361 a book: The book is dated 1871.
361 twisting his mouth: The American painter Jervis McEntee, who encountered Arnold at a party in New York, said that the poet had an “ugly mouth which he twists about in a strange manner”—Jervis McEntee Diaries, March 6, 1884, in The Jervis McEntee Papers, 1850-1905, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. I am indebted for this reference to Mrs. Sedgwick A. Ward.
361 There was no poetry: Lionel Trilling, Matthew Arnold (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1977), 404-05.
361 “Are there”: Walt Whitman, Democratic Vistas (Amsterdam: Fredonia, 2002), 14-15.
362 Louise Michel: Horne, The Fall of Paris, 270, 298.
362 Afterwards he was: Ibid., 271-72.
362 “No blood”: Ibid., 273.
362 Georges Clemenceau burst: Ibid.
362 A red flag: E. B. Washburne to Hamilton Fish, March 27, 1871, in Washburne, Franco-German War and Insurrection of the Commune, 169.
362 The greatest terror: E. B. Washburne to Hamilton Fish, April 6, 1871, in ibid., 178.
362 A Committee: Horne, The Fall of Paris, 333-35.
362 hunted down: E. B. Washburne to Hamilton Fish, April 6, 1871, in Washburne, Franco-German War and Insurrection of the Commune, 178.
362 placards: E. B. Washburne to Hamilton Fish, April 14, 1871, in ibid., 182.
363 “Paris”: Horne, The Fall of Paris, 388.
363 Mr. Washburne: The account of Washburne’s visit to Darboy is drawn from E. B. Washburne to Hamilton Fish, April 23, 1871, in Washburne, Franco-German War and Insurrection of the Commune, 188, and E. B. Washburne, Account of the Sufferings and Death of the Most Rev. Darboy, Late Archbishop of Paris (New York: Catholic Union of New York, 1873).
364 towards Marshal Bazaine: Etat des Services, May 11, 1872, Bazaine Dossier, AA, 6yd 62.
364 Raoul: David Hume, The History of England, 6 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983), ii, 226, 244.
364 “I’affaire Bazaine”: Bazaine Dossier, AA, 6yd 62.
364 “A mort”: “The Bazaine Trial,” The Times, Friday, December 12, 1873, 3.
365 “à; mort et à; la”: Jugement au nom due people Française … Conseil de Guerre Permanent séant à; Versailles, December 10,1873, Bazaine Dossier, AA, 6yd 62; Etat des Services, January 30, 1874, Bazaine Dossier, AA, 6yd 62.
365 Pursuant to the Code: Bazaine Dossier, AA, 6yd 62.
365 Borodin: MR, 328.
365 sheepskins: MR, 327.
365 silk undergarment: MR, 342.
365 rye bread: MR, 325.
365 His efforts were soon ended: MR, 330-42.
Epilogue
366 “What always seemed”: John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant, ed. Michael Fellman (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 157.
367 The Tsar acquiesced: Alfred J. Rieber, “Alexander II: A Revisionist View,” JMH, vol. 43, no. 1 (March 1971), 57; George F. Kennan, The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 1875-1890 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), 32-33, 35.
367 Russia was dissatisfied: Kennan, The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order, 37-38.
367 steel-plated carriages: Frederic Hamilton, The Vanished Pomps of Yesterday (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1934), 163-64.
367 lined the railway tracks: Alexander, Grand Duke of Russia, Once a Grand Duke (New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corp.—Farrar & Rinehart, 1932), 38.
367 the nihilists: Ibid., 57.
367 “Strange”: W. E. Mosse, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, rev. ed. (New York: Collier, 1970), 138.
367 One day: Maurice Paléologue, The Tragic Romance of Alexander II of Russia, trans. Arthur Chambers (London: Hutchinson, 1927), 164-66.
368 The Tsar insisted: Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, 48, 50.
368 “His Majesty”: Ibid., 50.
368 “I am so happy”: Mosse, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, 145.
368 “To the Winter Palace”: LGT, 411.
368 went towards the victims: Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, 60.
368 “Thank God”: Mosse, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, 146.
368 Drops of black blood: Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, 59.
369 Katya … “gave one shriek”: Ibid., 59-60.
369 a reactionary course: Larissa Zakharova, “Autocracy and the Reforms of 1861-1871 in Russia: Choosing Paths of Development,” trans. Daniel Field, RGR, 37.
