by John Guy
27 Lambeth, Fairhurst MS 4267, fo. 19.
28 J. Harington, A Tract on the Succession to the Crown, ed. C. R. Markham (London, 1880), p. 41; Adams, ODNB, s.v. ‘Dorothy Stafford’.
29 Ellis, 2nd Series, III, p. 117.
30 Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth (Edinburgh, 1808), p. 116; Taviner, ‘Robert Beale’, p. 221.
31 Taviner, ‘Robert Beale’, p. 222.
32 CP 164/10; CP 164/15; Taviner, ‘Robert Beale’, pp. 224–5.
33 BL, Additional MS 48027, fo. 637v.
34 BL, Additional MS 48116, fos. 151–2; Taviner, ‘Robert Beale’, p. 227.
35 CSPSM, 1586–8, pp. 346–55; Taviner, ‘Robert Beale’, pp. 229–36.
36 SP 53/21, no. 27; CSPSM, 1586–8, pp. 343–4; Taviner, ‘Robert Beale’, pp. 228–9; Burghley continued to cast the blame on Davison in a second examination: BL, Additional MS 48027, fo. 702.
37 R. B. Wernham, ‘The Disgrace of William Davison’, EHR, 46 (1931), pp. 632–6.
38 Murdin, p. 786; J. Summerson, ‘The Building of Theobalds, 1564–1585’, Archaeologia, 97 (1959), pp. 107–26.
39 SP 12/202, no. 1; C. Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth (London, 1965), pp. 377–9; S. Alford, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I (London, 2008), pp. 294–5, 297.
40 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula C.IX, fo. 212; ECW, pp. 296–7.
41 Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 12–13.
42 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula C.IX, fo. 212.
Chapter 5: No Warrior Queen
1 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1580–86, no. 442; CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, nos. 15, 60, 157.
2 HMC, Hatfield MSS, III, p. 70.
3 Foedera, XV, pp. 803–7.
4 EAC, pp. 57–67; J. Guy, ‘My Heart is My Own’: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 2004), pp. 472–6.
5 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, nos. 17, 65, 115, 117. See also M. J. Rodríguez-Salgado, ‘The Anglo-Spanish War: The Final Episode in the Wars of the Roses?’, in England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604, ed. M. J. Rodríguez-Salgado and S. Adams (Edinburgh, 1991), pp. 1–32.
6 The documents are printed, but the identification of ‘Julio’ and his aliases, along with the scale of his espionage, was overlooked until 1996. See CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, pp. 118, 124, 133–4, 139–40, 142–3, 147, 148–9, 159–60, 173, 176, 178–9, 183, 189, 192, 194, 196–8, 209, 213–14, 223, 228–9, 230, 255–8, 261, 272, 278, 297, 303, 305, 314, 319–20, 352, 356, 369. For his aliases as ‘the new confidant’ or ‘the new informant’, see CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, nos. 26, 47, 50, 62, 64–5, 85–7, 100, 420, 430. For his alias as ‘the new friend’, see CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, nos. 71, 82, 90, 98, 109, 111, 121, 124, 260. His role and multiple identities were clinched by M. Leimon and G. Parker, ‘Treason and Plot in Elizabethan Diplomacy: The “Fame of Sir Edward Stafford” Reconsidered’, EHR, 111 (1996), pp. 1134–58.
7 The delay may be accounted for in part by the fact that these secret dispatches were among a large number of Spanish diplomatic documents carted off from the archives in Simancas to Paris in 1810 on Napoleon’s orders during the Peninsular War. The greater part was returned in 1816, but a substantial section retained until 1941, when it was returned on Adolf Hitler’s orders as part of his efforts to persuade General Franco to enter the Second World War on the side of the Axis Powers.
