31 Harrison, M. (1996), pp.73–8; Harrison, M. (1999), Preface, pp.11, 47–9, 81–2, 86 and passim; Harrison, M. (1994), pp.36–40 and passim; Collingham (2001), pp.25–8; Glacken (1990), pp.565–610.
32 Armstrong (1992), pp.32–3; Juvenal, Satire 14, ll.98–9; Darwin, E. (1803), IV.419–28.
33 Johnson (1813), pp.433–7; cf. pp.444–5; Johnson (1837), pp.10–11; Harrison, M. (1999), pp.81–2, 85; Collingham (2001), pp.26–8; Stuart, T. (2003), pp.5–6; Cullen Mss, #18, V.77–81. Cullen also acknowledged that a sparse diet could make people more susceptible to contagions (V.81–2). The idea relates to the standard notion of the vegetable being insufficient to maintain strength, which Sydenham and others grappled with a hundred years earlier (see ch.13 above). cf. also Adair (1787b), pp.268–9; Johnson (1827), pp.136, 138–9.
34 Teltscher (1995), p.96; Lach (1971), I.439–40; Tavernier (1995), I.195–6+n., 203; Linschoten (1988), I.252–5; Sinha (1993), pp.28–9.
35 Pillai (1907–28), XI.79.
36 Pillai (1907–28), IV.52, 144–152+n.; cp. V.334–5, 416.
37 Pillai (1907–28), IX.93, 325, XI.20–3, 90, 250, 255.
38 Pillai (1907–28), VI.179; IX.252–3, 258–9; X.166, 340; XI.311–12, 334.
39 Pillai (1907–28), VIII.401, IX.xii–xiii, xxii.
40 Not unusually, Ananda Ranga endorsed animal sacrifice, Pillai (1907–28), X.285.
41 Pillai (1907–28), III.388, X.56; cf. XII.16.
42 Pillai (1907–28), III.325–6, 388; IV.100, 164, 290, 373–5; V.412, 440, 449; VII.286; VIII.238, 332, 340, 344, 369; IX.286; XII.84, 127.
43 Pillai (1907–28), XI.372–4.
44 Pillai (1907–28), VI.267, IX.150–1, XI.162–3.
45 Pillai (1907–28), VI.264–5; cf. IX.189, 399–400. This practice continued into the twentieth century, see Collingham (2001), pp.55–6, 188.
46 Pillai (1907–28), VIII.296–7; I have changed the translations ‘animal food’ to ‘animal fodder’ to avoid the misleading sense of ‘animal food’ as ‘meat’.
47 Pillai (1907–28), VII.354, he comments about Frenchmen getting drunk; and X.374 criticises Europe bringing their own fierce warfare to India.
48 Pillai (1907–28), II.70–2; cp. Pillai (1907–28), V.346, VII.267, XII.163.
49 Pillai (1907–28), V.300–10, IX.6–12; cf. III.247–9, V.334–5.
50 Burke (1958–78), IV.344, 356–7, 361–2, 367–8, 371–2 + nn. cf. IV.411–12, V.200; Burke (1981), pp.13–14, 392–400.
51 Burke (1958–78), I.45–7.
CHAPTER 20
1 For Records of Holwell’s private trading, cf. Sinha (1957), e.g. pp.193–5, 303.
2 For a sample of Holwell’s heroic reputation, cf. Croft (1780), p.30; Greville (1793), II.436–7; Townsend (1781), p.47; Parker (1782), ch.7; Grose (1766), II.452–61; Belsham (1798), I.455.
3 Marshall (2000), pp.319–20.
4 Holwell (1766–7), Pt I.
5 Sinha (1957), pp.xliv, 20–1, 33–4. For Holwell’s rhetorical use of Mughal tyranny, see e.g. Holwell (1779), I.21, II.13.
