ENDNOTES
Introduction
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Chapter 1: Pox Romana
1.W. L. MacDonald, The Architecture of the Roman Empire: An Introductory Study, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
2.W. Scheidel, “Roman population size: the logic of the debate” in People, Land Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy, 300 B.C. to 14 A.D. ed. L. De Ligt and S. Northwood (Leiden: Brill, 2007).
3.E. Gibbon, The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J.J. Tourneisen (London: T. Cadell, Strand, 1789).
4.U. Wilcken, Alexander the Great, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1967).
5.P. Wheatley, “The Diadochi, or Successors to Alexander” in Alexander the Great: A New History ed. Waldemar Heckel (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2009) 53–68.
6.M. Scott, From Democrats to Kings: The Downfall of Athens to the Epic Rise of Alexander the Great, (London: Icon Books Ltd, 2010).
7.U. Wilcken, Alexander the Great, (New York: WW Norton & Company, 1967).
8.J. C. Moore, The History of the Small Pox, (London: Longman, 1815).
9.D. Oldach, R. Richard, E. Borza, R. Benitez, “A mysterious death,” The New England Journal of Medicine 338(24) (1998) 1764–9.
10.B. A. Cunha, “The death of Alexander the Great: malaria or typhoid fever?,” Infectious Disease Clinics 18(1) (2004) 53–63.
11.P. Wheatley, “The Diadochi, or Successors to Alexander” in Alexander the Great: A New History ed. Waldemar Heckel (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2009) 53–68.
12.R. A. Gabriel, Hannibal: The Military Biography of Rome’s Greatest Enemy, (Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, Inc., 2011).
13.Ibid.
14.M. A. Speidel. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2012).
15.J. F. Gilliam, “The plague under Marcus Aurelius,” The American Journal of Philology 82(3) (1961) 225–251.
16.K. Harper, “Pandemics and passages to late antiquity: rethinking the plague of c. 249–270 described by Cyprian,” Journal of Roman Archaeology 28 (2015) 223–260.
17.R. J. Littman, M. L. Littman, “Galen and the Antonine plague,” The American Journal of Philology 94(3) (1973) 243–255.
18.R. McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China, (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010).
19.R. J. Littman, M. L. Littman, “Galen and the Antonine plague,” The American Journal of Philology 94(3) (1973) 243–255.
20.B. G. Niebuhr, M. Isler, Niebuhr’s Lectures on Roman History, (Los Angeles: Hard-Press Publishing, 2012).
21.M. Aurelius, C. Gill, Meditations, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
22.E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J.J. Tourneisen (London: T. Cadell, Strand, 1789).
23.Y. Li, D. S. Carroll, S. N. Gardner, M. C. Walsh, E. A. Vitalis, I. K. Damon, “On the origin of smallpox: correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox records,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(40) (2007) 15787–15792.
24.D. R. Hopkins, “Ramses V: earliest know victim?,” World Health (May, 1980), 220.
25.R. P. Duncan-Jones, “The impact of the Antonine plague,” Journal of Roman Archaeology, 9 (1996) 108–136.
26.F. P. Retief, L. Cilliers, “The epidemic of Athens, 430–426 B.C.,” South African Medical Journal 88(1) (1998) 50–53.
27.R. J. Littman, M. Littman, “The Athenian plague: smallpox,” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 100 (1969), pp. 261–275.
28.M. J. Papagrigorakis, C. Yapijakis, P. N. Synodinos, E. Baziotopoulou-Valavani, “DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 10(3) (2006) 206–214.
29.G. Hardin, “The tragedy of the commons,” Science 162(3859) (1968) 1243–1248.
30.M. Menotti-Raymond, S. J. O’Brien, “Dating the genetic bottleneck of the African cheetah,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90(8) (1993) 3172–3176.
31.D. M. Hopkins, The Bering Land Bridge, (Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 1967).
32.M. W. Pedersen, A. Ruter, C. Schweger, H. Friebe, R. A. Staff, K. K. Kjeldsen, M. L. Mendoza, A. B. Beaudoin, C. Zutter, N. K. Larsen, “Postglacial viability and colonization in North America’s ice-free corridor,” Nature 537(7618) (2016) 45–49.
33.A. Curry, “Coming to America,” Nature 485(7396) (2012) 30.
34.S. R. Holen, T. A. Deméré, D. C. Fisher, R. Fullagar, J. B. Paces, G. T. Jefferson, J. M. Beeton, R. A. Cerutti, A. N. Rountrey, L. Vescera, “A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA,” Nature 544(7651) (2017) 479–483.
35.P. Skoglund, S. Mallick, M. C. Bortolini, N. Chennagiri, T. Hünemeier, M. L. Petzl-Erler, F. M. Salzano, N. Patterson, D. Reich, “Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas,” Nature 525(7567) (2015) 104–108.
36.C. C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, (New York: Knopf, 2005).
37.J. D. Daniels, “The Indian Population of North America in 1492,” The William and Mary Quarterly 49(2) (1992) 298–320.
