by Elaine Weiss
Johnson, Andrew, 132
Keith, Thomas, 223
Kenny, Catherine: background of, 32–33; and black suffrage clubs, 187; and Bond’s resolution, 245; and Catt’s arrival in Nashville, 21; and church bells celebrating enfranchisement, 323; and house debate/votes on ratification, 305; leadership in Tennessee, 33; motives of, 33; and Pierce, 187–88, 243–44, 339; and pledge changes of legislators, 286; polls of the legislature, 34–35, 142–43; post-ratification career of, 339; on racial dimensions of suffrage conflict, 34; and Roberts, 28, 34, 71, 197; and Rowe’s defamation suit, 271; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 265; and suffrage split in Tennessee, 30; and Tennessee League of Women Voters, 187–88; and Walker, 30–31; and Warner, 72
Kilbreth, Mary, 127, 202, 205, 209–10, 333–34
Ku Klux Klan, 66, 129, 133, 199, 327
Lamar, Dolly, 202
Larch-Miller, Aloysius, 95–96
Lasker, Albert, 105
Lea, Luke: and Antis’ campaign propaganda, 299–300; background of, 35–37; and Brooks’s family emergency, 292, 293; and Kenny, 71; and Men’s Ratification Committee, 33–34; and parody of Roberts, 28–29, 37, 72; and pledge changes, 280; post-ratification career of, 339; and public debate, 251; and Roberts, 67; and Stahlman, 148–49, 273–74
League of Nations, 9, 74–75, 86, 223, 268, 298, 310, 321, 326
League of Women Voters: and black women voters, 243–44; Catt’s establishment of, 264, 330; and Catt’s victory statement, 311; and church bells celebrating enfranchisement, 323; criticisms of, 331; and elections of 1920, 326; and Equal Rights Amendment, 330; fieldwork of, 165, 247; and Kenny, 21; as legacy of suffragists, 335; and Leslie estate, 195; Ratification Committee, 28; as successor to NAWSA, 330; and White, 58
legislators: Astor’s message for, 201–2; bribery and influence peddling of, 272–73; and Catt’s strategy for special session, 212; and Dudley’s presence, 237; entertained by Suffs over weekend, 267–68; and eve of special session, 212, 213, 214; Harding’s refusal to intervene with, 185–87; and Jack Daniel’s Suite, 214, 228, 247, 267, 273, 279, 314; McKellar’s recruitment of commitments from, 233; and opposition’s plots, 279; outsiders circulating among, 222–23; pledge changes of, 183, 273–74, 280, 290, 301; pledges for ratification support, 185–86, 212, 225, 227, 276–77; polls of, 34–35, 142–43, 150, 153, 171, 225, 295–96; pressure on, 244, 293, 297–98; Suffs’ policing of, 294; threats received by, 279; and welcoming reception of Antis, 204–6; and women lobbying, 216–17. See also specific individuals, including, Burn, Harry; Todd, Andrew; and Walker, Seth
Leser, Oscar, 281
Leslie, Miriam, 193–95, 330
Liberty Bell replica, 286, 318
Lincoln, Abraham, 54, 55, 109–10, 132
liquor industries, 41–42, 70–71, 77, 163, 183, 228–29, 241
Littleton, Jesse, 163, 197, 215, 281
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 98, 112–13, 126, 127
Louisiana, 8
Louisville & Nashville Railroad (L&N), 274–75, 282, 290, 340
Luther, Emerson, 169, 226, 244
Marbury, William, 124–25
marriage and legal status of women, 48
Maryland, 125, 203, 221, 329
McFarland, Lon, 205–6, 221, 244–45, 249, 260, 264–65
McKellar, Kenneth, 36, 63, 148, 216, 221–22, 233, 244, 252
Men’s Ratification Committee, 33–34, 151, 177, 207, 255
Meyer, Annie Nathan, 122–23
Michigan, 42, 94
Milholland, Inez, 78, 80
Miller, Leonidas (L. D.), 236–37, 240, 245, 300–301
