by John Guy
29 BL, Lansdowne MS 68, fo. 97.
30 The request is from BL, Lansdowne MS 68, fo. 190.
31 SR, IV, ii, pp. 841–3; J. E. Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 2 vols. (London, 1969), II, pp. 280–97.
32 Stow, 1592 edn, pp. 1288–90; R. Bancroft, Daungerous positions and proceedings published and practised within this I[s]land of Brytaine, vnder pretence of Reformation, and for the Presbiteriall discipline (London, 1593), pp. 143–68; R. Cosin, Conspiracie, for pretended reformation viz. presbyteriall discipline (London, 1592), pp. 57–72; Collinson, Richard Bancroft, pp. 138–47; Collinson, Elizabethan Puritan Movement, pp. 424–5; A. Walsham, ‘“Frantik Hacket”: Prophecy, Sorcery, Insanity and the Elizabethan Puritan Movement’, HJ, 41 (1998), pp. 27–66.
33 For the earlier background to this ‘even-handedness’, see Lake, ‘A Tale of Two Episcopal Surveys’, pp. 136–42, 148–63. For Knollys’s incredulity that ‘puritans’ could be considered to be as dangerous as ‘papists’, see BL, Lansdowne MS 66, fo. 150.
34 The House of Commons, 1558–1603, ed. P. W. Hasler, 3 vols. (London, 1981), III, pp. 513–15.
35 House of Commons, ed. Hasler, III, pp. 513–14. The suggestion that Topcliffe had known Elizabeth since the time of his marriage strongly chimes with his confident assertion to Robert Cecil in 1601 that, by then, he had served her for forty-four years. See HMC, Hatfield MSS, XI, pp. 224.
36 Lodge, II, pp. 121–2.
37 SP 12/152, no. 54; SP 12/165, no. 21; SP 12/175, no. 88; SP 12/190, no. 15; SP 12/230, no. 57; SP 12/235. no. 8; APC, XIII, pp. 360, 382–3; APC, XIV, p. 241; APC, XV, p. 122; APC, XVI, pp. 235, 273; APC, XVII, p. 205; APC, XIX, pp. 278, 370; APC, XX, pp. 100, 175, 204; APC, XXII, pp. 39–40, 41–2, 92, 213, 548; APC, XXV, pp. 237, 254; APC, XXVIII, pp. 165, 187.
38 E 351/542 (entries from Mich. 1583–4).
39 HMC, Hatfield MSS, XIII, p. 309.
40 Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, ed. J. H. Pollen, Catholic Record Society, 5 (London, 1908), p. 210.
41 In 1595, the London merchant Francis Cordale was able to say of Waad, ‘Popham, the Chief Justice, is [away from London] in circuit, but Mr Waad in his absence keepeth the Papists in awe.’ See SP 12/271, no. 107.
42 The date is proved by the fact that the ‘Humble Supplication’ refers to the trials of the seminary priests Edmund Jennings, Eustace White and Polydore Plasden on 4 December 1591, but not to their executions on the 10th. See Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, pp. 205–9; An Humble Supplication to Her Majestie (n.p., [1600]), pp. 58–9.
43 An Humble Supplication, pp. 29–30, 59–60.
44 This summary of the facts is worked out from Richard Bellamy’s subsequent petition to Burghley and from the reports of Catholic contemporaries. BL, Lansdowne MS 73, fos. 151–3; Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, pp. 211–12; Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, ed. H. Foley, 7 vols. in 8 parts (London, 1875–83), I, pp. 349–60.
45 BL, Lansdowne MS 72, fo. 113.
46 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula C.III, fo. 242.
47 BL, Lansdowne MS 38, fo. 107. In addition, Bridget’s mother, Elizabeth, was ‘mother of the maids’ to the maids of honour in Queen Mary Tudor’s Bedchamber. See NA, LC 2/4/2.
