hospital workers organizing, 259–60
Hotel and Restaurant Workers, 243
Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees (HERE), 215, 267, 300–301, 303, 312, 314, 315, 318, 324, 327
House of Representatives, U.S., 37, 42, 46, 77, 163, 217, 235
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAAC), 217, 235
Houston, Sam, 75
Houston, Texas, 232
Hubbard, Elbert, 145
Huerta, Dolores, 260
Hukbalahap movement (Philippines), 234
human rights, international, 292
Humphrey, Hubert, 248
Hutcheson, William, 202–3
I Wor Kuen (Asian American activist group—NYC), 257
Idar, Clemente, 185
Iglesias, Santiago, 141, 185
Illinois, 125, 126–27, 165, 307, 308. See also Chicago, Illinois
Illinois Women’s Alliance, 120–21
immigrants/immigration AFL and, 130, 146, 215
AFL-CIO and, 314–15, 321
anti-immigrant sentiment, 70, 71, 117, 119, 121, 123–24, 130, 169, 188
CIO and, 212–13
Clinton era, 314–15, 321
Cold War, policies and quotas, 236
colonial, 3, 6–9, 35–36, 45
Communist Party and, 167, 217
Democratic Party and, 205
in Depression, 187–88
in expansionist era, 142–43
in Gilded Age, 116–17, 119, 121, 123–24, 130, 133
IWW strikes, 158
in Knights of Labor, 123–24
labor organizing of, 70–71, 105, 116–17, 119, 121, 123, 146, 147, 165, 169, 186, 189, 190, 195, 212–13, 215, 254–57, 260, 291, 300, 314, 319
in 19th century, 52, 60, 70, 71
post-World War I, 169
in Progressive Era, 146, 147
during Reagan-Bush years, 291
rightists, 217
in sixties, 254–57
Socialist Party, 151, 157
as strikebreakers, 71
strikes, 62, 101–2, 104, 105, 158, 189, 214
in twenties, 176, 186
women, 117, 157, 291, 303
during World War II, 225
See also Chinese Americans; Filipinos; Irish
immigrants; Latinos
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 237, 255, 314
Incan empire, 2
income gaps, Clinton era, 310, 318
indenture system, 3, 6–9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 35–36, 45
Independent Union of All Workers, 195
Indian Reorganization Act, 192
Indians. See Native Americans; individual tribes
“Indians of All Nations,” 256
Indonesia, 309, 310
industrial accidents, in World War II, 229
industrial capitalists, 53, 54, 72, 111–12, 115
industrial development, 55, 174, 193, 245
expansionism and, 139–40, 141–42
manufacturing and, 45, 53, 59–61, 65–66, 67–69, 97, 113, 114–15, 148, 182
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (“Wobblies”), 145, 157–60, 163–64, 168, 173
Inglewood, California, 222
injunctions, labor, 111, 112, 175, 177, 210, 211, 243, 274
injury compensation, early laws for, 143
Inland Steel, 213, 222
Inner City Voice, 253, 261
insurance benefits, 176, 189
Insurance Workers International Union, 287
Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers (ORIT), 240, 244
Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 151
Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 11
Internal Security Act (1950), 235
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), 215, 238, 295, 304–5, 312, 313, 324
International Business Machines (IBM), 239
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), 237, 240, 290, 311
International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers, 324
International Fisherman and Allied Workers, 238
International Harvester, 238
International Jewelry Workers, 287
International Labor Organization (ILO), 329–30
International Ladies’ Garment Workers (ILGWU), 149, 156, 161, 183, 184, 185, 195, 203, 213, 214, 242, 299, 312, 313
International Longshoremen and Warehousemen (ILWU), 238, 239, 252, 314, 328
International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA), 197, 231, 328
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 234, 282, 309
International Paper, 287
International Timber Workers, 168
International Typographical Union, 203
International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers (IUE), 238, 288, 313, 324. See also Machinists (machinists’ unions)
International Workers Order, 213
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 142
Intolerable Acts, 28
