2. Ibid., pp. 13–16.
3. Peter Mansfield, The Arabs (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1976), p. 371 of Penguin; Curzon, Frontiers, p. 42.
4. Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), p. 66. See, too, Ayesha Jalal, Partisans of Allah (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
5. Calvin H. Allen Jr., “Oman: A Separate Place,” Wilson Quarterly, New Year’s 1987.
6. Ibid.
7. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders (London: HarperCollins, 1996), p. 355.
8. Ibid.
9. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 5–6.
10. Engseng Ho, Harvard University professor of anthropology, presentation for a conference on “Port City States of the Indian Ocean,” Harvard University and the Dubai Initiative, Feb. 9–10, 2008.
Chapter 4: “Lands of India”
1. C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, with an introduction by J. H. Plumb (London: Hutchinson, 1969), p. 354.
2. Landeg White, Introduction to Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
3. George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), p. 35.
4. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1993), ch. 2. See, too, Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 265.
5. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony, p. 265.
6. Burton Stein, A History of India (Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell, 1998), pp. 100–104, 127–28.
7. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders (London: HarperCollins, 1996), p. 323.
8. For more details, see Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vol. 2 (1949; New York: Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 1174–76.
9. A.J.R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 22.
10. K. M. Pannikar, Asia and Western Dominance (London: Allen & Unwin, 1959), p. 17.
11. Ibid., p. 24.
12. Hall, Empires of the Monsoon, p. 190.
13. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance, pp. 17, 24, 313.
14. Ibid., p. 25.
15. Peter Russell, Prince Henry “the Navigator”: A Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
16. Saudi Aramco World, June/July 1962.
17. Patricia Risso, Merchants & Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995), p. 36; Jakub J. Grygiel, Great Powers and Geopolitical Change (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), pp. 41–42.
18. This section draws broadly from Boxer’s Portuguese Seaborne Empire.
19. Grygiel, Great Powers and Geopolitical Change, p. 43.
20. William Dalrymple, The Age of Kali: Indian Travels and Encounters (London: HarperCollins, 1998), p. 238.
21. Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952), pp. 161–65.
22. Fernández-Armesto, Pathfinders, p. 181.
23. R. B. Sergeant, The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast (Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon, 1963,) p. 15.
24. Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean (New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 125.
25. Plumb in Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p. xxiii.
26. Hall, Empires of the Monsoon, pp. 172, 198. See, too, Gaspar Correa, The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama (1869; reprint, Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1964); and Nick Robins, The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational (Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 2006), pp. 41–42.
27. T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (London: Jonathan Cape, 1926, 1935), ch. 3.
28. Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, pp. 377–78.
29. Ibid., p. 296.
30. Ibid., pp. 39–43.
31. Risso, Merchants & Faith, p. 52.
32. Russell-Wood, Portuguese Empire, pp. 15, 18–20.
33. Ibid., p. 21.
34. Fernándo Pessoa, The Book of Disquiet, trans. Margaret Jull Costa (1982; reprint, New York: Serpent’s Tail, 1991), p. 52.
35. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese Empire, pp. 23, 198.
36. C. M. Bowra, “Camões and the Epic of Portugal,” in his From Virgil to Milton (1945; reprint, London: Macmillan, 1967), pp. 99–100; Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, trans. Landeg White (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Canto Five: 81.
37. Camões, Lusíads, Canto Eight: 86.
38. Ibid., Canto Four: 87; Six: 80–84.
39. White, Introduction to The Lusíads. See, too, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 154–59.
40. Camões, Lusíads, Canto Five: 86.
41. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton, p. 86.
42. Camões, Canto One: 27.
43. Camões, Canto Five: 16.
44. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton, p. 97; Camões, Canto One: 64, and Ten: 102, 122.
45. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. (New York, 1910).
46. Camões, Canto One: 3.
47. Ibid., Canto One: 99.
48. Ibid., Canto Nine: 1.
49. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton, pp. 133, 136.
50. Camoes, Canto Four: 99.
Chapter 5: Baluchistan and Sindh
1. André Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries (Boston and Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1990, 2002), p. 129.
2. John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company (London: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 103.
3. B. Raman, “Hambantota and Gwadar—an Update,” Institute for Topical Studies, Chennai, India, 2009.
4. Robert G. Wirsing, “Baloch Nationalism and the Geopolitics of Energy Resources: The Changing Context of Separatism in Pakistan,” Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, Apr. 17, 2008.
5. Wilfred Thesiger, Arabian Sands (New York: Dutton, 1959), p. 276.
6. “The Great Land Robbery: Gwadar,” The Herald, Karachi, Pakistan, June 2008.
7. Selig S. Harrison, “Ethnic Tensions and the Future of Pakistan,” working paper prepared for the Center for International Policy, 2008.