8 SP 78/17, no. 57.
9 SP 12/200, nos. 1, 2, 17.
10 SP 12/200, no. 17.
11 AGR, T 109/587/2 (a large unfoliated bundle of documents).
12 G. Parry, The Arch-Conjurer of England: John Dee (London, 2011), pp. 31–3, 48–50, 107–13.
13 AGR, T 109/587/2. For the iconography of Elizabeth as a peace-maker, see H. Hackett, ‘A New Image of Elizabeth I: The Three Goddesses Theme’, HLQ, 77 (2014), pp. 225–56.
14 SP 12/201, no. 15; SP 12/203, nos. 34, 37; CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 173.
15 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 132.
16 SP 77/1, nos. 118, 126a (fos. 261–4); CSPF, 1586–7, pp. 388–90, 396–9, 435–7; CSPF, 1586–8, pp. 323, 335–7, 369–70.
17 S. Adams, ‘Elizabeth I’s Former Tutor Reports on the Parliament of 1559’, EHR, 128 (2013), p. 37.
18 CSPF, 1586–8, pp. 385, 411; CSPF, 1586–7, pp. 388–90, 396–99, 435–7; CSPF, 1587, pp. 358–61, 375–6, 398, 466–7, 472–82; Camden, p. 407.
19 SP 77/1, fo. 354v.
20 SP 84/19, fo. 34.
21 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 198.
22 E 351/542 (entries from Mich. 1587–8). The play, based on the ancient myth of Endymion and Diana, or Cynthia, the moon goddess of chastity, was printed in 1591; J. H. Astington, English Court Theatre, 1558–1642 (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 196–7, 233.
23 CSPF, 1588, pp. 49–50.
24 SP 77/4, fos. 89–96; BL, Cotton MS, Vespasian C.VIII, fos. 18–21, 117–32; CSPF, 1588, pp. 25, 40, 43–6, 59, 98–9, 103–4, 128–131, 134, 144, 145–7, 173–4, 178–9, 190–91, 192–5, 206–7, 211–12, 220–21, 222–4, 229–30, 239–44, 239–46, 256–60, 261–4, 266–7, 324, 371, 376, 386–7, 403, 418–19, 423–4, 471–4, 485–8; Camden, pp. 407–10.
25 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 283; Leimon and Parker, ‘Treason and Plot’, pp. 1149–50.
26 AGR, T 109/587/2.
27 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 219; G. Parker and C. Martin, The Spanish Armada (London, 1992), pp. 114–32.
28 G. Parker, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Instructions to Admiral Howard, 20 December 1587’, Mariner’s Mirror, 94 (2008), pp. 202–8.
29 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1568–79, no. 564; S. Adams, ODNB, s.v. ‘Katherine Howard, née Carey, Countess of Nottingham’; K. Bundesen, ‘“No Other Faction but My Own”: Dynastic Politics and Elizabeth I’s Carey Cousins’, University of Nottingham Ph.D. (2008), p. 194.
30 Parker, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Instructions’, pp. 206–7.
31 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 322.
32 R. Mulcahy, Philip II, Patron of the Arts (Dublin, 2004), pp. 632–4.
33 Laughton, I, pp. 159, 167–9, 179–80; Parker and Martin, Spanish Armada, pp. 30–32.
34 BL, Harleian MS 6994, fo. 120, printed by Laughton, I, pp. 150–51; the movements of Elizabeth and the Court are from E 351/542 (entries for March and April 1588).
35 Laughton, I, p. 285.
36 SP 12/212, no. 79; SP 12/213, no. 9.
37 N. A. Younger, ‘War and the Counties: The Elizabethan Lord Lieutenancy, 1585–1603’, University of Birmingham Ph.D. (2006), pp. 92–113; H. M. Colvin, A History of the King’s Works, IV, Pt. 2 (London, 1982), pp. 410, 602–4.
38 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 375.