38.S. F. Cook, W. W. Borah, Essays in Population History: Mexico and the Caribbean, (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971).
39.T. E. Emerson, R. B. Lewis, Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
40.A. W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003).
41.F. Fenner, D. Henderson, I. Arita, Z. Jezek, I. Ladnyi, Smallpox and its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988).
42.A. W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003).
43.J. Needham, “China and the Origins of Immunology” (Lecture, Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, November 9, 1980).
44.J. B. Tucker, Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox (New York: Grove Press, 2002).
45.L. M. W. Montagu, The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: 1708–1720, ed. Robert Halsband (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1965).
46.S. L. Plotkin, S. A. Plotkin, “A short history of vaccination,” Vaccines 5 (2004) 1–16.
47.G. Miller, “Putting Lady Mary in her place: a discussion of historical causation,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 55(1) (1981) 2.
48.A. M. Behbehani, “The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease,” Microbiological Reviews, 47(4) (1983) 455.
49.K. Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather (New York: Harper Collins, 1984).
50.T. H. Brown, “The African connection: Cotton Mather and the Boston smal
lpox epidemic of 1721–1722,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 260(15) (1988) 2247–2249.
51.E. W. Herbert, “Smallpox inoculation in Africa,” The Journal of African History 16(04) (1975) 539–559.
52.N. Sublette, C. Sublette, American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2015).
53.E. W. Herbert, “Smallpox inoculation in Africa,” The Journal of African History 16(04) (1975) 539–559.
54.A. Boylston, “The origins of inoculation,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 105(7) (2012) 309–313.
55.G. L. Kittredge, Some Lost Works of Cotton Mather (Cambridge, MA: John Wilson and Son, 1912).
56.L. H. Toledo-Pereyra, Zabdiel Boylston. “First American surgeon of the English colonies in North America,” Journal of Investigative Surgery, 19(1) (2006) 5–10.
57.T. H. Brown, “The African connection: Cotton Mather and the Boston smallpox epidemic of 1721–1722,” Journal of the American Medical Association 260(15) (1988) 2247–2249.
58.G. L. Kittredge, Some Lost Works of Cotton Mather (Cambridge, MA: John Wilson and Son, 1912).
59.T. H. Brown, “The African connection: Cotton Mather and the Boston smallpox epidemic of 1721–1722,” Journal of the American Medical Association 260(15) (1988) 2247–2249.
60.Ibid.
Chapter 2: Vaccination & Eradication
1.B. Schaefer, “Campaign 2016’s Theme: A Pox On Both Your Houses.” The Blaze, March 7, 2016, Web. February 17, 2018.
2.E. Jenner, “Observations on the natural history of the cuckoo. By Mr. Edward Jenner. In a letter to John Hunter, Esq. FRS,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 78 (1788) 219–237.
3.P. M. Dunn, “Dr Edward Jenner (1749–1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox,” Archives of Disease in Childhood. 74(1) (1996) F77–F78.
4.S. Riedel, “Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination,” Proceedings of the Baylor University Medical Center, 18(1) (2005) 21–25.
5.E. Jenner, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox (London: D.M. Shury, 1801).
6.“America Invents Act of 2011,” Pub. L. No. 112–29, 125 Stat. 284 through 125 Stat. 341 (2011).
7.R. Jesty, G. Williams, “Who invented vaccination?” Malta Medical Journal 23(02) (2011) 29.
8.Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, ed. M.I. Finley (London: Penguin Classics, 1972).
9.D. Van Zwanenberg, “The Suttons and the business of inoculation,” Medical History 22(01) (1978) 71–82.
10.D. R. Flower, Bioinformatics for Vaccinology (London: John Wiley & Sons, 2008).
11.G. Peachey, “John Fewster, an unpublished chapter in the history of vaccination,” Annals in the History of Medicine, 1 (1929) 229–40.
12.B. Knollenberg, “General Amherst and germ warfare,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41(3) (1954) 489–494.
13.R. Jesty, G. Williams, “Who invented vaccination?” Malta Medical Journal 23(02) (2011) 29.
14.L. Thurston, G. Williams, “An examination of John Fewster’s role in the discovery of smallpox vaccination,” The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 45(2) (2014), 173–9.
15.D. A. Kronick, “Medical publishing societies in eighteenth-century Britain,” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 82(3) (1994) 277.
16.J. Hammarsten, W. Tattersall, J. Hammarsten, “Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty?” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 90 (1979) 44.
17.Wikipedia, Pilt Carin Ersdotter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilt_Carin _Ersdotter, 2017).
18.J. T. Davies, L. Janes, A. Downie, “Cowpox infection in farmworkers,” The Lancet 232(6018) (1938) 1534–1538.
19.R. Jesty, G. Williams, “Who invented vaccination?” Malta Medical Journal 23(02) (2011) 29.
20.J. T. Davies, L. Janes, A. Downie, “Cowpox infection in farmworkers,” The Lancet 232(6018) (1938) 1534–1538.