Milton, Abby: background of, 188–89; and black suffrage clubs, 187; and Burn’s mother, 315–16; and Catt’s arrival in Nashville, 29; and Catt’s campaigning, 143, 151; and Catt’s despondency, 296; and Catt’s heart problems, 184, 185; and Catt’s tirade, 189–90; and church bells celebrating enfranchisement, 323; daughters of, 319; and house debate/votes on ratification, 305; and monument to suffragists, 336; post-ratification career of, 339–40; and Roberts, 28, 71, 197, 241; and Tennessee League of Women Voters, 187–88; and victory in Nashville, 310; and Warner, 72
Milton, George, 188–89
Milton, George, Jr., 241
Minnesota, 94
Minor, Virginia, 88, 89
Mississippi, 267, 325, 329
Monroe, William, 263
Moses, George, 275, 327
Mott, Lucretia, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 53, 134
Nashville Banner, 147–49, 152, 197, 255, 267, 279
Nashville Equal Suffrage League, 32, 151
Nashville Tennessean, 147–49, 273–74, 283, 299–300, 314
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA): and amendment fight in Congress, 91; and Catt’s exclusive emphasis on suffrage, 139–40; Catt’s leadership of, 7, 17, 23, 26, 27, 82, 91, 92; celebration at Poli’s Theatre, 321; convention rally of, 82–83; culture of, 14; data on legislators collected by, 143–44; and Douglass, 136; and Emergency Corps, 97; emergency meeting of, 84; financial backing of, 193–95; League of Women Voters as successor to, 330; and militant suffragists, 15; and poll of the legislature, 151; presence in Tennessee, 58; press release on assured victory in Tennessee, 150, 151, 152, 153, 164; and racial dimensions of suffrage conflict, 140; ratification campaigns launched by, 93–94; and Roberts’s gubernatorial race, 23–24; “southern strategy” of, 138, 209; split with Paul’s NWP, 13, 15, 23, 62, 83, 92, 193, 320; and Stanton’s Woman’s Bible, 205; and state ratification campaigns, 96; Suffrage Map of, 17–18, 94; and victory in Nashville, 310; and White, 13, 14, 15; and Wilson burned in effigy by NWP, 159–60; “Winning Plan” strategy of, 27, 61, 142. See also Catt, Carrie
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 129, 139, 327–28
National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 43, 115, 224. See also Rowe, Charlotte
National Woman’s Party (NWP): and Anthony, 160; antiwar actions of, 59–61; Belmont’s backing of, 192–93; and black voting rights, 328; campaigning of, 179–80; and Cox, 19, 76–77; cross-over members, 58; data on legislators collected by, 143; finances of, 57, 191–93; fund-raising efforts of, 58, 191–92, 241; and Gram’s confrontation of Walker, 230, 258; and Harding, 19, 101, 102–7, 109–10, 112–14, 178, 187; headquarters of, 153; and imprisonment of suffragists, 155–56, 158–59; media coverage of, 20, 241; and Paul’s absence, 258, 259; polls of the legislature, 153, 276; post-ratification mission of, 321; “Prison Special” railroad tour, 14, 109, 158, 159, 174; and public debate, 251, 252; ratification banner of, 311; and Roberts’s gubernatorial race, 23–24; rose colors of, 198; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 264; Silent Sentinels, 162, 174; split with Catt’s NAWSA, 13, 15, 23, 62, 83, 92, 193, 320; and state ratification campaigns, 96; Suffrage Map of, 17–18; tactics of, 15, 19–20; and victory in Nashville, 310; violence rejected by, 62; and vote on ratification, 248; and Watchfires of Freedom, 155; and White’s leadership in Tennessee, 302; and Wilson, 83; Wilson burned in effigy by, 155–60; women’s rights work of, 331. See also Paul, Alice
National Woman Suffrage Association, 90, 135–36: and New Departure strategy, 88
New Hampshire, 96
New Jersey, 81, 88
New York, 27, 42, 81, 94, 108, 124, 145–46, 172
New York Times, 13, 146, 299
North Carolina, 8, 43, 246, 295