48 Journals of the House of Commons, 85 vols. (London, 1742–1830), I, pp. 50–51.
49 Letters of Sir Thomas Copley, ed. R. C. Christie (London, 1897), pp. i–xx, passim; M. A. R. Graves, ODNB, s.v. ‘Sir Thomas Copley’.
50 Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, p. 335.
51 Records of the English Province, ed. Foley, pp. 357–62.
52 27 Elizabeth I, c. 2; Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, pp. 333–5.
53 Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, pp. 336–7; Records of the English Province, ed. Foley, pp. 371–5.
Chapter 10: Catastrophe in France
1 Devereux, I, pp. 222–3; P. E. J. Hammer, The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597 (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 106–7.
2 R. Dallington, The View of France (London, 1601), sigs. G4–H4.
3 LASPF, 1591–2, p. 379; H. A. Lloyd, The Rouen Campaign (Oxford, 1973), pp. 105–13.
4 Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, p. 107.
5 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. J. G. Nichols, Camden Society, Old Series, 39 (1847), pp. 13–14.
6 LASPF, 1591–2, p. 379; Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, pp. 14–16.
7 Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth (Edinburgh, 1808), p. 22; Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, pp. 16–18; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, pp. 112–13.
8 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, pp. 17–19; Devereux, I, pp. 225–9.
9 SP 78/25, fo. 210; BL, Cotton MS, Caligula E.VIII, fo. 235; Unton, p. 41.
10 ‘Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir Christopher Hatton, 1590–1591’, ed. P. E. J. Hammer, Camden Society, 5th Series, 22 (2003), pp. 215, 242.
11 ‘A Journal of the Siege of Rouen in 1591’, ed. R. Poole, EHR, 17 (1902), pp. 529–31; Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 23–5; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, pp. 114–16.
12 ‘Journal of the Siege of Rouen’, ed. Poole, p. 531; Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 26; ‘Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir Christopher Hatton’, ed. Hammer, p. 237; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, p. 116.
13 ‘Journal of the Siege of Rouen’, ed. Poole, pp. 531–6; Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 27–9.
14 SP 78/25, fo. 388 (sent from Farnham, where Elizabeth lodged between 23 and 25 September). Earlier drafts are SP 78/25, fos. 344, 48. See also SP 78/25, fo. 352; LASPF, 1591–2, nos. 578–9; Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, p. 106.
15 Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, pp. 104–106; P. E. J. Hammer, ODNB, s.v. ‘Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex’.
16 SP 78/25, fo. 388v.
17 Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 28–9; ‘Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir Christopher Hatton’, ed. Hammer, p. 260.
18 ‘Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir Christopher Hatton’, ed. Hammer, p. 263.
19 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 29.
20 Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 30–31.
21 Unton, pp. 96–8.
22 Murdin, pp. 644–5; HMC, Hatfield MSS, IV, pp. 143–4; Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 30–31. SP 78/26, fos. 3–4, is a copy of a milder version of the queen’s letter, sent to Essex by the Privy Council. It is endorsed 3 October, a day earlier than the date on the queen’s letter. However, the endorsement is in a different hand and of a later date than the copy of the letter itself, and the correct date is almost certainly the 4th.
23 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, p. 28; Devereux, I, pp. 244–5.
24 Memoirs of Robert Carey, pp. 32–3; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, p. 125.
25 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, p. 30, where the figure is wrongly given as 50,000 crowns.
26 LASPF, 1591–2, no. 301; Hammer, Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics, p. 227.
27 Devereux, I, pp. 250–53.
28 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, p. 31; LASPF, 1591–2, no. 602.
29 SP 78/26, fo. 152; LASPF, 1591–2, nos. 608–10; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, pp. 125–6; R. B. Wernham, After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe, 1588–1595 (Oxford, 1984), pp. 358–60.
30 P. Benedict, Rouen during the Wars of Religion (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 1–45. The figure of 186,000 includes the outparishes and suburbs of London. See S. Rappaport, Worlds within Worlds: Structures of Life in Sixteenth-Century London (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 56, 61.