6 Holwell’s monument was moved to an inconspicuous site in the grounds of St John’s Church. On Holwell, the sack of Calcutta, the incident of the Black Hole, and subsequent controversies see e.g. CR (1767), vol.23, pp.155–7; Hill, ed. (1905), e.g. I.xxiii, xliv, 50–1, III.413–14; Sinha (1957), pp.38–9, 82, 83, 193–5, 203; Busteed (1908), pp.47–52; GM (February 1767), Vol.XXXVII, pp.79, 84; and the following manuscripts in OIOC: Mss Eur/ Orme IV.17, pp.1003–26; IV.18, pp.1027–33; Mss Eur/Orme XII.1 (7), e.g. p.3077; Mss Eur/Orme J.6, p.67; Mss Eur/Orme J.14, pp.97–102; Mss Eur/Orme OV 19.16, pp.167–8; Mss Eur/Orme OV 21.2–5 (espec. 21.2 (1), pp.5–8; 21.2 (2), pp.9–12; 21.2 (4), p.17; 21.2 (5), pp.21–37; 21.3, pp.41–56; 21.4, pp.57–9); Mss Eur/Orme OV 28.1 (3), pp.45–56; Mss Eur/Orme OV 222.12, p.11; Mss Eur/Orme OV 222.13, p.12; Mss Eur/Orme OV 222. 93, p.68; Mss Eur/Orme OV 293.22, pp.87–90; Mss Eur/Orme OV 293.26, pp.101–5; Sutton Court Collection, Mss Eur F 128, p.135; Clive collection, Mss Eur G 37; Mss Eur B165; Mss Minutes of House of Commons 27 Mar–13 Apr 1766–7; Mss Eur D804; Mss Eur D 1018; Keay (1993), pp.299–313; Spurr (1996); Teltscher (1995), p.120; Teltscher (1996). For the British use of ‘Mughal despotism’ to justify their own colonial conquest, see e.g. Mss Eur/Orme VI.11, p.1493, where it is anticipated that ‘the whole Gentoo race … would rejoice to submit to any other masters, & especially to the English’; Mss Eur/Orme IV.19, pp.1034–50, p.1034; Camões (1776), p.ix; Teltscher (1995), pp.229–59.
7 Priestley (1799), pp.2, 10, 30, 34–5, 56–7, 121, 150, 174, 187–8, 192, 211, 279; cf. Priestley (1782), I.304–7; cf. e.g. [Halhed] (1776), pp.15–17; [Wilkins, Charles, tr.] (1787), pp.lxiii–xci; Moore (1790), I.11–12.
8 On karmic rebirth in Hinduism, and its similarity to Pythagorean ‘ethicized’ metempsychosis, see ch. 4, note 7 above.
9 Holwell (1779), I.131, 143–4.
10 Holwell (1779), I.4–5; for Holwell on the four ages, see also II.158, 169, 173–5, 179–80. The universality of the story of the golden age also inspired John Oswald (1791), pp.65–8+nn.; cf. Ramsay (1727), II.i.6–9, 136–7; II.ii.127–31; Ramsay (1748), II.283. On the possible exchange between Iran, India and Greece between the eighth and third centuries BC of the myth of the four ages which decline in virtue, see O’Flaherty (1976), p.18.
11 Holwell (1779), II.109; cp. Holwell’s later criticism of nations’ vying for greater antiquity in Holwell (1786), p.62.
12 In the equation of Birmah and Christ, Holwell was simultaneously adapting and contesting Baldaeus’ suggestion that the Hindu belief that ‘Brama’ was the son of God in human form had derived ‘from what they have heard (tho’ perhaps confusedly) of Jesus Christ’. Holwell simply pointed out that the Hindu myth was antecedent to Christianity and therefore the debt was likely to be the other way round (Mss Eur/Orme VI.11, pp.1424–99, Holwell, ‘[Account the Shastah] Druga, or the religious principles of the Gentoos’ (1750), p.1431). Also revising Baldaeus, Holwell disaggregated the Hindu God Bramah into three entities – Brum the divine spirit, Birmah the personal god figurative of creation, and Bramah the prophet (which he sometimes considered an incarnation or avatar of Birmah) (Holwell (1970), p.90; Holwell (1779), I.5, 12; II.71–2, 76, 90, 110; cf. [Mickle] (1787), p.166).
