see also Hinduism
India
Braun, Eva 439–40
breast, see anatomy
breast-feeding 174, 205–6
Breck, Samuel 313, 314, 315, 321, 591n
Bretagne, Catherine-Françoise de 154–5
Brissot, Jacques-Pierre 336, 340, 341
Girondin leader 327
in London 331, 332, 335
Mémoires 314, 317, 331, 334
Oswald and 303, 308–9, 320
Valady and 320, 321, 322, 328
Brothers, Richard 339–40, 341, 367
Description of Jerusalem … 339–40
Brotherton, Joseph 423
Brougham, Henry 310, 367–9
Browne, Sir Thomas xx, 82
Pseudodoxia Epidemica 82
Brückner, John 219, 408, 412–13
Buchan, William 405
Buddha 41, 45, 55
Buddhism 44, 46, 124, 127, 262, 523n
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de 208, 212, 386, 415
animate atoms theory of 201, 359
counter-vegetarianism 218, 239, 252, 300
ecological defence of predation and meat eating 359–60, 362–3, 368, 381, 407–8, 413–14
Histoire Naturelle 199–202, 359
and Rousseau 254, 300, 397, 417
Burke, Edmund 273–4, 307
Burnet, Thomas: The Sacred Theory of the Earth 87
Bushell, Thomas xx, 5–12, 6, 14, 19, 82, 153
The First Part of Youths Errors 7
vegetarian masque of 8–10
Busteed, H. E. 285
Butchell, Martin van 339, 341
butchers 99, 104, 124, 126, 155, 207, 218, 222, 296, 298, 384, 521n
see also meat industry
Bute, Lord 347
Buzot, François 317, 329
Byng, John 343
Byron, Lord 374, 375, 380
Bysshe, Sir Edward 55, 68, 69 Palladius 84
Cadogan, Lord 187
Cagliostro, Count 339
Calanus 527–8n
Calcutta, Black Hole of 276–7, 285
Calvin, John 9, 106, 123, 152
Campanella, Tommaso: The City of the Sun 47
cannibalism 20, 191–2, 254, 298, 306, 311, 369, 375, 584n
meat eating as 35, 83, 133, 178, 185, 343, 363, 426
Carlyle, Thomas: The French Revolution 326
carnivores xxiii, 200, 253, 388, 443
anatomy 142, 146–7, 196, 239, 388
Caroline, Queen 105
Carpenter, Edward 430–31
Cassian, St John 151
Castelnau, Baron de 316
Cathars 7, 151
Catholicism 7, 33, 151
fast laws 152–4
missionaries 259–63
Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle 133, 538n, 542–3n
Celsus 4, 230
Cercle Sociale 307, 337, 331, 341
chain of being 92, 95, 218, 280, 325, 369, 420–21, 557n
see also ecology
sacrifice
Chandler, Mary and Samuel 188
Charles I, King of England 8–9, 15, 26, 139, 337
Charles II, King of England 12, 55, 63
Charron, Pierre: Treatise on Wisdom 136
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of 221–2
Cheyne, Dr George 163–80, 164, 204, 215, 239, 270, 333, 342, 344, 369, 576n
Boswell on 252
‘The Case of the Author’ 165–6, 167, 173
on cause of scurvy 232–3
Cocchi and 227–8
counter-vegetarians and 216, 217, 218
The English Malady 159, 167, 169, 174, 184, 249, 252
Essay of Health and Long Life 158, 167, 175, 227, 300
and Hecquet 159–60
milk diet 166–7, 173, 174–6
on Newton 99
and Richardson xxiv, 181–8, 190, 193
theology of 176–80, 188
children 145, 319, 334–5, 372, 379 feral 237
Rousseauist 205–6, 208, 212, 214
see also meat, vegetable diet
China xxv, 51, 102, 127, 225, 278, 351, 354, 404, 409, 447, 551n
Chinakurali, Battle of 348–9
Christ, Jesus 9, 15–18, 24, 33, 41, 100, 106, 111–12, 118, 124, 278, 299, 365
as vegetarian 33, 49, 61, 120, 151, 250
see also millenarianism
Christianity xxiv–xxv, 38–40, 53, 54, 65, 77, 100
animals in 106, 120–21
anthropocentrism xx, xxv, 71, 72, 73, 435, 443–4
asceticism 5–7, 8, 20, 37, 42, 151, 261
and blood prohibition 106–7
Church Fathers 42–3, 151
