Russia: Choosing Paths of Development,” RGR, 31.
156 Alexander replied: E. A. Adamov, “Russia and the United States at the Time of the Civil War,” JMH, vol. 2, no. 4 (December 1930), 596-07; see also Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor, i, 96, 401.
156 “Russia, alone”: Albert A. Woldman, Lincoln and the Russians (Cleveland: Collier, 1961), 128-29.
156 to praise the President’s: Ibid., 172.
156 something was missing: Rieber, “Alexander II: A Revisionist View,” JMH, vol. 43, no. 1 (March 1971), 58.
157 The Prophet Elijah: See Turgenev’s Fathers and Children.
157 interval of suspense: EHA, 836.
157 freshly liberated: LWEG, ii, 76.
157 “July 6”: LWEG, i, 65.
158 “a certain element”: Lionel Trilling, Matthew Arnold (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1979), 224.
158 a large book: Gladstone, The State in its Relations with the Church, 2nd ed. (London: John Murray, 1839). See also Macaulay, “Gladstone on Church and State” (April 1839), WLM, vi, 326-80, in which the reviewer demolishes the theory, even as he generously applauds the character and attainments, of the young author.
158 Disraeli: LBD, iv, 162-64.
159 a copy of the Odyssey: Philip Magnus, Gladstone: A Biography
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1954), 136.
159 “The whole impression”: LWEG, i, 608.
159 “Greek-loving Gladstone”: LWEG, i, 604 .
159 thelesis: LWEG, i, 614 .
159 “pilgrimages”: LBD, iv, 381.
159 a Roman Triumph: The Times, Saturday, October 11, 1862, 8.
159 a banquet: LWEG, ii, 78.
159 a toast: “The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P., in Newcastle,” The Times, Wednesday, October 8, 1862, 7.
14. “Bad Times, Worse Coming”
160 Yet what had he gotten: Tolstoy to Countess A. A. Tolstaya, August 7, 1862, TL, 160-63.
160 personally presented: The Tsar’s aide-de-camp, S. A. Sheremetev, took the letter—Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Tears, 287; TL, 163 n. 1.
160 “Have said good-bye”: T, 256.
161 “I have lived”: Tolstoy to Countess A. A. Tolstaya, September 28, 1862, TL, 169.
161 “Living two together”: Tolstoy to Countess A. A. Tolstaya, October 8, 1862, TL, 172.
161 Agatha Mikhailouna: Kuzminskaya, Tolstoy As I Knew Him, 107.
161 “I can only say”: T, 257.
162 “My husband”: DST, 5
162 “It is terrible”: DST, 9.
162 “He grows colder”: DTW, 85
162 “something wrong”: DTW, 84.
162 “If I woke”: DTW, 85 (emphasis in original).
162 “bad dream”: Tolstoy, Tolstoy’s Diaries, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London: Flamingo, 1994), 150.
162 “morbid”: T, 252.
162 “All this commerce”: T, 260.
162 “The physical side of love”: Ibid.
162 “When he kisses”: DTW, 83.
162 the terem: N. M. Karamzin, Karamzin’s Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia, trans. Richard Pipes (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 110; Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World (New York: Knopf, 1980), 35.
163 “is so dreadful”: DTW, 82.
163 “hurts me”: DTW, 83.
163 “to think that Askinia”: Figes, Natasha’s Dance, 241.
163 dreamt: DTW, 96-97.
164 “It has come home”: MCCW, 370.
164 military cloaks: MCCW, 291-92.
164 “cold, formal”: MCCW, 418.
164 “washed away”: MCCW, 412.
164 “Oh, mother”: MCCW, 406.
164 “three to one”: MCCW, 360.
164 “Men”: MCCW, 291.
164 “I want my wife”: MCCW, 296.
164 “had to own”: MCCW, 356.
165 “behavior worthy of the Chivalry”: MCCW, 191.
165 “And now, Madame”: MCCW, 372.
165 an invalidism: MCCW, 422.
165 dress herself: MCCW, 382.
165 “automatic noiseless perfection”: MCCW, 488.
165 “think for you”: MCCW, 488.
165 “nervous fainting fits”: MCCW, 286.
165 “Come, come”: Ibid.
166 breaks down the moral fiber: See Mary A. DeCredico, Mary Boykin Chesnut: A Confederate Woman’s Life (Madison, WI: Madison House, 1996), 72.
166 “wildly excited nerves”: MCCW, 297.
166 “D. T.’s opium”: MCCW, 286; see also MCCW, 247.
166 “they would not”: MCCW, 365-66.
166 “old man’s croak”: MCCW, 377.
166 “We can’t fight”: MCCW, 329.
166 “Bad times”: MCCW, 377.
167 “not yet drunk”: “Mr. Gladstone in the North,” The Times, Thursday, October 9, 1862, 7; LWEG, ii, 79.
167 it appeared: Palmerston in fact began to draw back from the idea of intervention after the Union victory at Antietam; but Lincoln did not know this—see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 556.
167 it was everywhere assumed: John Bigelow to Seward, in RAL, i, 561; LWEG, i, 79; LBD, iv, 332; Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, ii, 48.
167 “Will you pardon me”: ALH, vi, 177.
167 “The good of the country”: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 569.
167 “The only safety”: Ibid.
168 armed train: Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 184.
168 coal-black horse: Browne, The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln, 524-25.
168 Drums sounded: Ibid.
168 “Come, Hatch”: Ibid., 529-30.