13 Holwell (1970), pp.72–4. John Marshall referred to demons and gods as the good and evil ‘dewta’ in Marshall, J. (1702), (no. 268), pp.731, 733; cf. Manucci (1965), III.28.
14 Holwell’s source may have been Ramsay (1727), II.ii.2–5; cf. ch. 7, 13 and 16 above.
15 Holwell (1970), pp.85–6.
16 Holwell (1779), II.160–2. For Holwell’s eschatology and place in the history of Orientalism, see Holwell (1970), pp.46, 62–3, 72–90; Holwell (1779), ‘Preface’, I.5, 12–15, 22, 151–2; II.1–227; Marshall (1970), pp.5–6, 26–7; Murray, ed. (1998), p.98–9; Trautmann (1997); Schwab (1984), pp.7, 29–30, 33, 77, 149–53.
17 Asiatic Annual Register (1800), pp.25–31; Holwell (1971); cf. Aitken (1782), p.365; Tissot (1774), I.135; Aberdour (1791), pp.54, 80–1; Saint-Pierre (1826), III.169; Society in Edinburgh (1787), VIII.231–2.
18 Holwell (1779), II.97–8, 119–20; see ch. 17 note 7 above.
19 Edward Said, ‘Foreword’ in Schwab (1984), pp.xi–xii.
20 Holwell (1779), II.97–9, 104, 143; [Mickle] (1787), p.165.
21 Holwell cites Ilive in Holwell (1779), II.39, 99, 143; Colin Haydon, ‘Sherlock, Thomas (1677–1761)’, ODNB; Ilive (1736), pp.1, 7–8, 15–32, 60–2; Revelation 12:4–9; 2 Peter 2:4 (not 2:14 as Ilive says). Holwell, giving a harsher sentence, said that those who had not repented before the end of the world would be plunged into the fiery Onderah forever (Holwell (1779), II.200–1).
22 Berrow (1772), § i and iii; Berrow (1762), p.75n.; cf. Cheyne (1740), pp.26, 31, 86–7. For St Augustine’s analogous doctrine that animal suffering could have no purpose, see Passmore (1975), p.205; James A. Herrick, ‘Ilive, Jacob (bap. 1705, d. 1763)’, ODNB; A.B. Grosart, ‘Berrow
, Capel (1715–1782)’, rev. S.J. Skedd, ODNB. Berrow believed that all souls would be saved after passing through a purgatorial fire: Berrow (1772), II.11, 15, 19–20. Holwell cites and quotes from Berrow (1779), II.37–8, 124–5, 131, 133–5.
23 Ramsay (1727), II.ii.98–127. On Ramsay’s blend of deism and mysticism, especially his association with Cheyne’s Quietist guru, Mme Guyon, and even the similarity of his hybrid theology to the Turkish Spy, cf. Betts (1984), pp.107–8, 235–7.
24 Ramsay (1727), I.71, 85, 89–90; II.ii.2–5, 10–12, 42, 98–102, 110, 121–42. Ramsay repeated this work and elaborated on his own beliefs in a later work which Holwell may also have seen: Ramsay (1748), II.217–19, 225, 234–7, 242, 244–7, 252–3, 274–83, 304, 311–14, 323–7, 354–6, [463–4].
25 Ramsay (1727), II.ii.125–6.
26 Bougeant (1740), title page, pp.1–26 and passim; cf. Rosenfield (1968), pp.22, 136–41; Serjeantson (2001), pp.439–42; Voltaire (1765a), ‘Brachmanes’; Passmore (1975), pp.204–5; Hildrop (1742–3), I.14–15, 52; II.7–15, 38, 40, 42–3, 47–9, 72–3, 77. cf. O[verton] (1643), pp.49–51; [Hildrop] (1722), pp.28, 30–1, 41–2, 44, 70; Hildrop (1752), pp.5–6, 26–33. Hildrop studiously avoids the thorny issue that the end of husbandry is the abattoir. When he lists the uses of domestic animals, he mentions labour, woollen clothes, and milk; he does not mention the use of their flesh. cf. Guidi (1782), pp.7, 106; Thomas, K. (1983), p.140; Turner (1980), p.8.