39 SP 12/212, no. 80.
40 Camden, pp. 410–12; G. Parker, A. Mitchell and L. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Defeat: The Testimony of Juan Martínez de Recalde and Don Alonso Martínez de Leyva on the Failure of the Spanish Armada in 1588’, Mariner’s Mirror, 90 (2004), p. 316; Armada, ed. M. J. Rodríguez-Salgado (London, 1988), pp. 233–8.
41 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 396. For the chains, see nos. 182, 423.
42 Camden, pp. 412–14; Parker, Mitchell and Bell, ‘Anatomy of Defeat’, p. 316; Armada, ed. Rodríguez-Salgado, pp. 238–40.
43 N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea, 660–1649 (London, 1997), pp. 268–9.
44 Camden, pp. 414–15; Armada, ed. Rodríguez-Salgado, pp. 240–41.
45 Camden, pp. 415–16; CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, nos. 451–2, 476, 478, 483; Parker, Mitchell and Bell, ‘Anatomy of Defeat’, pp. 316–17; Armada, ed. Rodríguez-Salgado, pp. 241–2, 263.
46 SP 12/213, no. 46; M. Christy, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Tilbury in 1588’, EHR, 34 (1919), pp. 43–61.
47 SP 12/214, no. 34; Christy, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Visit’, p. 47.
48 The source
s are fully described and discussed in Christy, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Visit’, pp. 43–61; S. Frye, ‘The Myth of Elizabeth at Tilbury’, SCJ, 23 (1992), pp. 95–114; J. M. Green, ‘I My Self: Elizabeth I’s Oration at Tilbury Camp’, SCJ, 28 (1997), pp. 421–45. Burghley’s account (printed pseudonymously) is The Copie of a Letter sent out of England to Don Bernardin Mendoza (London, 1588), pp. 21–3. The arrangements at Ardern Hall are from E 351/542 (entries for August 1588). Frye’s critique is undermined by her confusion between the Julian and Gregorian calendars. She gives 14 August as the date on which the interrogation of Don Pedro de Valdéz began, so claiming it post-dates the queen’s visit to the camp, whereas it is correctly 4 August (Old Style), four days before the queen set out for Tilbury. See SP 12/214, nos. 21–2; Nichols, II, pp. 535–7.
49 D. Edwards, ODNB, s.v. ‘Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond’.
50 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, nos. 430, 438, 457, 466.
51 J. E. Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 2 vols. (London, 1969), II, pp. 392–3, 427–31. There are especially good grounds for thinking that a fair copy of the queen’s script for her closing speech in the 1601 Parliament is BL, Cotton Titus C.VI, fos. 410–11. See also below, chapter 21, for a discussion of the process by which the queen’s 1601 speech to a parliamentary delegation on monopolies was composed.
52 For the variant versions of the speech, see the sources discussed in the papers by Christy, Frye and Green cited above. Sharpe’s handwritten copy is from BL, Harleian MS 6798, fos. 87–8v.
53 BL, Harleian MS, 6798, fo. 87.
54 BL, Harleian MS 6798, fo. 87v.
55 Isocrates, ed. G. Norlin, 3 vols. (London, 1928), I, pp. 52–3; ECW, pp. 41, 95; J. Guy, The Children of Henry VIII (Oxford, 2013), pp. 139, 155–6, 191.
56 ‘The Count of Feria’s Despatch to Philip II of 14 November 1558’, ed. M. J. Rodríguez-Salgado and S. Adams, Camden Society, 4th Series, 29 (1984), p. 331.
57 The Copie of a Letter, p. 22.
58 Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth (Edinburgh, 1808), p. 19.
59 SP 12/214, no. 50. The delivery is from BL, Harleian MS 6994, fo. 136, printed in Laughton, II, p. 69.
60 SP 12/214, no. 47.
Chapter 6: A Funeral and a Wedding
1 The queen’s movements can be worked out from E 351/542 (entries from Mich. 1587–8, 1588–9).
2 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 423.