369 As for Katya: John Van der Kiste, The Romanous 1818-1959 (Stroud, Glos: Sutton, 2003), 250-59.
369 “This buries”: MR, xvi.
370 “spiritually exalted”: DST, 556.
370 “he enjoys himself” Ibid.
370 “would soon be”: Ibid.
370 “my dear husband”: DST, 584.
370 “I thank you”: T, 669.
370 “What you need”: T, 671.
370 At Kozelsk: Ibid.
370 “The old boy’s”: T, 679.
370 “God”: T, 680.
370 “What about”: T, 687.
371 After 1871: Kennan, The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order, 97-99; George F. Kennan, The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia, and the Coming of the First World War (New York: Pantheon, 1984), xv; Henry A. Kissinger, “The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck,” D, vol. 97, no. 3 (Summer 1968), 920-21.
371 He foresaw: SS, 229.
371 It was a premonition: SS, 230.
371 Bismarck preferred: It is true that Bismarck assumed a bellicose posture towards France during the war scare of 1875; but the Chancellor, Niall Ferguson observes, may “never have intended anything more than to beat the militarist drum for domestic political reasons”—Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschild: The World’s Banker, 1849-1999 (London: Penguin, 1999), 219. See also Kennan, The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order, 98.
371 their entente: Alexander II may have secretly authorized a limited military collaboration with France in the 1870s. Rumors of such an informal alliance may explain the wariness with which Bismarck regarded the Tsar in the latter part of the decade. Bismarck, with his penchant for blaming intriguing females for his difficulties, alluded darkly to the sinister influence which Katya-exercised over the mind of the Tsar—Kennan, The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order, 42-45, 71. Count Charles Frederick Vitzthum von Eckstædt alluded to an even earlier, more shadowy Franco-Russian entente in his Saint Petersburg and London in the Years 1852-1864, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1887), ii, 134-35.
372 the Staff came into its own: Stig Förster, “The Prussian Triangle of Leadership in the Face of a People’s War: A Reassessment of the Conflict Between Bismarck and Moltke,1870-71,” ORTW, 117, 139.
372 authoritarian nationalism and paternalistic socialism: Abram L. Harris, “Sombart and German (National) Socialism,” JPE, vol. 50, no. 6 (December 1942), 805-35; Carlton J. H. Hayes, “The History of German Socialism Reconsidered,” AHR, vol. 23, no. 1 (October 1917), 62.
372 not responsible: G. P. Gooch, “Bismarck’s Legacy,” FA, vol. 30 (1952), reprinted in Otto von Bismarck: A Historical Assessment, ed. Theodore S. Hamerow (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1966), 98; Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 456; Michael Foot, “The Origins of the Franco-Prussian War and the Remaking of Germany,” NCMH, x, 601; Henry A. Kissinger, “The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck,” D, vol. 97, no. 3 (Summer 1968), 922.
372 “Give the workingman”: Henry W. Littlefield, History of Europe Since 1815 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 99; William Harbutt Dawson, German Socialism and Ferdinand Lasalle (London: Swan Son-nenschein, 1891), 167-68; William Harbutt Dawson, Bismarck and State Socialism: An Exposition of the Social and Economic Legislation of Germany Since 1870 (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1890).
372 “subservient”: BMS, 203. Compare F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 257-66, 502.
372 “Whoever has”: BMS, 203.
37
2 broke his nation’s: Peter Gay, The Cultivation of Hatred (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), 265.
372 The leader who is strong enough: A. J. P. Taylor oddly, though not very convincingly, dissents from this reading of the evidence. “No doubt [Bismarck’s constitution],”Taylor wrote, “was a poor thing by the standards of modern democracy in Great Britain or France…. Yet, in the last resort, it came to much the same.” (BMS, 96). It did? Surely Gordon Craig’s analysis is more persuasive: Bismarck and his fellow opponents of constitutional government, Craig wrote, “were able successfully to block the introduction into Germany of what were considered in western countries to be the minimal requirements of representative government, namely the principle of ministerial responsibility and effective parliamentary control over state administration and policy” (Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945, xiv). Bismarck was reluctant to establish genuine constitutional restraints on power in Germany in part because such restraints would have operated against him. It was a wise policy of Solon and Washington to relinquish power after they made their revolutions; Bismarck, like Cromwell and Bonaparte, like Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar, was a hedonist of power, and he clung to it.