27 Holwell (1971), pp.155–6; O’Flaherty, ed. (1980), pp.29, 223–5. O’Flaherty (1976), pp.57, 65–70, 78, 230, 258; Festugière (1936), pp.593–4; Walli (1974), p.75.
28 Marshall, ed. (1970), pp.6–7, 26–7.
29 GM (September 1765), vol.XXXV, pp.413–17, GM (November-December & Supplement 1766), Vol.XXXVI, pp.542–3, 566–9, 608–10.
30 Raynal (1783), I.52, 83, 86–90; Teltscher (1995), p.162.
31 Sinner (1771); Kurth-Voigt (1999), pp.53–6; Schwab (1984), pp.149–52.
32 Camões (1776), pp.291–300n.; [Mickle] (1787), p.169; Mss Eur/ Orme OV 8.14, pp.67–103, Mémoires de l’origine et etablissement de Siks (before 1772), p.83.n.9; cf. ch. 4 note 59 above and ch. 25 below; Cheyne (1724), p.91.
33 CR Vol.20 (1765), pp.145–8; CR Vol.22 (1766), pp.340–2; CR Vol.23 (1767), pp.155–7; CR Vol.26 (1768), pp.81–90, 182ff., 241ff.; cf. Holwell (1779), II.75; Schwab (1984), p.149.
34 GM (1798), vol.LXVIII, pt.ii, pp.998–9; cf. Asiatic Annual Register (1800), pp.25–31.
35 H.G.K., ‘J.Z. Holwell’, DNB (1891); D.L. Prior, ‘J.Z. Holwell’, ODNB.
36 Monthly Review (Dec 1771), XLV.428; cit. John Drew (1998), p.80n.
37 [Holwell] (1786), pp.20–3, 34, 49–51 and passim; see the similar forces described by Plotinus, Agrippa, Henry More, Glanvill, Tryon, Conway, Cheyne and Marsay et al. chs 5, 7, 13 above; [Holwell] (1776), passim; Marshall (1970), p.6; Holwell (1779), II.16, 72–4.
38 [Holwell] (1776), pp.32–3.
39 Mickle (1787), pp.165–9; Montluzin (n.d.); Camões (1776), p.295n.
40 Marshall, ed. (1970), pp.7, 23; Alexander Dow, ‘A Dissertation concerning the Customs, Manners, Language, Religion and Philosophy of the Hindoos’, in Marshall, ed. (1970), pp.107–27; Dow (1768–72); Sinner (1771); Kurth-Voigt (1999), pp.53–6; Schwab (1984), p.149.
41 Schwab (1984), pp.29–30, 156–7; Subrahmanyam (2000).
42 Schwab (1984), pp.xxiii, 4, 7, 24, 136–45, 158–61; Mitter (1977), pp.106–7; Schwab (1934), e.g. p.51; Williams, Howard (1883), pp.208–10; Targhi (1996).
43 Collingham (2001), pp.26–8, 32–41; Fisch (1985), pp.35–7; Liz Woods, ‘Stuart, Charles (1757/8–1828)’, ODNB; Archer and Falk (1989), p.46.
44 Voltaire (1937), p.24; Montesquieu (1914), Bk XXIV, ch.21; Bernier (1988), p.310; cp. Voltaire (1756), I.38–42; Voltaire (1765b), pp.101–2; Holwell (1779), II.84; Voltaire (1779–81), III.190–3; Williams, Howard (1883), pp.149–50.