21.R. Jesty, G. Williams, “Who invented vaccination?” Malta Medical Journal 23(02) (2011) 29.
22.J. F. Hammarsten, W. Tattersall, J. E. Hammarsten, “Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty?” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 90 (1979) 44.
23.P. J. Pead, “Benjamin Jesty: new light in the dawn of vaccination,” The Lancet 362(9401) (2003) 2104–2109.
24.Ibid.
25.Ibid.
26.P. Hyland, Purbeck: The Ingrained Island, (Dove Cote, UK: Dovecote Press, 1978).
27.R. Jesty, G. Williams, “Who invented vaccination?” Malta Medical Journal 23(02) (2011) 29.
28.P. J. Pead, “Benjamin Jesty: new light in the dawn of vaccination,” The Lancet 362(9401) (2003) 2104–2109.
29.P. C. Plett, “Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner,” Sudhoffs Archive, 90(2) (2006), 219–32.
30.L. Thurston, G. Williams, “An examination of John Fewster’s role in the discovery of smallpox vaccination,” The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 45(2) (2014), 173–9.
31.G. Williams, Angel of Death: The Story of Smallpox (New York: Springer, 2010).
32.E. Jenner, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox (London: D.M. Shury, 1801).
33.P. J. Pead, “Benjamin Jesty: new light in the dawn of vaccination,” The Lancet 362(9401) (2003) 2104–2109.
34.Ibid.
35.R. Southey, C. C. Southey, The Life of the Rev. Andrew Bell. Prebendary of Westminster, and Master of Sherburn Hospital, Durham. Comprising the History of the Rise and Progress of the System of Mutual Tuition, (London: J. Murray, 1844).
36.J. F. Hammarsten, W. Tattersall, J. E. Hammarsten, “Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty?” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 90 (1979) 44.
37.P. J. Pead, “Benjamin Jesty: new light in the dawn of vaccination,” The Lancet 362(9401) (2003) 2104–2109.
38.J. E. McCallum, Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century, (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 2008).
39.A. Aly, “Smallpox,” New England Journal of Medicine 335(12) (1996) 900–902.
40.J. E. McCallum, Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century, (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 2008).
41.J. A. Nixon, “British Prisoners Released by Napoleon at Jenner’s Request,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 32(8) (1939) 877–83.
42.“Jenner & Napoleon,” Nature 144 (1939) 278.
43.J. Baron, The Life of Edward Jenner: With Illustrations of His Doctrines, and Selections from His Correspondence, (London: Henry Colburn, 1838).
44.D. R. Hopkins, The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
45.J. D. Rolleston, “The Smallpox Pandemic of 1870–1874,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 27(2) (1933) 177–92.
46.T. Jefferson, To Dr. Edward Jenner, Monticello, May 14, 1806.
47.M. P. Ravenel. “How the President, Thomas Jefferson, and Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse established vaccination as a public health procedure,” American Journal of Public Health, 27(11) (1936) 1183–4.
48.J. E. McCallum, Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century, (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 2008).
49.J. Voss, N. E. Gratton “American Academy of Arts and Sciences.” In Encyclopedia of Education ed. J. W. Guthrie (New York: Macmillan Reference, 2003).
50.B. Waterhouse, “Variolae Vaccinae,” The Columbian Sentinel, Boston, March 12, 1799.
51.H. Bloch, “Benjamin Waterhouse (1754–1846): the nation’s first vaccinator,” American Journal of Dis
eases of Children 127(2) (1974) 226–229.
52.B. S. Leavell, “Thomas Jefferson and smallpox vaccination,” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 88 (1977) 119.
53.J. B. Blake, “Benjamin Waterhouse and the introduction of vaccination,” Reviews of Infectious Diseases 9(5) (1987) 1044–1052.
54.M. P. Ravenel. “How the President, Thomas Jefferson, and Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse established vaccination as a public health procedure,” American Journal of Public Health, 27(11) (1936) 1183–4.
55.E. A. Underwood, “Edward Jenner, Benjamin Waterhouse, and the Introduction of Vaccination into the United States,” Nature 163 (1949) 823–828.
56.B. S. Leavell, “Thomas Jefferson and smallpox vaccination,” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 88 (1977) 119.
57.Ibid.
58.M. P. Ravenel. “How the President, Thomas Jefferson, and Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse established vaccination as a public health procedure,” American Journal of Public Health, 27(11) (1936) 1183–4.
59.B. S. Leavell, “Thomas Jefferson and smallpox vaccination,” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 88 (1977) 119.
60.Monticello.org, “Invisible Heroes: Battling Smallpox.” (2017).
61.K. B. Patterson, T. Runge, “Smallpox and the Native American,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 323(4) (2002) 216–222.
62.Anonymous, “Emery Called Incompetent; Brooklyn Health Commmissioner Accused by Dr. Barney,” New York Times, September 14, 1894. Page 9. Print.
63.J. K. Colgrove, “Between persuasion and compulsion: smallpox control in Brooklyn and New York, 1894–1902,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 78(2) (2004) 349–378.
Between Hope and Fear Page 37