missionaries 259–63
parallels in Hinduism 278–9, 282–3, 288, 291
chronology xviii, 101–2, 106, 118, 278–9, 291–2, 351, 551n, 591n
Churchill, John 250
Civil War, English xix–xx, 8, 12, 14–16, 21, 26, 38, 79, 320
Clairmont, Claire 374
Clarendon Code (1661–5) 67
Clark, David 380
Clarke, John 105
Enquiry into the Cause and Origin of Evil 220, 386
Clarke, Samuel 180
Clement of Alexandria, St 42–3, 106, 112, 151, 250
Clerk, Sir George 250
climate 238, 268–70
Clive, Gen. Robert 276
clothing 68, 71, 254, 303–4, 314, 317, 372, 376
see also nudism
Cocchi, Antonio 147, 196, 227–31, 238, 239
cure for scurvy 233–5
Eccessiva Grassezza 228
‘Effemeridi’ 229
Pythagorean Diet 227, 228, 230, 233
Cockburn, Lord 243
Coke, Edward 5
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 116, 380, 410
Coles, William: Adam in Eden 81
Collins, H., see Boinville, Harriet de
colonialism 266–7, 271–7, 284, 294, 295, 338
anti-imperialists 297, 347–8
reverse acculturation 260–61, 286–7, 293–4
Combe, Andrew 99
Comenius, Jan Amos 12, 19
communism 23, 68, 307, 337, 362, 533n
communitarianism 431, 432
compassion xvii, 100, 136, 177, 332, 334
Bacon on 12–14, 556n
kabbalist cult of 90
Rousseau on 187–9, 204
see also animals, human treatment of
sympathy
Conduitt, Catherine 98, 100, 107–8
Conduitt, John 98, 99–100, 105–6, 114
Conti, Nicolò 46
Conway, Lady Anne 95–6, 184 Principles 95
Conyers, George 169, 563n
Cook, Captain James 235, 388–9
Cook, Robert 71, 249
Cornaro, Luigi 98, 152
Counter-vegetarianism 215–26, 341, 344, 362, 375, 382, 401, 403, 545n, 594n
Bentham’s 356–7
ecological 244, 414–15, 416–17
medical 238, 245
see also ecology
cow: protection of 47, 49, 51–3, 56, 70, 268, 279–80, 282, 285, 287, 305–6
Cowherd, Revd William 343, 384, 422–3
Cowper, William: The Task 215, 216, 222–3, 344
Coxe, James 99
Crab, Roger 26–38, 29, 30, 74, 120, 153, 169, 367
The English Hermite 28, 61, 249
and Tryon 61, 64
Crèvecoeur, Saint-Jean de 314, 318, 588–9n
Letters from an American Farmer 318
Cromwell, Oliver 9, 15–16, 19, 22, 26, 35, 61, 337
Ctesias the Cnidian 524n
Cudworth, Ralph 112, 556n
Cullen, William 240–44, 255, 270, 333, 339, 355, 370, 580n
Culpeper, Nicholas 12
Curtis, Thomas 35
Curzon, Lord 277
custom or habit, power of overcomes natural repulsion to meat eating: xvii, 146, 150, 160, 177–8, 289, 364, 372, 376
, 385, 400, 422, 566n
Da Gama, Vasco 49, 232
Da Vinci, Leonardo 48
Daggett, Herman: The Rights of Animals 325
Daniel the prophet, as vegetarian 33, 43, 61, 114, 377
Darwin, Charles 138, 240, 414–16, 420, 432–3, 604n
Autobiography 416
The Descent of Man 416
The Origin of Species 416
Darwin, Erasmus 224–5, 270, 357–60, 368, 381, 386–8
agronomic views 404–5, 411
‘Loves of the Plants’ 358
Phytologia 404
Plan for the Conduct of Female Education 224
The Temple of Nature 358
Zoonomia 224–5, 404
Dawson, George 349
Dean, Richard 280
Deep Ecologists 465
Defoe, Daniel 63, 116
deism 47, 115, 117, 120, 123–7, 133, 278, 285, 290, 544n, 587n
Delacroix, Eugène 208
Della Valle, Pietro 40, 54, 84, 117, 145
democracy xx, xxv, 63, 127, 298, 301, 306, 308, 311, 315, 320, 325–7, 332, 337, 338, 342, 346, 364, 422
direct 307, 312, 351
Democritus 524n
De Quincey, Thomas 352–3
Descartes, René xxi–xxii, xxiii, 72, 100, 131–8, 140, 280, 299
beast-machine theory 72, 94, 131–4, 136, 141, 155, 171
Cartesians xxiii, 134–5, 155–6, 288