168 “inherent, and fatal”: Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, SW, 1859-1865, 250. Lincoln here wrestled with a perennial theme in the philosophy of republican government, one that perplexed Polybius, Sallust, Tacitus, and Machiavelli. Are republics doomed to die early and tragic deaths? In establishing the United States, the founders attempted to break the cycle of republican despair, and Lincoln was determined that their experiment should succeed. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 6-12, 16-20.
168 “We shall nobly save”: Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, SW, 1859-1865, 415.
169 “going out into the dark”: Bismarck to Frau von Bismarck, July 20, 1864, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (2), 672.
169 one bright moment: “I am now,” Lincoln was quoted as saying, “stronger with the Army of the Potomac than McClellan. The supremacy of the civil power has been restored, and the Executive is again master of the situation”—Kelley, Lincoln and Stanton, 75.
169 A sealed envelope: Sears, Landscape Turned Red, 339-40.
Part Two: THE REVOLUTIONS AT THEIR HEIGHT
15. “Whoever Has the Power”
173 Count Károlyi: BGE, 65.
174 by intimate ties: Gedanken, ii, 63.
174 “princely solidarity”: Gedanken, i, 339.
174 “I should like”: Bismarck to Countess von Bismarck, July 28, 1863, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (2), 649.
174 bird-watching: Gedanken, i, 339.
174 Wilhelm wanted to go: Count Charles Frederick Vitzthum von Eckstædt, Saint Petersburg and London in the Years 1852-1864, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1887), ii, 215; James Wycliffe Headlam, Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899), 194.
174 “to turn”: Gedanken, i, 340.
174 “out of Frankfurt”: Gedanken, i, 340.
174 “As a result”: Bismarck to Countess von Bismarck, August 12, 1863, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (2), 650.
174 prevailed: Bismarck, Gedanken, i, 340.
174 “Thirty reigning princes”: Ibid.
174 “worn out,” Bismarck said, “by the nervous tension”: Ibid.
174 tears: BGE, 75.
174 smashed a vase: BMM, 68.
174 “I went for a walk”: Bismarck to Countess von Bismarck, August 28, 1863, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (2), 651.
175 “I had no heart”: Bismarck to Countess von Bismarck, September 4, 1863, Gesammelten Werke, xiv (2), 652.
175 censorship: “Foreign Intelligence,” The Times, Wednesday, November 18, 1863, 6.
175 He had been intrigued: Ludwig Bamberger, Count Bismarck (Breslau: Günther, 1869), 71; Otto Pflanze, “Bismarck and German Nationalism,” AHR, vol. 60, no. 3 (April 1955), 554-55.
175 “Tory Democracy”: LBD, iv, 551, 553, 559, 564; Carlton J. H. Hayes, “The History of German Socialism Reconsidered,” AHR, vol. 23, no. 1 (October 1917), 70; William Harbutt Dawson, German Socialism and Ferdinand Lasalle (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1891), 284; Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace, 1983), 178-83. See also Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (New York: Vintage, 1996), 107; Isaiah Berlin, “Benjamin Disraeli, Karl Marx and the Search for Identity,” in Berlin, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 267.
175 Bismarck followed: Pflanze, “Bismarck and German Nationalism,” AHR, vol. 60, no. 3 (April 1955), 555; see also BMS, 178.
175 “untern Klassen”: Gedanken, i, 290.
175 edu
cated classes: Bismarck, Gedanken, i, 289; Norman B. Judd to Seward, February 2, 1864, SD NARA M44/ROLL 13.
175 “In the moment”: Peter Gay, The Cultivation of Hatred (New York: W. W Norton, 1993), 261.
175 “If a compromise”: BGE, 61.
176 Ferdinand Lasalle: Lothar Gall, Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, trans. J. A. Underwood, 2 vols. (London: Alien & Unwin, 1986), i, 222; Dawson, German Socialism and Ferdinand Lasalle, 167-69; Edmund Wilson, To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, after 1940), 228-59.
176 “Give me universal”: BMS, 60.
176 In that month: “Foreign Intelligence,” The Times, Friday, November 20, 1863, 8.
176 was awakened: REL, ii, 507.
176 throat infection: L, 286.
176 “Well”: REL, ii, 507.
176 the Rappahannock in force: Ibid.
177 not a question of whether: James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 585.
177 “is the wisest”: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 585-86.
177 “How”: REL, ii, 520.
177 “in the air”: REL, ii, 520.
177 “My troops”: REL, ii, 521.
177 a “picture”: LO, 241-42.
177 “Ah, Captain”: REL, ii, 533.
178 “Let us pass over”: REL, ii, 563.
178 “Such an executive officer”: REL, ii, 524.
178 “would be invincible”: L, 306.
178 Pettigrew’s brigade: L, 321.
178 experiments in pleinairisme: Clive Bell, Landmarks in Nineteenth-Century Painting (London: Chatto & Windus, 1927), 162.
179 well formed: See Edouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe, 1863; Olympia, 1863 (exhibited 1865).
179 Goya and Velásquez: Bell, Landmarks in Nineteenth-Century Painting, 166.
179 the prayer: Emile Zola, The Masterpiece, trans. Katherine Woods (New York: Howell, Soskin, 1946), 147.
179 “Without any hurry”: Ibid., 147-48.
179 the nude flourished: Kenneth Clark, The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 162; Alison Smith, The Victorian Nude: Sexuality, Morality and Art (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996).
180 “She is the sort of girl”: Bell, Landmarks in Nineteenth-Century Painting, 169.
180 “pudeur”: Louis-Napoleon’s judgment on Manet’s painting may be apocryphal. See Alan Krell, “Manet’s Déjeuner sur l’herbe in the Salon des Refusés: A Re-appraisal,” The Art Bulletin, vol. 65, no 2 (June 1983), 316.
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