North Star abolition newspaper, 50, 51
Ochs, Adolph, 12–13, 279
Ogden, Esther, 99–100, 144
Ohio, 94–95, 98
Oklahoma, 95–96
Oldham, Edward, 243
Oregon, 42
Overton, Austin, 244, 301–2, 303, 307
Ovington, Mary, 328
Paine, Rowlett, 215
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 62, 82, 84, 92, 159, 192–93
Park, Maud Wood, 330
Patton, Erastus Eugene, 177, 262–63
Paul, Alice: absence of, 258, 259; and amendment fight in Congress, 92; and amendment’s ratification, 308; and amendment stalled in Congress, 92; and assessments of Tennessee, 19; authority of, 106; and Belmont, 193, 321; Belmont’s backing of, 209; campaign direction of, 191; on corporate influence and bribery, 275; and Cox, 13, 19, 76, 233–34, 241; and Democrats’ accountability, 234, 241; and Du Bois, 139; and elections of 1920, 325; and elections of 2016, 337; and faltering of amendment, 233–34; fund-raising efforts of, 58, 191–92, 229; and Harding’s letter of opposition, 257; and Harding’s Notification Day, 13, 19, 103, 104, 106, 107–8, 113–14, 126–27, 201; and house debate/votes on ratification, 308; imprisonments and torture endured by, 106–7, 159; leadership skills of, 106; march in Washington (1913), 139; media coverage of, 100; and NAWSA/NWP rift, 23; pacifism of, 123; parade led by, 79–80; and Pollitzer, 162–63; Pollitzer’s telegrams to, 225, 229; post-ratification career of, 339; primary goal of, 4; and proclamation-signing ceremony, 319–20; racial politics of, 138–39, 328; ratification banner of, 308, 311; and Roberts, 234, 241, 313; Rowe’s claims about, 123; sacrifices made by, 92; and second wave of feminism, 334–35; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 264; and special session of legislature, 225; split with Catt’s NAWSA, 92; staff’s pleas for assistance from, 218; and state ratification campaigns, 95, 96; strategy of, 15; tactics of, 15, 20, 241; travel to Nashville, 241; and victory in Nashville, 310, 313, 317; victory statement of, 311–12; violence eschewed by, 62; and Walker’s defection, 234; and Walker’s leadership of opposition, 231; and Wells, 138–39; and White’s briefings, 229–30; and White’s strategy for special session, 213–14; and Wilson, 15, 79–80, 81–82, 83, 85, 92, 156–60, 269; and Women’s Party’s antiwar stance, 59; women’s rights work of, 330. See also National Woman’s Party
Pearson, Josephine: and amendment’s proclamation, 320; and Antis’ arguments, 240; and Antis’ campaign materials, 239, 250, 300; and appeal to citizens, 283; arrival in Nashville, 1, 10–11, 18; and arrival of prominent Antis, 43, 128; background of, 11–13, 18–19; call to arms issued by, 203–4; campaigning of, 21–22, 38, 129–30, 165, 168–69; Catt challenged to debate by, 196–97; and Catt’s tirade, 190–91; Confederate family of, 56; and Cox, 191; and elections of 1920, 325–26; emotional outbursts of, 259; and feminism, 18, 44; and garden party of Washington, 210; and house debate/votes on ratification, 292–93, 305, 307; leadership skills of, 43; and lobbying at the statehouse, 40–41; and museum exhibit, 181; photograph with Confederate veteran, 198–99; post-ratification career of, 339; as president of Tennessee Anti organization, 40; as public face of Anti campaign, 40; racist rationales of, 11, 129; and “Red Rose Brigade,” 317–18; religious underpinning of anti-suffragism, 11, 12, 18, 44, 168; at special session, 239; and Vertrees, 38, 40–41; and Walker’s reconsideration motion, 317; welcoming reception hosted by, 204–6; and women’s defense of southern ideals, 128–29
Pennsylvania, 94