372 “Had it not been”: David Wetzel, A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 15-16.
373 “It must came”: Duff Cooper, Haig (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1936), 38-39; Hajo Holborn, “Moltke and Schlieffen: The Prussian-German School,” in Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, ed. Edward Meade Earle (New York: Atheneum, 1967), 198-200.
373 “Majesty”: Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 1911-1918 (New York: Free Press, 2005), 168.
374 “the veneer”: Winston Spencer Churchill, The Second World War, 6 vols. (Boston: Houghton Miffllin, 1948-53), i, 58, 60.
374 Hans von Seeckt: Ibid., i, 44-47.
374 Adolf Hitler: This account of Hitler’s relation with the House of Wagner is drawn from Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 2002), 246-62.
375 “Incredible!”: LRW, iv, 587.
375 dissolved in years: LRW, iv, 544
375 reichsdeutsch: Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1989), 248.
375 he insisted on calling: Lesley Chamberlain, Nietzsche in Turin (New York: Picador, 1998), 214.
375 “it became”: EHA, 813.
376 “brilliant journal”: Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1984), xiii, 279.
377 did not become a slave empire: “Since the Civil War,” Adolf Hitler said in 1933, “in which the Southern States were conquered against all historical logic and sound sense, the American people have been in a condition of political and popular decay…. The beginnings of a great new social order based on the principle of slavery and inequality were destroyed by that war, and with them also the embryo of a future truly great America”—Harry V. Jaffe, A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 73.
Acknowledgments
I HAVE PARTICULARLY TO THANK Adjutant Gouffin, of the Archives de l’Armée française, in the Château de Vincennes; the librarians of the New York Public Library; the staff of the National Archives and Records Administration; Bruce Nichols and Elizabeth Perrella of Free Press; and Michelle Tessler of Tessler Literary Agency. I am grateful, too, to Michael F. Bishop, who read the manuscript with great care and offered valuable comments, and to Ann Adelman and Edith Lewis for their help in preparing the typescript for the press. My greatest debts are to my wife and to the other members of my family.
Index
Abolitionism, 18, 24
Absolutism, 42
Adams, Charles Francis, 128, 228, 242
Adams, Henry, 49, 68, 128, 157, 293-295, 298, 308, 320, 321, 358, 375
Adams, John, 17, 18, 293, 294
Adams, John Quincy, 182
Adlerberg, Count, 30, 284
Aeschylus, 49
Agoult, Countess d’ (Marie-Catherine-Sophie de Flavigny), 138
Agriculture, in Russia, 37-38
Alaska, 287
Albany Evening Journal, 25
Albert, Prince, 140, 192
Alexander, Grand Duke, 2, 368, 369
Alexander I, Tsar, 70, 89, 208, 251n, 286
Alexander II, Tsar, xiii, xiv, 33, 64, 91, 184, 306, 358, 373
Alaska, sale of, 287
American Civil War and, 155-156, 191, 216
assassination attempts on, 251, 260-261, 286, 367
assassination of, 1, 368-369
Bismarck and, 72, 262
character and personality of, 31, 103-104, 154
childhood of, 12, 28-29
children of, 2, 30, 90, 229-230, 237, 314, 369
contradictions in reforms of, 262
coronation of, 12
court functions of, 11-12, 15
in Crimea, 154-155
death of son, 237, 242
Disraeli on, 312-313
dissent stifled by, 153, 261, 262, 313
domestic life of, 29-30, 32, 33, 250-251
drinking by, 313
education of, 12
emancipation of serfs by, 7, 14-15, 29, 31, 38-39, 53-55, 63, 83-84, 89, 261
enlargement of Empire under, 263
first marriage of, 29-30