8. Harrison, “Pakistan’s Baluch Insurgency,” Le Monde Diplomatique, October 2006.
9. International Crisis Group, “Pakistan: The Forgotten Conflict in Balochistan,” (Islamabad/Brussels, Oct. 22, 2007).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Wirsing, “Baloch Nationalism and the Geopolitics of Energy Resources.”
14. Ibid.
15. Wink, Al-Hind, pp. 173, 175.
16. Aryn Baker, “Karachi Dreams Big,” Time (Asia), Feb. 8, 2008.
17. Robert D. Kaplan, Imperial Grunts: The American Military on the Ground (New York: Random House, 2005), p. 37.
18. Ibid.
19. Freya Stark, East Is West (London: John Murray, 1945), p. 198.
20. John F. Richards, Mughal Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 51.
21. William Dalrymple, “Pakistan in Peril,” New York Review of Books, Feb. 12, 2009.
22. Wink, Al-Hind, p. 213.
23. Joseph A. Tainter, The Collapse of Complex Societies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 6.
24. Burton Stein, A History of India (Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell, 1998), p. 22.
25. W. Gordon East, The Geography Behind History (New York: Norton, 1965), p. 142.
26. Asif Raza Morio, Moen Jo Daro, Mysterious City of [the] Indus Valley Civilization (Larkana, Pakis
tan: Editions, 2007).
27. Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), p. 181.
28. Tainter, Collapse of Complex Societies, p. 1.
29. Richard F. Burton, Sindh: and the Races That Inhabit the Valley of the Indus; with Notices of the Topography and History of the Province (London: Allen, 1851), pp. 3, 362.
Chapter 6: The Troubled Rise of Gujarat
1. Edward Luce, In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India (New York: Doubleday, 2007), pp. 158–62.
2. Citizens for Justice and Peace, “Summary of the CJP’s Activities Between April 2002 and October 2003,” Mumbai.
3. André Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 269.
4. Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, trans. Landeg White (1572; reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Canto Ten: 106.
5. Marshall G.S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vol. 2, The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), p. 546; Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952), p. 109.
6. R.A.L.H. Gunawardana, “Changing Patterns of Navigation in the Indian Ocean and Their Impact on Pre-Colonial Sri Lanka,” in Satish Chandra, The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics (New Delhi: Sage, 1987), p. 81.
7. S. Arasaratnam, “India and the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century,” in As hin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson, eds., India and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800 (Kolkata: Oxford University Press, 1987).
8. Engseng Ho, “Port City States of the Indian Ocean,” Harvard University and the Dubai Initiative, Feb. 9–10, 2008.
9. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 75. Charles Verlinden, “The Indian Ocean: The Ancient Period and the Middle Ages,” in Chandra, Indian Ocean, p. 49.
10. Dwijendra Tripathi, “Crisis of Indian Polity and the Historian,” Indian History Congress, Amritsar, 2002.
11. See in this context Susanne Hoeber Rudolph and Lloyd I. Rudolph, “Modern Hate: How Ancient Animosities Get Invented,” New Republic, Mar. 22, 1993.
12. Walter Laqueur, ed., Fascism: A Reader’s Guide; Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography (London: Wildwood, 1976).
13. Juan J. Linz, “Some Notes Toward a Comparative Study of Fascism in Sociological Historical Perspective.” See, too, Zeev Sternhell’s “Fascist Ideology.” Both in Laqueur’s Fascism.
14. Thomas Pynchon, Foreword to George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (New York: Penguin, 2003).
15. See Achyut Yagnik and Suchitra Sheth, The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva and Beyond (New Delhi: Penguin India, 2005).
16. Camões, The Lusíads, Canto Ten: 60, 64.
17. Amartya Sen, “Why Democratization Is Not the Same as Westernization: Democracy and Its Global Roots,” New Republic, Oct. 6, 2003.
18. Elias Canetti, Crowds and Power (New York: Viking, 1960).
Chapter 7: The View from Delhi
1. John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 122.
2. Ibid., p. 35.
3. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 159–60.
4. Richards, Mughal Empire, pp. 239, 242.
5. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 56.
6. William Dalrymple, City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi (London: HarperCollins, 1993), pp. 82–83.
7. George N. Curzon, Frontiers: The Romanes Lecture 1907 (1907; reprint, Boston: Elibron Classics, 2006), pp. 57–58.
8. Lord Curzon of Kedleston, The Place of India in the Empire (London: John Murray, 1909), p. 12.
9. Parag Khanna and C. Raja Mohan, “Getting India Right,” Policy Review, February/March 2006.
10. Stephen P. Cohen, India: Emerging Power (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2001), p. 55.
11. James R. Holmes, Andrew C. Winner, and Toshi Yoshihara, Indian Naval Strategy in the 21st Century (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 131.