3 SP 12/215, no. 65.
4 Folger MS, Additional 1006; Elizabeth I, ed. G. Ziegler (Washington DC, 2003), pp. 67–8.
5 SP 12/215, no. 65.
6 Wright, II, p. 393.
7 Household Accounts and Disbursement Books of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1558–61, 1584–86, ed. S. Adams, Camden Society, 5th Series, 6 (1995), pp. 448–59; A Brief Description of the Collegiate Church and Choir of St Mary in the Borough of Warwick (Warwick, 1763), pp. 61–4.
8 E 123/17, fo. 142.
9 C. L. Kingsford, ‘Essex House, Formerly Leicester House and Exeter Inn’, Archaeologia, 73 (1923), pp. 1–54.
10 P. E. J. Hammer, The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597 (Cambridge, 1999), p. 130.
11 Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, pp. 34–5; Adams, ODNB, s.v. ‘Lettice Knollys’.
12 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, nos. 432, 470.
13 CSPSM, 1586–8, no. 513.
14 E 351/542 (entries for 1588–9).
15 E 351/3223–5; E 351/542 (entries from Mich. 1588–9).
16 SP 12/218, no. 38; Stow, 1592 edn, pp. 1281–2; R. Strong, ‘Elizabethan Pageantry as Propaganda’, Courtauld Institute Ph.D. (1962), pp. 56–8.
17 Stow, 1592 edn, p. 1282; Camden, p. 418; Nichols, II, pp. 537–42; National Prayers: Special Worship since the Reformation, ed. N. Mears, A. Raffe, S. Taylor and P. Williamson, Church of England Record Society, 20 (2013), pp. 182–4.
18 Folger MS, L.a.39; Devereux, I, p. 186; HMC, Bath MSS, V, p. 216; P. E. J. Hammer, ‘“Absolute and Sovereign Mistress of Her Grace”? Queen Elizabeth I and Her Favourites, 1581–92’, in The World of the Favourite, ed. J. H. Elliott and L. W. B. Brockliss (London, 1999), p. 46.
19 Devereux, I, pp. 187–8.
20 Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, pp. 13–75.
21 Camden, p. 417; National Maritime Museum, Coins and Medals, A6, B8.
22 The prime versions of the portrait are at Woburn Abbey, the National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 541), and in the Tyrwhitt-Drake private collection. It is likely that, originally, the Tyrwhitt-Drake version was the master copy, but this can no longer be verified as it was heavily overpainted in the seventeenth century. See also J. Arnold, Queen Elizabeth’s Wardrobe Unlock’d (Leeds, 1988), pp. 33–6; R. Strong, The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture (London, 1969), pp. 16, 182.
23 For the queen’s true appearance, see the contemporary description in England as Seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James the First, ed. W. B. Rye (London, 1865), pp. 104–5. The shape of the nose in the engraving of the queen by Jan Rutlinger, c.1580–85, captures this description exactly.
24 SP 12/31, no. 25 (quotation from stamped fo. 46).
25 R. Strong, Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (London, 1963), pp. 7–8, 17–22.
26 N. Hilliard, ‘A Treatise Concerninge the Arte of Limning’, Walpole Society, I (1912), pp. 28–9.
27 SP 12/31, no. 25.
28 Camden, p. 418.
29 Laughton, I, pp. 284–5.
30 Laughton, II, pp. 96–7.
31 Laughton, II, p. 183.
32 Laughton, II, p. 138.
33 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, no. 562.
34 CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, nos. 553, 554, 566, 574, 597, 598, 607; G. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659 (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 180–94.
35 SP 12/228, nos. 9, 10, 17, 22, 23; SP 12/229, no. 21.
36 CSPSM, 1586–8, nos. 384, 460, 545, 553, 554, 558, 570, 589.
37 J. Guy, ‘My Heart is My Own’: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 2004), pp. 185–203.
38 CSPF, 1586–8, p. 369.
39 CSPSM, 1586–8, no. 602.
40 CSPSM, 1586–8, nos. 387, 407, 478, 568.
41 Only through an accord with Denmark could Scottish merchant ships pass freely through the narrow Øresund to and from the ports of the Baltic Sea, since the Danes claimed the right to levy a toll on every foreign ship that took this route, sending costs soaring.