45 Voltaire (1980–), XXXV.411–15; Voltaire (1775), pp.10–13; Voltaire (1768), p.38; cf. [Tyssot de Patot] (1743), pp.28–9; Tyssot de Patot (1997), ch. 2, I.43; McKee (1941), pp.80–4.
46 Voltaire (1937), pp.43–4; Voltaire (1779–81), III.190–3; Voltaire (1779–80), I.35, 42; Voltaire (1988), Letters 1–4, 17; Voltaire (1769); Voltaire (1777), n.26.
47 Voltaire (1765a), ‘Brachmanes, Brames’ cf. ‘Ézourveidam’, ‘Métamorphose, Métempsycose’; Voltaire (1937), pp.2–3, 19–20, 24, 43–4+n.; Williams, Howard (1883), pp.149–54; cf. Aronson (1946), pp.16–28; Kopf (1964), p.46; Schwab (1984), pp.149–53; Poliakov (1974), ch. 9; Murray, ed. (1998), p.99.
48 Voltaire (1768), pp.38–42 (I have inserted the word ‘acrid’ as a correction from the French).
49 [Voltaire] (1770), p.84; cf. pp.12–13; Ecclesiastes 3:18–19.
50 Jones, W. (1970), I.251–2, II.430–1.
51 Jones, W. (1970), II.742, 756–8, cf. II.780; Jones, W. (1807), III.37; Teltscher (1995), pp.195–227; Schwab (1984), pp.158–61.
52 Manu (1794), pp.xviii, 129; Teltscher (1995), p.198.
53 Jones, W. (1970), II.764–6; Cannon (1990), pp.99, 281; cf. Price (1787), p.217; cf. pp.12, 22–3, 77.
54 Jones, W. (1970), II.750–3; Jones, W. (1799), I.153–4; Williams, Howard (1883), p.240; Keay (1988), p.34.
55 Jones, W. (1970), II.783; cf. II.743, 756, 793, 812–13.
56 Manu (1794), p.129.
57 Jones, W. (1970), Letter 147, to Viscount Althorp, Temple, 30 Nov [1777]; I.251–2, II.632–3, 637, 657, 687, 719, 772, 783. Jones’ wife Anna also suffered ill health and followed a temperate diet which included fish and chicken broth (II.710, 726, 730).
58 Leask (1992); Kate Teltscher argued that William Jones, despite his dabbling in native customs and religion, never lost his original cultural identity. He did not lose his identity, but Indian customs did alter that identity: Teltscher (1995), p.201.
CHAPTER 21
1 Oswald, ed. (1788), No.1, 12 May 1787, p.31.
2 Erdman (1986), pp.13–20, 50, 119; for a discussion of the uncertain role of the British massacres in Oswald’s resignation, cf. pp.24–31. Oswald ([1792]), p.46; Oswald, ed. (1788), No.2, May 1787, p.52. For later developments along these lines in India, cf. Roy (1997), II.1110; Kopf (1964), pp.10–16; Leask (1992), p.119.
