24. Mark Honigsbaum, Living With Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918, London: Macmillan, 2009, pp. 122–3.
25. Manchester Evening News, 13 November 1918.
26. Oldstone, op. cit. p. 178.
27. Dr Basil Hood, ‘Notes on Marylebone Infirmary (later St. Charles Hospital) 1910–1941’, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, Wellcome Library GC/21, p. 91.
28. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/i/influenza/a-winding-sheet-and-a-wooden-box.html.
29. Alfred W. Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 133.
30. Howard Phillips, ‘Black October: The Impact of the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 on South Africa’, PhD dissertation, University of Cape Town, 1984.
31. Crosby, op. cit., p. 83.
32. http://ec2-184-73-198-63.compute-1.amazonaws.com/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/influenza-victor-vaughan/?flavour=full.
33. Iezzoni, op. cit., p. 51.
34. Roosevelt, Eleanor, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, London: Hutchinson, 1962, p. 86.
35. John Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916–1918, London: Penguin Books, 2003, p. 593.
36. Jay Parini, John Steinbeck: A Biography, London: Heinemann, 1994, p. 33.
37. Katherine Anne Porter, Pale Horse, Pale Rider: Three Short Novels, New York: The Modern Library, Random House, 1936.
38. Thomas Wolfe, Look Homeward, Angel, http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300721.txt.
39. Mohammad Hossein Azizi MD, Ghanbar Ali Raees Jalali MD and Farzaneh Azizi, ‘A History of the 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic and its Impact on Iran’, History of Contemporary Medicine in Iran, http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/010133/0018.pdf.
40. Iezzoni, op. cit., p. 128.
41. J. S. Oxford, R. Lambkin, A. Sefton, R. Daniels, A. Elliot, R. Brown and D. Gill, ‘A Hypothesis: The Conjunction of Soldiers, Gas, Pigs, Ducks, Geese and Horses in Northern France during the Great War Provided the Conditions for the Emergence of the “Spanish” Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919’, Vaccine 23 (2005), 940–5, online version, Elsevier, 11 September 2004.
42. Crosby, op. cit., p. 9.
43. Iezzoni, op. cit., p. 156.
44. Phillips, op. cit., p. 263.
45. Geoffrey W. Rice, Black November: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand, Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 1988, p. 118.
46. Lucinda Gosling, Great War Britain: The First World War at Home, London: The History Press, 2014, p. 91.
47. Isobel Charman, The Great War: The People’s Story, London: Random House, 2014, p. 417.
48. Vera Brittain, Testament of Youth, London: Virago Press Limited, 1978, p. 402.
Chapter One: A Victim and a Survivor
1. See J. A. B. Hammond, William Rolland and T. H. G. Shore, ‘Purulent Bronchitis: A Study of Cases Occurring Amongst the British Troops at a Base in France’, The Lancet 190 (14 July 1917), pp. 41–6.
2. http://ww1centenary.oucs.ox.ac.uk/body-and-mind/the-influenza-pandemic-of-1918/.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. See Hammond, Rolland and Shore, op. cit.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. See A. Abrahams, N. Hollows and H. French, ‘Purulent Bronchitis: Its Influenza and Pneumococcal Bacteriology’, The Lancet ii (1917), pp. 377–80.
12. See Hammond, Rolland and Shore, op. cit.
13. See Mark Honigsbaum, Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918, London: Macmillan, 2009, p. 26.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. See Hammond, Rolland and Shore, op. cit.
17. See Abrahams, Hollows and French, op. cit.
18. See Douglas Gill and Gloden Dallas, ‘Mutiny at Étaples Base in 1917’, Past & Present 69 (November 1975), pp. 88–112, published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society Stable; http://www.jstor.org/stable/650297. Accessed: 22 August 2016 12:04 UTC.
19. See Honigsbaum, op. cit., p. 21.
20. Michael Woods, ‘How to Brew Flu: Put Ducks, People and Pigs Together’, PG Notes, 29 April 2001, http://old.post-gazette.com/healthscience/20010429chinafluhealth3.asp.