dietary habits 11, 108, 135–7, 143
Discourse on the Method 135, 136
Meditations 131
Deverell, Mary: Miscellanies 224
devils 50, 107, 127, 186, 279–80
vegetarians accused of being 17, 20, 22, 34, 152
see also blasphemy
Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of 332
Diderot, Denis 283
diet 4, 57, 145, 150, 163, 231
dietary didacticism 193, 203
renaissance of dietary medicine 145, 158, 173–5, 229–30
see also accommodation
medicine
milk
vegetable diet
Digby, Sir Kenelm 135
Diggers 23, 24, 31, 38, 61, 337, 380
Diodorus Siculus 108
Diogenes the Cynic 41, 30, 43, 144, 325
Diogenes Laertius 56, 229
see also Epicurean
Disraeli, Benjamin: Vaurien 323
Doddridge, Philip 296, 357
domestic animals 199, 218, 320
farm, see agriculture
Doniger, Wendy 282
Donne, John 153
Dow, Alexander 286
Drake, Sir Francis 232
Drew, John 391
Druids 84, 86
Dryden, John 216, 301
Dubois, Abbé Jean-Antoine 267–9
Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies 267
Duperron, Anquetil 286
Dupleix, Joseph François 271, 272
East India Company xxiv, 260, 273, 275–6, 341, 347–8, 350
Eating of Blood Vindicated, The (Anon.) 107
Eaton, Daniel Isaac 341
Ebert, Klara 436
ecology 420, 430–4, 444–6
as counter-vegetarian ideology 201, 219–25, 244, 332–3
358–60, 362, 364–8, 381, 408, 412–17
Buffon’s theories 201, 359–60, 362–3, 381, 407–8
mutual aid and sympathy in 420, 430–4
Erasmus Darwin on 358–9, 381
evolutionary theory emerged from 415–17
Facism and 365, 413, 434–5
Malthus and 412–17
Shelley and 381, 383, 389, 391, 396–7
see also animals
biodiversity
environmentalism
Hobbes, war in nature
Eden, see Paradise
Adam and Eve
Edinburgh Review 310, 367
Edinburgh University 236, 239–40, 242–3, 248, 322
Edwards, John xviii, 106
Edwards, Thomas 26
Gangraena 25
effeminacy 57, 212, 269
egalitarianism 16, 23, 25, 324, 344, 386, 417
and animal rights xxv, 361, 370
interspecific 122
in revolutionary France 303–4, 312, 314, 335, 338
eggs 48, 98, 135, 154, 176, 193, 203, 207, 210, 215, 259–61, 290, 335, 344, 365, 368, 437
see also milk
vegan
Egypt 41, 42, 51–2, 108–9, 110, 229–30, 552n
Elagabalus, Emperor of Rome 42
Elizabeth I, Queen 52, 153
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 324, 419–20, 421, 422, 427–8
empiricism: evidence for vegetarianism 7, 140, 146, 149, 170, 228
Encratites 43
Encyclopédistes 199, 314
Enlightenment xxi, xxiv, 36, 115, 146, 148, 180, 237, 242, 289
environmentalism xxv, 72–3, 86, 210, 360, 380, 445
Epicurus 118, 140–41, 144
Epicurean 56–7, 117, 140, 146, 350, 353, 355, 360, 577n, 600n
as synonym for gluttony and the reverse 121, 140–1, 144, 550n
see also reincarnation
epilepsy 165–6
Épinay, Madame d’ 202
equality, see egalitarianism
Erasmus, Desiderius 152
Erdman, David 298, 312
Erskine, Thomas Lord 344, 354
Essenes 5, 13, 36, 43, 120
ethics xx, xxi, xxiii, 126, 136, 137
see also moral philosophy
morality
eugenics 435–6, 436
European Magazine 296–7
Eusebius of Caesarea, Bishop 43, 109
Evelyn, John xx, 14, 79–88, 107, 147, 233, 402
Acetaria 80, 83
diary 79, 82, 83
Elysium Britannicum 79–80
Sylva 86
evolutionary theory 148–9, 240, 253, 255, 385, 415–16, 431–4
Faber, George 377, 394
Fabius, Emmanuel 103
Fairfax, Thomas 26, 27
Family of Love 11, 24–5, 36, 38, 124, 583n
famine and food shortages xxv, 301, 351, 400, 407–10, 413, 441–2
farm animals see agriculture
Fascism 365, 413, 434–44, 445