investment corporations, 174, 280–81, 309
Iowa Beef Packers (IBP), 286
Irish immigrants, 60, 62, 70–71, 105, 117
Iron Workers, 149–50
Iroquois nations, 6
isolationism, 244
Italy, 223
Itliong, Larry, 260
Iverson, Gabriel, 89
Jackson, Jesse, 298
Jackson, Jimmy Lee, 250
Jagan, Cheddi, 244
Jamaica, 2
Jamestown colony (Virginia), 6–7, 8
Japan, 219, 223, 224, 230
Japanese American Democratic Clubs, 212
Japanese Americans, 212, 225, 226, 236, 314
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association (JMLA), 146
Jefferson, Thomas, 24, 25, 31, 32, 44–45
Jeffries, Edward, 231
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 227
Jews, 116, 117, 119, 151, 180–81, 230, 233
Jim Crow system, 135, 144, 228, 242, 247, 248
Job Corps, 249
Jobs with Justice (JwJ), 303–4, 315, 319
John B. Deere Company, 307
Johns Hopkins University, 316
Johnson, Andrew, 92, 94
Johnson, Genora, 206
Johnson, Georgianna, 296
Johnson, Kermit, 206
Johnson, Lyndon, 244, 248, 249
Johnson Control, 319
Johnston, William H., 156, 163
Jones, Betty, 57
Jones, Rev. Charles, 58
Jones, Mary “Mother,” 150, 152–55, 157
Joseph, Chief, 114
Journal of United Labor (Knights of Labor), 124
Journeyman Caulkers of Boston, 22
Journeyman Cordwainers (New York City), 68
Journeyman Tailors (Cleveland), 68
journeymen, 15–16, 21, 22, 27, 32, 33, 44, 64, 68, 69, 72. See also craft unions
Journeymen Molders’ Union Foundry, 64
Juana (Indian slave), 5
Jung Sai Company, 269
Justice Department, U.S., 162, 163, 164, 167, 178, 217, 223, 243
“Justice for Janitors” campaign (SEIU), 300, 319
Kaiser Aluminum, 328, 329
Kaiser Steel, 229, 243, 288
Kansas, 78, 115, 156
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 78
Karloff, Boris, 195
Kayashuta (Seneca chief), 31
Kennedy, John F., 244, 245
Kenney, Mary, 129
Kenosha, Wisconsin, 215
Kerr-McGee plant, Oklahoma City, 268
Kilusang Mayo Uno federation (Philippines), 289
King, Coretta Scott, 260
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 247, 248, 249, 251–52
Kipling, Rudyard, 140
Kirkland, Lane, 275, 277, 290, 291, 292, 306, 307
Kistler, Kevin, 287
Kit Carson National Forest, 255
Kmart, 317–18
Knight-Ridder, 326<
br />
Knights of Labor (K of L), 122–27, 128, 134–35, 151
Knights of St. Crispin, 99, 101
Knights of the White Camelia, 95
“Know Nothings,” 71–72, 73, 78
Korean Immigrant Workers Association, 303, 315
Korean War, 240
Ku Klux Klan, 95, 96–97, 180, 200, 216, 225, 227, 237, 249, 250, 302
Kungyu (Workers After Hours) Clubs, 190
Kyoto Protocols, 317
La Alianza Federal de Mercedes (Federal Alliance of land Grants), 255
La Asociación de Jornaleros, 195
La Confederación de Uniones de Campesinos y Obreros, 195
La Follette, Robert, 183
La Follette, Robert, Jr., 214
La Follette Committee, 214, 217
La Raza Unida, 256
La Unión de Jornaleros Unidos, 147
La Unión de Trabajadores del Valle Imperial, 185
Labor Advocate (AFL), 216
Labor Council for Latin American Advancement (LCLAA), 261
Labor Day, 125
Labor Department, U.S., 229, 299. See also National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
Labor Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley), 233, 237–39, 240, 243, 244
Labor Notes, 295, 302
Labor Party (1996), 328
Labor Research Review, 295
Laborer’s Union Benevolent Association, 70
Labor’s Peace Party (WWI), 161
Laguna Pueblos, 117
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 232
land reform, and slavery, 75, 77, 78
“land-reform” campaigns, 65
Landrum-Griffin Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (1959), 243
Lane, W.T., 157
Las Gorras Blancas (“The White Caps”), 121, 135
Las Vegas, Nevada, 324
Latin America, 142, 172, 291, 292, 316. See also Mexico
Latinos, 146–47, 165, 254–56, 258, 261–66, 270–72, 291, 299–300. See also Mexican Americans
LaTouche, John, 218
Laundry Workers, 243
Lavender Labor, 302
League for Industrial Democracy, 252
League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 261
Lee, Fitzhugh, 124
lesbian rights, 267–68, 302
Levi Strauss Company, 299
Lewis, Augusta, 100–101
Lewis, John L.