12. Holmes and Yoshihara, “China and the United States in the Indian Ocean: An Emerging Strategic Triangle?” Naval War College Review, Summer 2008. From Ming’s articles, “The Indian Navy Energetically Steps Toward the High Seas” and “The Malacca Dilemma and the Chinese Navy’s Strategic Choices.”
13. Holmes and Yoshihara, “China and the United States in the Indian Ocean.”
14. Geoffrey Kemp, “The East Moves West,” National Interest, Summer 2006.
15. Heather Timmons and Somini Sengupta, “Building a Modern Arsenal in India,” New York Times, Aug. 31, 2007.
16. Daniel Twining, “The New Great Game,” Weekly Standard, Dec. 25, 2006.
17. Greg Sheridan, “East Meets West,” National Interest, November/December, 2006.
18. Holmes, Winner, and Toshihara, Indian Naval Strategy in the 21st Century, p. 142.
19. Defense Industry Daily, June 6, 2005.
20. Mohan Malik, “Energy Flows and Maritime Rivalries in the Indian Ocean Region” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2008).
21. Adam Wolfe, Yevgeny Bendersky, and Federico Bordonaro, Power and Interest News Report, July 20, 2005.
22. Khanna and Mohan, “Getting India Right.”
23. Edward Luce, In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India (New York: Doubleday, 2007), p. 287.
24. Ibid., p. 275.
25. Twining, “New Great Game.”
26. Stanley Weiss, “India: The Incredible and the Vulnerable,” International Herald Tribune, Apr. 23, 2008.
27. Khanna and Mohan, “Getting India Right.”
28. Sunil Khilnani, “India as a Bridging Power,” The Foreign Policy Centre, 2005.
29. Harsh V. Pant, “A Rising India’s Search for a Foreign Policy,” Orbis, Spring 2009.
Chapter 8: Bangladesh: The Existential Challenge
1. Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952), p. 5.
2. Interview with Jay Gulledge, senior scientist, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2009.
3. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 306.
4. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 1, 9, 47.
5. Eaton, Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, p. 235.
6. Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, trans. Landeg White (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Canto Ten: 121.
7. Suniti Bhushan Qanungo, A History of Chittagong (Chittagong, Bangladesh: Signet, 1988, p. 468. I have relied on this book for much of the historical background material.
8. Thant Myint-U, The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), p. 72.
9. Ibid., p. 110.
Chapter 9: Kolkata: The Next Global City
1. John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company (London: HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 220, 272.
2. Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, trans. Landeg White (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Canto Seven: 20.
3. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 12–13, 19–20, 61–62, 313.
4. Geoffrey Moorhouse, Calcutta: The City Revealed (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), p. 93.
5. Ibid., p. 18.
6. David Gilmour, Curzon: Imperial Statesman (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994), p. 145.
7. Dominique Lapierre, The City of Joy (New York: Doubleday, 1985).
8. William T. Vollmann, Poor People (New York:
Ecco, 2007), pp. xiv, 111, 123–24, 239.
9. Madeleine Biardeau, India, transl. F. Carter (London: Vista, 1960), pp. 65, 73.
10. Moorhouse, Calcutta, p. 128.
11. Sunil Gangopadhyay, Those Days, transl. by Aruna Chakravarti (New York: Penguin, 1981, 1997), p. 581.
12. Basil Lubbock, The Opium Clippers (Boston: Lauriat, 1933), pp. 13–14, 16–17, 28. For an example of the profits, opium purchased for 70 rupees in Bengal could be sold for 225 rupees in Batavia in the Dutch East Indies. See C. R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800 (London: Hutchinson, 1965), p. 228.
13. Simon and Rupert Winchester, Calcutta (Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet, 2004). p. 32.
14. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 193.
15. The term “vast impersonal forces” was used by T. S. Eliot. See Isaiah Berlin’s essay “Historical Inevitability,” first delivered as a lecture in 1953 and published in his book Four Essays on Liberty (London: Oxford University Press, 1969).
16. Thomas Babington Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, edited with notes and an introduction by Preston C. Farrar (1840; reprint, New York: Longmans, Green, 1910), pp. xxx, 3, 16–17.
17. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 289.
18. Ibid., p. 281.
19. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 22.
20. Ibid., pp. 24–25.
21. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 290.
22. Ibid., pp. 36–37.
23. Moorhouse, Calcutta, pp. 25–26.
24. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 39.
25. Ibid., p. 40.
26. Ibid., p. 41.
27. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 43.
28. Ibid., p. 44.
29. Ibid., p. 45.
30. Ibid., pp. 45–46.
31. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 315.
32. Ibid., p. 51.
33. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, pp. 59–60.
34. Ibid., p. 61.
35. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 97.
36. Harvey, Clive, pp. 375–76.
37. Nick Robins, The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational (Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 2006), p. 168.
38. Ibid., p. 103.
Chapter 10: Of Strategy and Beauty
Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power Page 41