Phillips, Wendell, 46, 47, 52, 133, 134, 135
Pierce, Juno Frankie, 187–88, 243–44, 336, 339–40
Pinckard, James, 203
Pinckard, Nina: and American Constitutional League, 172; background of, 128; campaigning of, 165, 168; and Cox, 125–26, 209–10; on force bills, 181–82; and garden party of Washington, 210; and liquor interests complicity, 228; museum exhibit curated by, 181–82; open letter to Catt, 131–32, 140–41, 152; photograph with Confederate veteran, 198–99; on pledges, 212; and welcoming reception, 205
Pleasant, Anne, 95, 196, 315–16, 318
Pleasant, Ruffin, 95, 203
Pollitzer, Anita: arrival for special session, 215; assigned to East Tennessee, 154, 163–64; background of, 161–63; and Bond’s resolution, 245; and Burn, 288, 299, 302, 306; campaigning of, 169–70, 177–78, 180–81; and Candler, 180–81; and Cox, 282; fund-raising efforts of, 192; and Harding’s Notification Day, 201; and house debate/votes on ratification, 288, 297, 299, 306; Paul’s briefings from, 225, 229; pleas for national pressure, 225–26; and pledge changes of legislators, 183, 226; post-ratification career of, 340; and public debate, 251; and Republican caucus, 218; and Roberts, 241; and White, 106, 213
“Prison Special” railroad tour, 14, 109, 158, 159, 174
Prohibition, 9, 42, 66, 70–71, 139, 148, 166, 228
racial dimensions of suffrage conflict: and Anthony, 132, 133–34, 135, 266; and Antis’ call to arms, 203–4; and Antis’ campaign propaganda, 249–50, 278, 299–300; and Antis’ post-ratification rallies, 319; and Catt, 21, 34, 131–32, 138–41, 265–66, 277; and house debate/votes on ratification, 287, 289, 291; Kenny on, 34; lessons from, 5; opposition to black women voters, 2; and Paul, 138–39; and Pearson, 11, 129, 203; racist southern suffragists, 138, 208–9; and ratio of white women to black voters, 248, 291; and senate debate on ratification, 261–62, 263, 265–66; and Vertrees’ objections to suffrage, 39–40; white supremacy threatened by black suffrage, 11
railroads, 42, 233, 241, 274–76, 280–82, 289. See also Louisville & Nashville Railroad (L&N)
Reconstruction, 39, 204, 250
Rector, Hayden, 164
“Red Rose Brigade,” 317–18, 320
Reese, Lulu Colyar, 58, 156
Republican National Committee (RNC), 106, 112, 183, 244, 262. See also Hays, Will
Riddick, Thomas: and Bond’s resolution, 240; as chair of constitutional committee, 246, 251, 256, 257–58; and Crump, 167–68; and house committee deliberation, 282; and house debate/votes on ratification, 247, 284–85, 292, 303; and oath of office, 219; Roberts confronted by, 231; support for ratification, 215; and Walker’s defection, 221–22; and Walker’s reconsideration motion, 318
Roberts, Albert: amendment submitted to special session, 220–21; and Antis’ campaigns, 124, 125, 168; and Antis’ injunction against, 318, 319; attitudes toward suffrage, 63–64, 70; and Bond’s resolution, 241, 246; campaigning of, 165, 298; and Catt, 65, 71–73, 327; certification of ratification, 318, 319; confidence expressed by, 256; and Constitutional League pressure, 247, 318; and Cox, 19, 77, 206, 222, 234, 241, 248, 251, 282, 298; and elections of 1920, 326; and faltering of amendment, 231, 281–82; and gubernatorial election, 206; and house debate/votes on ratification, 298, 304; and Kenny, 28, 34, 71, 197; and Lea, 67; and NAWSA/NWP rift, 23–24; newspaper parody on, 28–29, 37, 72; and political climate, 65–66; post-ratification career of, 340; and primaries, 16, 196, 197, 206; progressive ambitions of, 66–67; and Prohibition, 66; and public debate, 249, 251; Ratification Committee of, 28, 29, 37, 71, 72; and reelection campaign, 