CIO and, 202–3, 204, 205, 213, 220, 223
critical of business, 215
critical of union cooperation with government, 230
opposing World War II, 220, 221, 223
Taft-Hartley and, 237
World War II strikes, 229–30, 232
Liga de Obreros y Campesinos, 188
Liliuokalani, Queen, 138
Lincoln, Abraham, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 218
Lingg, Louis, 126, 127
Little, Frank, 158, 164
Little Red Songbook (IWW), 158
Little Rock, Arkansas, 236
“Little Steel,” 213–14, 227, 229
Litton-Avondale Industries, 325
Liuzzo, Viola, 250
lobbying, by corporations, 271–72, 275
London, Meyer, 151
Lopez de la Cruz, Jessie, 261, 262–65
Lora, Federico, 254
Los Angeles, California, 251, 266, 303, 304, 318
Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy (LAANE), 318
Los Angeles Times, 149
Los Caballeros de Labor, 135
Louisiana, 94, 96, 97, 140, 144, 158–59, 165. See also New Orleans, Louisiana
Lovestone, Jay, 237
Lowell, Massachusetts, 45, 72
Lowell Female Labor Reform Association (LFLRA), 66, 67, 69
Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), 251
“Loyalty Program” (1947), 235
Ludlow massacre, 150, 154–55
lumberworkers, Pacific Northwest, 231
Lusk Committee (1919), 167
lynchings and lynch laws, 119, 120, 196, 205, 232, 236
Lynn, Massachusetts, 69, 125
MacArthur, Douglas, 191
Machinists (machinists’ unions), 129, 149, 156, 164, 165, 172, 185, 231, 238, 288, 300, 313, 317, 319, 324, 326
MacIntosh, Ebenezer, 26, 30
Maine, 50, 65
Majewski, Rose, 188
Malcolm X, 250–51, 260
Man Nobody Knows (Barton), 180
management, philosophies of, 176–77
Manhattan Project, 224, 234
Manila Electric and Railway Company, 166
Manpower Incorporated, 291
manufacturing, 45, 53, 59–61, 65–66, 67–69, 97, 113, 114–15, 148, 182. See also industrial development
Marcantonio, Vito, 219
March on Washington (1941), 223
March on Washington (1963), 247, 272
Marcos, Ferdinand, 289
Marine Cooks and Stewards Union, 167, 236, 238
Marine Fireman’s Union, 130
Maritime Workers Industrial Union, 213
Marshall, George, 234
Marshall Plan, 237
Martinsburg, West Virginia, 106
Marx, Groucho, 195
Marxists, 252
Maryland, 10, 19, 32, 33, 36, 74–75, 98, 102, 106, 107, 190
Massachusetts, 45, 69, 71–72, 72, 97–98, 101, 125
Bread and Roses Strike, 158
colonial, 12–13, 20, 21, 26–28, 32, 35, 37–41, 50–51
Massey, A.T., 294
Mathews, Henry M., 106
Mattachine Society (1950), 236
Maverick, Sam, 27
Mazda, 305
Mazzocchi, Tony, 287, 295
McBride, John, 308
McBride, Lloyd, 274, 294
McCarran-Walters Immigration Act (1952), 236
McCarthy, Joseph, 235
McCauley, Mary Hays (Molly Pitcher), 34
McClellan, John, 242–43
McClellan Select Committee on Improper Activities, 242–43
McCormick Harvester Works, 126
McCrary, George W., 107
McCurdy, Earle, 294
McDonald, David, 243
McDonnell Douglas, 319
McGovern, George, 273
McGuire, P.J., 125
McKenney, Ruth, 213
McKinley, William, 136, 139, 140, 141, 145
McNamara, James B., 149–50
McNamara, John J., 149–50
McNeill, George, 122, 136–37
McParlan, James, 105
Meany, George, 241, 242, 243, 244, 272, 275
Meat Inspection Act (1906), 142
meatpacking workers, 127, 165, 285–86, 286, 315
Mechanics Educational Society of America, 195
Mechanics’ Union of Trade Associations, 61