fasting 5–7, 8, 36, 43, 61, 74, 84, 122, 339
Lenten diet 152–5, 161, 303
Ferguson, Adam 243, 255
Fernandez, Gonçalo 259–61
Field, John 66, 77, 542–3n
Fifth Monarchy Men 83, 339
Finch, Ann 223
Fish xviii, 23, 33, 36, 73, 100, 119, 152–3, 155, 159, 188–9, 203, 212, 217, 224, 262, 264, 272, 301, 333, 369, 369–70, 393, 396–7, 401, 408, 420, 421, 442;
abstinence from 29, 33, 49, 61, 71, 152–3, 159, 176, 186, 205, 244, 249, 250, 261, 262, 340
fishing 78, 188–9, 205, 244, 249, 250
Fitch, Ralph 53
flatulence 20, 80, 241, 303, 345–6, 346, 375, 437
Flaubert, Gustave 209
Flaxman, John 324
Fludd, Robert 84
food production xxv, 211, 301, 399–411, 442
see also agriculture
meat industry
food-security 251, 402, 446
food taboos 33–4, 51–2, 70, 79, 106, 119, 139, 266, 267
see also blood eating
Forster, Georg 388
Forster, Thomas 374, 375, 391
Foster, George 19, 38, 388
Fox, Charles James 343
Fox, George 35
Francisco, Father Pero 261
Franck, Richard: Northern Memoirs 78–9
Franklin, Benjamin 64, 243–4, 332, 334, 342, 421
Autobiography 314
Brissot and 314, 320
essay on flatulence 303
Fransham, John 323
Fraser, William 287
Fraser’s Magazine 323
Freemasonry 229–30
Freind, John 227
Freissinet La
Guépie, Comtesse de 318–19
French Revolution xxv, 194, 197, 208, 335, 344, 347, 350
British counter-revolutionaries 304–5
Oswald and 297–9, 303–11
Valady and 313, 315–16, 320, 325–30
see also sans-culottes
Fricke, Admiral 440
Fryer, John 269
Fuller, Francis 173
Furly, Benjamin 68
Galen 158, 174
Gandhi, Mahatma xxvi, 423–30, 429, 434, 439–40, 441, 444
Autobiography 428, 430
and Shelley’s poetry 380, 398
Garden, George 165
gardening 79–83, 87
Garment, Joshuah 20–21, 33
Gassendi, Pierre xxi–xxii, 56, 133, 140–46, 149, 205–6, 342, 376, 438
Syntagma Philosophicum 141
Gaudenzio, Paganino 68
Gay, John 164
Gentleman’s Magazine 218, 250, 283, 285
George III, King 163, 273, 308–9, 331, 344–5
Gérard, Michel 303–4
Germany 213, 434–41
Ghur, Muhammad bin 264
Gibbes, Phebe: Hartly House 297 Gildon, Charles 125, 127, 133
Golden Spy 127
The Post – boy rob’d of his Mail 116, 127
gilgul 90–93, 95–6
see also reincarnation
Gillray, James 301, 302, 304, 344–5
Glanvill, Joseph 93–4, 281
Lux Orientalis 93–4
Gleïzes, Antoine 286
Glorious Revolution 63, 127
gluttony 9, 36, 79, 126, 163
Gmelin, Johann 387
Godboult, Thomas 34
Godwin, William 341, 362, 371, 380, 385, 386, 434
and Malthus 407–12
Goebbels, Joseph 435, 439, 440, 443
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 213
The Sorrows of Young Werther 213
Golden Age 10–11, 10, 43, 67, 85, 142, 195, 224, 318, 323, 378
future 84, 179, 377, 392
in Hinduism 278
see also Paradise
Goldsmith, Oliver 168
Citizen of the World 225
The Deserted Village’ 404
A History of the Earth and Animated Nature 359
The Vicar of Wakefield 171
Gompertz, Lewis 375
Gordon, Lord George 339, 340, 341, 342
Göring, Hermann 439, 441
Gould, Stephen Jay 433
gout 144, 172, 192, 230, 237
Graham, Elizabeth 245
Graham, James 192, 332–6, 339, 340, 342, 355, 367, 387
Graham, Maria 246
Graham, Sylvester 99, 418, 423
Graham, William 334
Graves, Richard: The Spiritual Quixote 219, 381
Greaves, James Pierrepont 422
Greeks xviii, 10, 40–43, 46, 88, 110, 278, 291, 376
Gregory XV, Pope 262
Gregory, Dr James 244–5, 247, 370
Greisel, Johann Georg 230
Grenville, Lord George 178
Grotius, Hugo 82
The Bloodless Revolution Page 67