42 CSPSM, 1586–8, nos. 384, 460, 584, 589.
43 CSPSM, 1586–8, no. 593.
44 J. D. Mackie, ‘The Secret Diplomacy of King James VI in Italy Prior to His Accession to the English Throne’, SHR, 21 (1924), pp. 267–82.
45 CSPSM, 1586–8, nos. 589, 593; CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 3.
46 CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 3.
47 SP 78/19, fos. 199–202v.
48 CSPSM, 1589–93, nos. 107, 115, 161, 163.
49 CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 160.
50 D. Stevenson, Scotland’s Last Royal Wedding: The Marriage of James VI and Anne of Denmark (Edinburgh, 1997), pp. 1–16, 24–33.
51 CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 162.
52 CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 183.
53 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula D.I, fo. 363; CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 181.
54 CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 19.
55 CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 187.
56 CSPSM, 1589–93, nos. 113, 114, 226.
57 CSPSM, 1589–93, no. 160.
58 LQEJ, pp. 55–6.
59 Stevenson, Scotland’s Last Royal Wedding, pp. 30–56.
60 D. Moysie, Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, 1577–1603, ed. J. Dennistoun, Bannatyne Club, 39 (1830), p. 81; CSPSM, 1589–93, nos. 261, 289–305.
61 LQEJ, pp. 57�
��9.
62 Stevenson, Scotland’s Last Royal Wedding, pp. 30–56.
63 SP 52/45, no. 27.
64 SP 52/45, no. 54.
65 SP 52/45, no. 70.
Chapter 7: On the Attack
1 P. E. J. Hammer, The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597 (Cambridge, 1999), p. 30.
2 Murdin, p. 588.
3 SP 12/219, no. 33; see also a garbled report in CSPSp, 2nd Series, 1587–1603, p. 504.
4 BL, Lansdowne MS 96, fo. 69; Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, p. 85.
5 P. E. J. Hammer, ‘“Absolute and Sovereign Mistress of Her Grace”? Queen Elizabeth I and Her Favourites, 1581–92’, in The World of the Favourite, ed. J. H. Elliott and L. W. B. Brockliss (London, 1999), p. 49.
6 Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, pp. 72, 77.
7 Murdin, pp. 634–5.
8 Laughton, II, p. 167; R. B. Wernham, After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe, 1588–1595 (Oxford, 1984), pp. 11–15.
9 SP 12/222, no. 89. See SP 12/224, no. 53 for a reprise of the final, consolidated aims of the expedition. Burghley’s role was central by 23 December 1588; SP 12/219, no. 37. Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 15–21, 92–9.
10 SP 12/219, nos. 37, 45.
11 SP 12/222, no. 89.
12 Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, pp. 82–3.
13 Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 101–2.
14 Devereux, I, pp. 204–5.
15 SP 12/224, no. 10.
16 SP 12/224, no. 6.
17 SP 12/223, no. 64.
18 Lodge, II, pp. 359–66; Camden, pp. 429–30; Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 108–10.
19 Lodge, II, pp. 379–82; Camden, pp. 431–3; Hakluyt, II, ii, pp. 134–43; Devereux, I, pp. 198–204; G. B. Harrison, The Life and Death of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex (London, 1937), pp. 36–44; Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 107–30.
20 Wernham, After the Armada, p. 114.
21 Murdin, p. 790.
22 Hakluyt, II, ii, p. 149.
23 H. Wotton, A Parallel between Robert, Late Earl of Essex, and George, Late Duke of Buckingham (London, 1641), pp. 2–3; Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, pp. 88–9.