31 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, pp. 31–2; Wernham, After the Armada, p. 356; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, p. 146. The correct date is established by the Journal.
32 Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, pp. 147–51.
33 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, p. 39.
34 L. de Kéralio, Histoire d’Elizabeth, Reine d’Angleterre, 5 vols. (Paris, 1786–8), V, pp. 459–60. The abortive letter of 8 November is SP 76/26, fos. 140–42.
35 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, pp. 40–41; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, pp. 153–4.
36 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, p. 47; E 351/542 (entries from Mich. 1591–2).
37 Unton, pp. 152, 165; LASPF, 1591–2, nos. 318, 328; Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 361–7.
38 Murdin, p. 797.
39 LASPF, 1590–91, nos. 620–21; Unton, pp. 175–6, 187–8.
40 Murdin, p. 797.
41 SP 78/26, fos. 303–4; Unton, pp. 203–5, 213–14.
42 SP 78/26, fo. 309.
43 SP 78/26, fos. 321–2.
44 Unton, pp. 251, 263–4.
45 Murdin, p. 651.
46 Journal of the Siege of Rouen, ed. Nichols, pp. 64–5; Unton, pp. 233–5; Devereux, I, pp. 270–72.
47 Unton, pp. 246–7; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, p. 158.
48 Memoirs of Robert Carey, p. 39.
49 Unton, p. 246.
50 LASPF, 1591–2, no. 642; Devereux, I, pp. 274–5 (incorrectly dated).
51 Devereux, I, p. 275.
52 SP 78/27, fos. 61–2; LASPF, 1591–2, nos. 419–74; ‘Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir Christopher Hatton’, ed. Hammer, p. 236; Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 322–5, 335–8.
53 Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, pp. 161–8, 173–84; Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 376–99.
54 LASPF, 1592–3, no. 584; Birch, Memoirs, I, p. 99; Lloyd, Rouen Campaign, pp. 184–8.
55 LASPF, 1592–3, nos. 317–22; Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 400–409.
56 SP 103/7, fos. 308–9, 316; LASPF, 1592–3, nos. 116, 493; Foedera, XVI, pp. 151–3, 154–5, 167–9, 171, 173–5.
57 SP 78/28, fo. 234; LASPF, 1592–3, nos. 215, 217, 219.
58 LASPF, 1591–2, no. 672; LASPF, 1592–3, nos. 175, 512, 517–18; A. Keay, The Elizabethan Tower of London (London, 2001), pp. 27–8.
59 J. H. Salmon, Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1975), pp. 276–306; M. P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 (Cambridge, 2005; 2nd edn), pp. 123–52.
60 LASPF, 1592–3, no. 458; Holt, French Wars of Religion, p. 151; Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 268–70; Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 488–92.
61 LASPF, 1593–4, nos. 380–81.
62 Wernham, After the Armada, p. 491; Holt, French Wars of Religion, pp. 151–2; M. Wolfe, ‘Protestant Reactions to the Conversion of Henry IV’, in Changing Identities in Early Modern France, ed. M. Wolfe (Durham, NC, 1996), p. 379.
63 SP 98/1, fo. 83; LASPF, 1592–3, no. 630.
64 SP 78/29, fo. 182.
65 EAC, pp. 165–6; ECW, pp. 370–71 (I have made one small amendment to the translation); HMC, Hatfield MSS, IV, p. 343.
66 SP 12/246, no. 4; SP 15/32, fos. 181–2; LASPF, 1593–4, nos. 214–23, 251–77; Wernham, After the Armada, pp. 499–513.
67 LASPF, 1592–3, no. 494.
68 EAC, p. 166.
Chapter 11: ‘Good Queen Bess’
1 I. W. Archer, The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 9–14.
2 BL, Lansdowne MS 71, fo. 28; S. Rappaport, Worlds within Worlds: Structures of Life in Sixteenth-Century London (Cambridge, 1989), p. 12.