21. See Oxford, Lambkin, Sefton, Daniels, Elliot, Brown and Gill, op. cit.
22. See Woods, op. cit.
23. Ibid.
24. See Gill and Dallas, op. cit.
25. Ibid.
26. Lady Baden-Powell, Window on My Heart, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1987.
27. See Gill and Dallas, op. cit.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. See Vera Brittain, Testament of Youth, London: Virago Press Limited, 1984, p. 386.
34. Wilfred Owen, Collected Letters, ed. H. Owen and J. Bell, London: Oxford University Press, 1967, p. 521.
35. See Brittain, op. cit., p. 362.
36. Ibid., p. 381.
37. See Honigsbaum, op. cit., p. 18.
38. See Brittain, op. cit., p. 372.
39. Ibid., p. 380.
40. See Honigsbaum, op. cit., p. 19.
41. See Brittain, op. cit., p. 402.
42. Ibid.
Chapter Two: ‘Knock Me Down’ Fever
1. John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History, London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2005, p. 93.
2. Ibid.
3. https://acanadiannaturalist.net/2012/12/06/influenza-part-ii-a-rural-doctor-and-the-roots-of-the-spanish-flu/.
4. Santa Fe Monitor, 14 February 1918.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Public Health Reports 33, Part 1, 5 April 1918, p. 502.
9. Santa Fe Monitor, 21 February 1918.
10. Ibid.
11. See Victor C. Vaughan, A Doctor’s Memories, Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, 1926, p. 424.
12. Ibid., p. 428.
13. Ibid., p. 423.
14. https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/camp-funston/.
15. Ibid.
16. James H. Dickson, 356th Infantry Regiment, 89th Division, letter home.
17. First Lieutenant Elizabeth Harding, http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1958/58_1_omer.htm.
18. George E. Omer, Jr, ‘An Army Hospital: From Horses to Helicopters’, http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1958/58_1_omer.htmEquus magazine.
19. James E. Higgins, Keystone of an Epidemic, https://www.readings.com.au/products/15569909/keystone-of-an-epidemic-pennsylvanias-urban-experience-during-the-1918-1920-influenza-epidemic, p. 32.
20. George E. Omer, Jr, ‘An Army Hospital: From Horses to Helicopters’, http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1958/58_1_omer.htm.
21. First Lieutenant Harding, op. cit.
22. Mark Honigsbaum, Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 2009, p. 41.
23. Ibid.
24. See Carol R. Byerly, Fever of War: The Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. Army during World War I, New York and London: New York University Press, 2005, p. 60.
25. First Lieutenant Harding, op. cit.
26. See Honigsbaum, op. cit.
27. George E. Omer, Jr, ‘An Army Hospital: From Horses to Helicopters’, See Equus magazine, op. cit.
Chapter Three: The Killer Without a Name
1. Carol R. Byerly, Fever of War: The Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. Army during World War I, New York University Press, 2005, p. 14.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., pp. 14–15.
5. See Alfred W. Crosby, America’
s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918, new edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 25.
6. See Lynette Iezzoni, Influenza 1918: The Worst Epidemic in American History, New York: TV Books, 1999, p. 25.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 26.
9. http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwi/1918flu/ARSG1919/ARSG1919Extractsflu.htm#G. Camp Sherman Division Surgeon Report.
10. See Public Health Reports 33, 5 April 1918.
11. See Jay Parini, John Steinbeck: A Biography, London: Heinemann, 1994, p. 33.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., pp. 33–4.
14. Ibid., p. 34.
15. See Ethan Blue, ‘The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913–1951’, Pacific Historical Review 78 (2) (May 2009), pp. 210–41. Published by University of California Press Stable; http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210. Accessed 20 June 2017.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. L. L. M. D. Stanley (Resident Physician), ‘Influenza at San Quentin Prison, California’, Public Health Reports (1896–1970) 34 (19) (9 May 1919), pp. 996–1008, Sage Publications Inc.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Blue, op. cit.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Stanley, op. cit.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Blue, op. cit.