mechanization, productivity and, 148, 176, 182
media, in twenties, 179–80
Medicare and Medicaid Act (1965), 249
Meese, Ed, 277
Mellon, Andrew, 178
Memphis, Tennessee, 93, 238, 252
mergers, corporate, 141, 280–81, 309
Messenger, The (SP newspaper), 163
metal workers, unions, 156
Metropolitan Opera Company, New York, 269
Mexican American Political Association, 255
Mexican Americans, 116, 117, 119, 121, 135, 147, 162, 195, 212–15, 227, 255–56, 273
Mexican immigrants, 116, 117, 169, 188, 189, 195, 225, 255, 291, 300
Mexico, 2, 4–5, 53, 75–76, 77, 144, 158, 172, 255, 281–82, 293, 309, 311
Middleton, John Jones, 57
Midvale Steel Works, 147–48
Midwest Refining Company, 178
migrant farm laborers, 117, 182, 262–65, 302, 315
military desegregation, 236
Militia Act (1792), 50
militias, in early republic, 44, 54
Milk, Harvey, 268
Miller, Arn
old, 274
Miller, Joyce, 267
Miller and Lux, 113
mills, 45–46, 72, 158, 175, 198, 285. See also factories
Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers’ Union (Mine Mill), 161, 183, 195, 203, 212, 238
Mine Safety Act, 273
miners, 53, 104, 105, 107, 147, 150, 153–55, 169, 181, 189, 294–95
Miners for Democracy, 274
miners’ unions, 70–71, 105, 147, 185, 195, 229, 230, 231, 232, 268, 274, 282–83, 294, 295. See also United Mine Workers (UMW)
minimum wage, 178, 193, 216, 275, 311, 327
mining, metal, 2, 113
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 197
Minnesota, 156, 160, 197
minorities. See African Americans; immigrants/immigration
Minskie, Mary, 16
Mississippi, 94, 96, 97, 140, 248, 249–50
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 248
Mississippi Freedom Labor Union (MFLU), 249
Missouri, 46, 107, 130, 194, 226
Missouri Compromise, 46
Mitchell, H.L., 242
Mitchell, John, 147
Mitchell, Louise, 188
Mittelberger, Gottlieb, 9
Mobil Corporation, 310
Mobilization for Peace, Jobs and Justice in Central America and South America (1987), 292
Modoc Indians, 113–14
“Mohawk Valley Formula,” 214
Mondale, Walter, 288, 305
monopoly capitalists, 110, 111–12, 115, 121, 122, 131, 134, 136
Monroe, Sarah, 67
Montana, 159, 164
Montgomery Bus Boycotts, 247–48
Montgomery Ward, 200
Mooney, Tom, 161
Moore, David, 187
Moore, Richard, 167
Moores v. Bricklayers’ Union (1890), 112
Mora, Alejandro, 5
Moraley, William, 7, 13
Moreno, Elvira, 239
Moreno, Luisa, 212, 237
Morgan, J.P., 132, 141, 161
Morse Tool Workers, 298
Mothers’ Anti-High Price League, 157
Movimiento Obreros Unidos (MOU), 266
Movimiento Popular Dominicano, 254
Mozambique, 310
Msane, Amon, 293
munitions workers’ strikes, 161
Murphy, Edgar Gardner, 144
Murray, Philip, 205, 220, 228, 233, 234, 237, 238, 240–41
Muste, A.J., 190
Myers, Isaac, 102, 103
NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 288
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 242, 244, 247, 275, 297
Nader, Ralph, 329
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 306, 309
Natchez Indians, 6
Nation of Islam, 226, 250
National American Woman Suffrage Association, 168
National Association of Machinists, 129, 156
National Association of Manufacturers (NSM), 143, 148, 201, 214, 216, 233, 317
National Association of Working Women, 266
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