3 Erdman (1986), p.7.
4 Haslewood (1795), II.222–5n.; cit. Ritson (1802), pp.198–200; Erdman (1986), pp.90–1.
5 Doddridge (1794), I.208n.
6 EM, XVII.198–9, cf. p.172, XI.169; Erdman (1986), pp.12, 36; Archenholtz (1787–91), VII.303ff.
7 Erdman (1986), p.7.
8 EM, XV.18–19; EM, XVII.116, 118, 162–5; EM, XIX.9–13, 169ff., 249–52, 329–33.
9 Erdman (1986), pp.118–19.
10 Haslewood (1795), II.222–5n.
11 Erdman (1986), pp.3, 8–9.
12 Wordsworth (1986), pp.3, 7, 21, 33, 100, 288–9; Oerlemans (1994).
13 Oswald (1791), pp.4–5+n., (pp.83–90); 52–8+nn.; Oswald ([1792]), pp.39–40; Erdman (1986), p.100.
14 Oswald (1791), Advertisement, p.ii; cf. Bentham (1789); ch. 24, p.360 below.
15 Oswald (1791), pp.1–10+n., (pp.90–2), 61–3+n., (pp.124–5) cf. pp.78–81. Oswald spent years writing his own ‘Account of the Manners, Customs, History, Religion, Philosophy, &c. of Hindostan’, which never reached the press and is now lost (Erdman (1986), pp.22–3, 32, 34). He had read and quoted from Alexander Dow, William Jones, the Abbé Raynal’s adaptation of Holwell’s Hinduism and various travel narratives; Raynal (1783), I.52, 83, 86–90.
16 Oswald (1791), p.28; cf. pp.3–10+nn., 66–73+nn.; Oswald ([1792]), p.8; Erdman (1986), pp.22–3; Passmore (1975).
17 Oswald, ed. (1788), No.1, 12 May 1787, p.6; No.2, May 1787, pp.37, 42. Compare his use of the common idea that hunting makes men ferocious, and agriculture makes them peaceful (Oswald (1791), pp.16–17).
18 Oswald (1791), pp.12–38+nn. (pp.92–113); Cheyne (1724), p.91.
19 Oswald (1791), pp.10–12, 18–19, 26, 41–3, 48–52; cf. Andrew Marvell, �
��Nymph Complaining for the Death of her Faun’; Plutarch (1995), pp.551–3 (994F–995B).
20 Oswald ([1792]), pp.7, 11–12, 15, 16, 26, 31, 33, 41–2 (quote from p.49); Oswald (1791), pp.15–16, 33; cf. Schama (1989), p.27; cf. Darwin, E. (1794–6), II.669–71.
21 Schama (1989), pp.77, 82, 197, 260, 558.
22 Schama (1989), pp.43–4, 171, 258, 339; Erdman (1986), p.77; Ritson (1802), pp.70–7.
23 Franklin (1776–85), pp.6–7.
24 Spang (2000), pp.113, 133, 143; Erdman (1986), pp.77, 90–1; Schama (1989), pp.14, 339.
25 George and Stephens (1978), IV, § 4476, 4516, 4527, 4541, 4477, 4527, 4619, 4531; V, § 5028, 5611–12, 5081; VI, § 6508.
26 Smollett (1978), pp.130–1; George and Stephens (1978), VI, § 8145; cf. VII, § 8284, 8288–90, 8293, 8609; Morton (2000), p.113ff.
27 Oswald ([1792]), pp.41–2; Oswald (1791), pp.70–3+nn. (pp.132, 145–7); Porphyry (2000), Bk. II. paras 29–30; pp.66–7; cf. Spy, IV.16–17; Oswald, ed. (1788), No.2, May 1787, p.49.
28 [Oswald] (1789), pp.84, 92–3, 97ff., 101–3.
29 [Oswald] (1789), p.86.
30 cp. Erdman (1986), pp.56–60, 98–9; Morton (1994), pp.25–6.
31 Erdman (1986), pp.1–4, 9–10, 34–55, 73, 83, 88, 96–7, 118–19, 151.
32 Erdman (1986), pp.7, 91–4, 98, 113; Oswald ([1792]); Oswald (1793).
33 Erdman (1986), pp.73–6, 116–17, 124; Billington (1980), p.50.
34 Erdman (1986), pp.204–9.
35 Erdman (1986), pp.3–4, 120, 161, 187–265.
36 Erdman (1986), pp.90–1, 246.
37 Erdman (1986), pp.8–9.
38 Brougham (1803), II.134.
39 Erdman (1986), pp.8–11, 90–1, 171–80, 267–89; Conway (1892), II.97.
40 Erdman (1986), Preface, p.vii; Billington (1980).
CHAPTER 22
1 Patris (1930), p.145; Breck (2002), pp.61–2, 82–4, 220–2; Anon. (1797a), pp.150–4.
2 Breck (2002), p.220.
The Bloodless Revolution Page 83