36. Ibid.
37. Iezzoni, op. cit., p. 35.
Chapter Four: The Invisible Enemy
1. Michael B. A. M. Oldstone, Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future, revised edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 172.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Michael Bresalier, ‘Fighting Flu: Military Pathology, Vaccines, and the Conflicted Identity of the 1918–19 Pandemic in Britain’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 68 (1) (January 2013), pp. 87–128.
5. Alfred W. Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918, new edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 25.
6. Niall Johnson, Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue, Routledge Studies in the Social History of Medicine, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2006, p. 67.
7. See Vera Brittain, Testament of Youth, London: Virago Press Limited, 1984, p. 420.
8. Ibid.
9. Crosby, op. cit., p. 25.
10. Victor C. Vaughan, A Doctor’s Memories, Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1926, p. 430.
11. Colonel A. B. Soltau, ‘Discussion on Influenza’, The Royal Society of Medicine,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/003591571901200515.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. See Crosby, op. cit., p. 25.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., p. 26.
22. Malcolm Brown, The Imperial War Museum Book of 1918: Year of Victory, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1998, p. 171.
23. The Times, 29 June 1918, p. 6.
24. N. P. A. S. Johnson, ‘The Overshadowed Killer Influenza in Britain in 1918–19’, in The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19: New Perspectives, ed. Howard Phillips and David Killingray, Routledge Studies in the Social History of Medicine, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2003, p. 146.
25. S. F. Dudley, ‘The Influenza Pandemic as Seen at Scapa Flow’, Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service V (4) (October 1919).
26. Ibid.
27. Brown, op. cit., p. 171.
28. Carol R. Byerly, Fever of War: The Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. Army during World War I, New York University Press, 2005, p. 72.
29. Mark Honigsbaum, Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 2009, p. 46.
30. Ryan Davis, The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, p. 35 (St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010).
31. Ibid., p. 35.
32. British Medical Journal, 8 June 1918, p. 653.
33. See Davis, op. cit., p. 37.
34. Ibid., pp. 35–6.
35. Ibid., p. 75.
Chapter Five: One Deadly Summer
1. Mark Honigsbaum, Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 2009, p. 61.
2. The Times, 23 July 1918, p. 8.
3. Lindy Woodhead, Shopping, Seduction and Mr. Selfridge, London: Profile Books, 2012, p. 146.
4. Detroit Free Press, 2 June 1918, p. C1.
5. Sam Webb, ‘The forgotten grave of Mr Selfridge: Tombstone to mark burial place of famous shop owner left in a dilapidated and sorry state’, Daily Mail, 4 June 2013.
6. Niall Johnson, Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic:
A Dark Epilogue, Routledge Studies in the Social History of Medicine, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2006, p. 156.
7. Nottingham Journal and Express, 2 July 1918, p. 3.
8. Ibid.
9. The Times, 22 June 1918, p. 6.
10. The Times, 5 July 1918, p. 3.
11. Honigsbaum, op. cit., p. 50.
12. Yorkshire Telegraph, 3–5 July 1918.
13. Leicester Mercury, 1 July 1918, p. 2.
14. Ibid., 2 July 1918, p. 2.
15. Loughborough Herald and North Leicestershire Gazette, 4 July 1918, p. 5.
16. Ibid., 11 July 1918, p. 5.
17. Nottingham Journal and Express, 4 July 1918, p. 3.
18. Nottingham Journal and Express, 10 July 1918, p. 1.
19. Leicester Evening Mail, 10 July 1918, p. 1.
20. Salford Reporter, 29 June 1918.
21. Ibid.
22. Honigsbaum, op. cit., p. 51.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Manchester Guardian, 20 July 1918.
26. https://www.illustratedfirstworldwar.com/learning/timeline/1918-2/spanish-flu-peaks/.
27. The Times, 25 June 1918.
28. Ibid.
29. Manchester Guardian, 20 July 1918.
30. Evening Standard, 25 May 1918.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Manchester Guardian, 7 June 1917.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Manchester Guardian, 7 June 1918.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Caroline Playne, Britain Holds On, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1933, p. 333.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Manchester Guardian, 7 June 1917.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Caroline Playne, op. cit.
50. Robert Graves, Goodbye to All That, London: Penguin Books, 1960, p. 227.
Pandemic 1918 Page 27