3 APC, XXII, pp. 549–51; Harrison, I, pp. 142–3.
4 BL, Lansdowne MS 71, fo. 32.
5 TRP, III, nos. 754–5; Rappaport, Worlds within Worlds, pp. 54–5.
6 APC, XXIII, 177–8, 183–4, 195–6, 203–204, 220–21, 232–3.
7 SP 12/243, no. 5; APC, XXIII, p. 195; TRP, III, no. 750; Chambers, IV, pp. 347–8.
8 TRP, III, nos. 748, 750–52; Stow, 1592 edn, p. 1271.
9 APC, XXIV, pp. 21–3, 31–2, 209–12, 212, 343; Chambers, IV, pp. 313–14, 348–9.
10 APC, XXIV, pp. 178–80.
11 APC, XXIV, pp. 184, 187, 191–2, 200–201, 222; Harrison, I, pp. 236–9; Archer, Pursuit of Stability, p. 7.
12 E. Hall, Henry VIII [an edition of Hall’s Chronicle], ed. C. Whibley, 2 vols. (London, 1904), I, pp. 157–61; Stow, 1592 edn, pp. 847–9; R. Holinshed, The Third Volume of Chronicles (London, 1577), pp. 841–4; Guildhall MS, Court of Aldermen, Repertory 3, fos. 143, 221.
13 Stow, 1592 edn, p. 1274.
14 TRP, III, nos. 758–60; APC, XXIV, p. 284; HMC, Hatfield MSS, IV, pp. 425–6; Birch, Memoirs, I, p. 133.
15 APC, XXIV, p. 488; Rappaport, Worlds within Worlds, p. 12.
16 APC, XXIV, pp. 187, 200–201. When identified, suspects were to be tortured until they confessed all they knew.
17 The Book of Sir Thomas More, ed. W. W. Greg (Oxford: Malone Society Reprints, 1961; 2nd edn); P. W. M. Blayney, ‘“The Booke of Sir Thomas Moore” Re-examined’, Studies in Philology, 69 (1972), pp. 167–91; T. Merriam, ‘The Misunderstanding of Munday as Author of Sir Thomas More’, Review of English Studies, New Series, 51 (2000), pp. 540–81; G. Melchiori, ‘The Booke of Sir Thomas Moore: A Chronology of Revision’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 37 (1986), pp. 291–308.
18 SP 99/1, fos. 197–8; P. Rebora, L’opera di uno scrittore toscano sullo scisma d’Inghilterra e una lettera della regina Elisabetta, Archivio storico italiano, 93 (1935), vol. 1, pp. 233–54; M. Wyatt, The Italian Encounter with Tudor England (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 128–30, 260–61. Quite possibly, Pollini culled his material from the exiled Nicholas Sander’s De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani liber (‘Cologne’ [i.e. Rheims], 1585), which also extracted its material on Anne Boleyn from Rastell.
19 Book of Sir Thomas More, ed. Greg, pp. 1, 49–50. Rastell’s source was Sir George Throckmorton, who had boldly spoken out in Parliament against Katherine of Aragon’s divorce and had urged Thomas More to do the same. See J. Guy, The Public Career of Sir Thomas More (New Haven, CT, 1980), pp. 207–12. Throckmorton was the grandfather of Francis Throckmorton, executed in 1584 after the Guise invasion plot to which, inadvertently, he lent his name. Further information on Rastell’s lost biography of Thomas More is from N. Harpsfield, The Life and Death of Sir Thomas Moore, Knight, Sometymes Lord High Chancellor of England, Written in the Tyme of Queene Marie, ed. E. V. Hitchcock, Early English Text Society, Original Series, 186 (1932), pp. ccxv–ccxix, 221–52.
20 Shakespeare’s revisions can be seen in Book of Sir Thomas More, ed. Greg, pp. 73–9 and plate inset.
21 APC, XXIV, pp. 342–3, 347–8; National Prayers: Special Worship since the Reformation, ed. N. Mears, A. Raffe, S. Taylor and P. Williamson, Church of England Record Society, 20 (2013), pp. 203–4.