funeral of, 1-3
health of, 153
imperial train of, 154
Kropotkin on, 103-104
legal system, reorganization of, 155, 157
on Lincoln, 242
mistress of, 1-2, 30, 119n, 263-264, 279, 285-287, 313-314, 368
Napoleon III and, 285
opposition to policies of, 27-32, 38-39, 54, 262, 313
Orlov and, 29, 30, 34
Ottoman Empire, war with, 367
in Paris, 284-286
at Peterhof, 88, 89
physical appearance of, 2, 89, 153, 312
private quarters of, 27
reaction to death of, 1, 2
red brigades and, 103
second marriage of, 2, 368
Shuvalov and, 287-288, 314-315
Tolstoy and, 110, 112, 160, 346
at Tsarskoe Selo, 153-154
Alexander III, Tsar, 2, 3, 251, 286, 314, 369
Alexander Nevsky (frigate), 216, 236, 237
Alexander the Great, 274
Alexandra, Empress-Dowager, 12, 71
Alexandra, Princess (of Denmark), 190, 192
Alexandra, Tsaritsa, 32, 82
Alexandra (daughter of Alexander II), 30
Alexiev, Vasily, 346
Alsace, 322, 325, 332, 349, 359, 360
Alsen Island, 212
American Civil War, 366. See also Davis, Jefferson; Grant, Ulysses S.; Lee, Robert E.; McClellan, George Brinton
aftermath of, 318-320
Antietam, 141-143, 157, 167, 168
Atlanta, 232, 233
Bull Run, 74, 342
Chancellorsville, 177
Cold Harbor, 226
end of, 274
England and, 106, 125-128, 130-131, 134, 140-141, 156, 157, 159, 167, 168, 182, 191
France and, 106, 134, 140, 156, 182
Fredericksburg, 186
Gettysburg, 178, 185-186, 192, 194
guns used in, 212n
Lee’s surrender, 248-249
Manassas Junction, 73-76, 80, 81, 85-86
Operation Crusher, 224
Peninsular Campaign, 107-110, 112-113, 116-118, 126, 130, 134
Russia and, 155-156, 216, 236
Second Manassas, 129, 130, 134, 135
secret police in, 146-147
Spotsylvania Court House, 225
Union blockade, 128, 130
weather and, 108, 109
Wilderness, 224-225
American
Revolution, 121
Amur region, 97, 263
Amur River, 183-184
Anderson, Joseph R., 113
Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 345
Antietam Creek, Maryland, 141-143, 157, 167, 168
Appomattox Court House, Virginia, 249
Appomattox River, 239
Apponyi, Count, 191
Apraxin Dvor, fire in, 99-100, 102, 103, 110
Arlington, Virginia, 123, 217, 334
Army of Northern Virginia, 124, 178
Army of the Elbe, 258
Army of the James, 224
Army of the North, 264-265, 270
Army of the Potomac, 65, 101, 102, 107, 130, 134, 167-168, 185, 223-226, 229
Army of the Rhine, 336
Army of the Shenandoah, 86
Army of the Tennessee, 221
Arnold, Matthew, 7, 140, 188, 361
Arthur, Prince, 259
Askinia (peasant girl), 163
Associated Press, 4, 234
Ataman Cossacks, 237
Atheists, 329
Atlanta, Georgia, 232, 233
Attila, 257
Auerswald, Rudolf von, 76
Augusta, Queen, 87-88, 119, 132, 304
Augusta Academy, 333
Augustus, Emperor, 46
Austria, 46, 56, 173-174, 190, 245-247, 252-254, 256-259, 264-267, 269-274, 317
Austrian Army of Italy, 253, 264
Babelsberg Palace, 121
Baden, 355n
Baden-Baden, 87, 88, 105
Bakunin, Michael, 100, 237, 313n
Balzac, Honoré de, 166, 304
Barton, Clara, 129
Bartow, Francis Stebbins, 80, 85
Bartow, Louisa (Mrs. Francis Stebbins Bartow), 80, 85
Bavaria, 199-202, 288, 349, 354-356
Bayreuth, Bavaria, 289, 374, 375
Bazaine, François-Achille, 181, 247, 296, 310, 336-339, 351-352, 365-366, 371
Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 74, 76, 79, 95
Becker, Oscar, 105
Bedford, Duke of, 126
Bee, Barnard, 75
Belfort, Alsace, 359
Belgium, 247, 276, 291, 316-317
Bell, Clive, 180
Bell, The (Herzen), 97
Belmont, Mrs. August, 49
Benckendorff, Count Alexander, 111
Benedek, Ludwig August von, 264-267, 270
Benedetti, Count Vincent, 274-276, 291, 299-300, 303-306, 312, 316-317
Forge of Empires Page 65