231; Riddick’s browbeating of, 231; on rifts and rivalries, 218–19; and rumors of plots against ratification, 182, 216; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 262; and special session of legislature, 34, 67–71, 154–55, 182, 196, 197, 240–41; and Stahlman, 149; stalling on suffrage issue, 154–55; suffragists’ suspicions about, 241; threats against, 278–79; and victory in Nashville, 313, 317; and Walker’s defection, 210–11, 219, 221–22, 225, 232–33; and Walker’s nullification measure, 320; and White, 63–64, 154–55, 197, 241; and Wilson, 34, 68
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 78, 80, 325, 330, 340
Roosevelt, Franklin, 13, 74, 78, 86, 257, 313
Roosevelt, Theodore, 79, 121, 304
Rowe, Charlotte: and American Constitutional League, 172; antisuffrage arguments of, 115–21, 123–24; arrival in Tennessee, 128; background of, 118–19; and Burn, 312; campaigning of, 165, 168; and defamation law suit, 271; and Meyer, 122, 123; Pearson’s anticipation of, 43; and Pearson’s debate challenge, 196; and pledge changes of legislators, 281; and post-ratification rallies, 316, 319; and public debate, 249, 251, 253; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 267; states’ rights emphasis of, 124; and Tarbell, 121, 123; and welcoming reception, 205
Rye, Tom, 33
Sanders, Newell, 163, 292, 293, 316
Sanger, Mar
garet, 139–40, 338
Sargent, Aaron Augustus, 90
Schlafly, Phyllis, 330–31, 334
Seneca Falls Convention, 47–52, 335
Sharpe, Percy, 287
Shaw, Anna Howard, 80, 91–92, 109, 120–22, 137, 139, 146, 208
Shields, John, 63, 98
Shillito, Beatrice, 203
Shuler, Marjorie: and Catt’s arrival in Nashville, 21; and Catt’s heart problems, 184, 185, 242; and Catt’s tirade, 189–90; departure from Nashville, 319; and eve of special session, 211; and newspaper attack on Roberts, 28–29; and passage of amendment, 93; and Pinckard’s open letter to Catt, 151–52; and press release on assured victory in Tennessee, 150; scouting trip of, 15–16; and state ratification campaigns, 96
Smith, Alfred, 322
Smith, Gerrit, 46–47
South Carolina, 139, 327
Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference, 209
Southern Women’s League for the Rejection of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, 11, 43, 125, 131, 168, 181, 182, 199, 209–10, 224, 283
special session of Tennessee legislature: amendment ratified in, 307–8; amendment referred to committees, 238, 243, 246; and black suffragists, 243–44; and Bond’s mass-meeting delay tactic, 235–38, 241–42, 243, 245–46; Catt’s strategy session on eve of, 211–12, 213, 214; and committee reports, 259–60; convened, 219; delay in, 221, 222; house committee deliberation, 226, 255–56, 257, 280, 282; house discussion and vote on ratification, 284–93, 294, 300–308; house introduction of amendment, 177, 207, 213, 221, 222, 224, 226–27; joint resolution, 176, 221, 222, 225, 227, 238; legislators’ arrivals for, 198; and McFarland’s resolution on outsiders, 244–45, 249; other bills on docket of, 220; and pressure rom national parties, 244; public committee hearing and debate, 251–56, 257; and Roberts’s support of amendment, 220–21; and roses of opposing forces, 198, 299; senate committee deliberation, 255–56, 259; senate discussion and vote on ratification, 259–65, 267; senate introduction of amendment, 177, 213, 220, 221, 227; spectators of, 283–84, 297, 300, 304; and Story’s delay tactic, 246, 248, 249; and Walker’s defection, 221–22; and Walker’s leadership of opposition, 226; and Walker’s reconsideration motion, 307, 309, 310, 312, 313–15, 316, 317, 318