22 APC, XXIV, pp. 373–5, 448–9; TRP, III, no. 757; Stow, 1592 edn, p. 1274; Chambers, IV, pp. 348–9.
23 APC, XXIV, pp. 400–401. When Frederick, Duke of Wirtenberg, had received an audience with Elizabeth in 1592, she had repeatedly assured him, quoting St Paul, that ‘If God be for us, who can be against us?’ See England as Seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James the First, ed. W. B. Rye (London, 1865), p. 13.
24 EAC, pp. 165–6; ECW, pp. 370–71.
25 Camden, p. 475. Purportedly, it took Elizabeth just under a month, beginning in October 1593, to translate a Latin text that ran, in Boethius’s original, to 25,000 words. See Queen Elizabeth’s Englishings, ed. C. Pemberton (London, 1899), pp. ix–x.
26 Camden, p. 475. For the translation, see Elizabeth’s Englishings, ed. Pemberton, pp. 1–120; Elizabeth I: Translations, 1592–1598, ed. J. Mueller and J. Scodel (Chicago, 2009), pp. 72–365.
27 F. Teague, ‘Elizabeth I: Queen of England’, in Woman Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation, ed. K. M. Wilson (Athens, GA, 1987), pp. 524, 528–9, 532–5; ‘State Papers Relating to the
Custody of Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock in 1554’, Norfolk Archaeology, 4 (1855), pp. 161, 164, 168–9, 172, 175–6.
28 Elizabeth’s (partly holograph) manuscript is SP 12/289, fos. 13–57, 64–83, 100–102.
29 APC, XXIV, p. 488.
30 Stow, 1592 edn, pp. 1274–9.
31 P. Slack, ‘Books of Orders: The Making of English Social Policy, 1577–1631’, TRHS, 5th Series, 30 (1980), pp. 1–22.
32 E 351/542 (payments for 1594–5); Chambers, IV, pp. 164–5.
33 The movements of the Court can be tracked in E 351/542 (entries, especially warrants for payment, for 1594).
34 HMC, Hatfield MSS, IV, p. 514.
35 A Commandement that No Suiters Come to the Court for Any Priuate Suit except their Petitions be Indorsed by the Master of Requests (London, 1594).
36 SP 84/48, fos. 249–50.
37 T. More, Utopia, ed. G. M. Logan and R. M. Adams ( Cambridge, 2002; revised edn), pp. 30–34.
38 BNF, MS FF 15974, fo. 235.
39 ‘Journey through England and Scotland made by Lupold von Wedel in the Years 1584 and 1585’, ed. G. von Bülow, TRHS, 2nd Series, 9 (1895), pp. 250–56.
40 Annales, Or, The History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princesse Elizabeth, trans. R. Norton (London, 1635), sigs. b–c.
41 SP 12/253, no. 110; Stow, 1592 edn, pp. 1278–81; Archer, Pursuit of Stability, pp. 9–14; J. Sharpe, ‘Social Strain and Social Dislocation, 1585–1603’, in The Reign of Elizabeth I, ed. J. Guy (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 192–211; Rappaport, Worlds within Worlds, pp. 123–61; P. Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1988), pp. 91–107.
42 Stow, 1592 edn, p. 1279; F. Consitt, The London Weavers’ Company (Oxford, 1933), pp. 312–21; Harrison, II, p. 32; Rappaport, Worlds within Worlds, pp. 57–9.
43 Foedera, XVI, p. 195.
44 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula E.VIII, fo. 19; Unton, pp. 376–7; R. B. Wernham, The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603 (Oxford, 1994), p. 2.
45 N. A. Younger, ‘War and the Counties: The Elizabethan Lord Lieutenancy, 1585–1603’, University of Birmingham Ph.D. (2006), pp. 185–96; E. P. Cheyney, A History of England from the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Death of Elizabeth, 2 vols. (London, 1914), I, pp. 284–7.