by Jon Wilson
August rebellion, 450–1
Aurangabad, 61, 93
Aurangzeb, Emperor, see Alamgir I
Awadh, 60, 109–10, 112, 226, 232, 235–7, 247, 258, 263–4 (see also Lucknow)
British Indian Association of, 332
conflict between groups in, 250
and famine, 283 (see also India: famines in)
remains rebel stronghold, 257
Azad, Abul Kalam, 408
Azad, Maulana, 462
Babur, Emperor, 16, 27
Bahadur Sapru, Tej, 424
Bahadur Shah, Emperor, 61
Bakht Khan, 248
Baldwin, Stanley, 437
Banerjea, Surendranath, 313, 372
Bangalore, 484, 485
Bangladesh, 13, 483
authoritarian rule in, 486–7
democracy in, 486–7
enclaves of well-defended prosperity in, 485
Banking,
British-owned, 149, 151, 206
Indian, 58, 61, 84, 99, 107, 116, 358, 359
Barelvi, Ebadat, 477
Baring, Evelyn, 333
Barlow, George, 135
Bassein, 343–4
Bayly, C. A., 155, 162, 191, 361, 452, 453, 455
Becher, Richard, 3, 97, 115
Bellary, 322–9 passim, 331–2
crime and disorder in, 327–8
graves in, 2
and textiles, 323–4
Benares, 136, 138, 175, 192, 193–4, 255, 370
Bengal, 13, 27, 60, 62–3, 90–2, 240, 369–70, 483 (see also Bangladesh,)
British goods boycotted in, 358–9, 374–5
British invasion fleets sent to, 29–30
British operations begin in, 33
Company acquires land in, 90
Company invited to return to, 52
Company’s right to settle in, 95
compulsory education in, 418
and diwani treaty, 109, 110–12
early theatre in, 339
famine in, 114, 458
fear of Japanese occupation in, 448
government of, on non-cooperation movement, 412
Hedges becomes Company chief in, 38
Hindu vs Muslim survival in, 458
increase in European merchants in, 105
Indian Association of, 341
and inflation, 457
infrastructure collapses in, 458
land revenue in, 148
lost rice crops in, 113–14
as main sources of Asian goods, 40
network of societies in, 380
new code in, used as model, 140
official ledgers lodged in, 6
and partition, 358, 372–6, 472
and revocation, 386
peasant insurgency grows in, 472
pre-independence violence in, 467–9
production shrinks in, 147
and railways, 279
Siraj’s peace treaty signed in, 96
written description of chaos in, 479–80
Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works, 383
Bentham, Jeremy, 155, 200–2, 204
Bentinck, Lord William, 127, 156–7, 182, 198, 214, 215, 216, 230
Berkley, James, 267, 268, 269
Bevin, Ernest, 461, 490
Bhandari, Dalba, 71
Bharat Life Insurance, 383
Bhonsle, Raghoji II, 170
Bhonsle, Raghuji, 88, 90, 91–2, 174, 179
Bhonsle, Shahji, 20
Bhor Ghat incline, 267, 283
cholera at, 284
viaducts on, 285
Bihar, 90, 91, 122, 147, 450
revolt in, 149
Bijnor, 238, 242, 251–2, 253, 257–8
Birbhum, 92
Bird, Capt. Robert, 236, 237
Birjis Qadir, 248, 251
‘Blue Mutiny’, 339
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen, 310, 311, 330, 331
Bombay:
becomes Company possession, 33
British paranoia in, 71
compulsory education in, 418
England’s sovereignty in, 48
falling exports from, 50
and famine, 283 (see also India: famines in)
fast-growing settlement, 68–9
graves in, 1, 2, 5
growing population of, 349
Kamath invests in social life of, 70
navy mutiny in, 460–1
Portuguese hand to Britain, 25
pre-independence violence in, 471
racial distinction in, 136
and railways, 279, 281, 282
and reformed order, 196–7
registrations in, 303
and relief projects, 329
religious plurality among public life in, 70
rioting in, 461
during royal visit, 412, 415
and Simon Commission, 426
speculative ventures in, 306
stock exchange closes in, 469
trades resident in, 69
tribunal in, 194
war begins in, 48–9
Boone, Charles, 70, 71
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 420, 447–8, 451, 452
boycott, of British goods, 358–9, 374–5, 410, 426, 433
Brahmaputra, 13
Brahmins:
as administrators, 58
and food, 244
Gaudi Saraswati, 158, 192
Brahmo Samaj, 363
Branfill, Benjamin, 124–6, 127, 135
Bright, John, 331
British Indian Association of Awadh, 332
Brown, Judith, 409
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 278, 284
Bryant, J. G., 109
Buchanan, Francis, 203
Buckler, F. W., 239
Bunts, 13
Burdwan, 92, 107, 135, 146
Burke, Edmund, 31, 120–1, 129, 131–3, 134–5, 149–50
Burma, 449
as challenge to Mughal power, 27
war with, 190, 207, 216–17, 234, 271, 293, 296
Burton, Richard, and ‘cities of the dead’, 2
Bussy-Castelnau, Marquis de, 93
Butter, Donald, 275
Buxar, Battle of, 110
Calcraft-Kennedy, Bennet Christian, 421–2
Calcutta (see also Bengal; Siraj-ad-Daula):
anti-partition protests in, 374–5
Black Hole of, 94, 447
and Blue Mutiny, 339
British driven from, 93, 94
British reconquer, 96
budget of, 420
civil and literary culture in, 153–4
corpses pile up in, 459
defence line dug around, 92
fear of Japanese occupation in, 448
fears of weakened trade in, 376
graves in, 2
growing population of, 349, 434
memorial to Victoria in, 388
national college in, 381–2
origins of, 54–5
and plot to oust Siraj, see under Siraj-ad-Daula
population growth in, 468
pre-independence riots in, 467–8
Hindus ‘got the better’ of, 469
quick expansion of, 105
racial distinction in, 136
and railways, 279, 282
Raj moves capital from, 386–8, 503
and rebellion of 1857–8, see Indian Rebellion
registrations in, 303
and relief projects, 329
rioting in, 425
run-down factories in, 351
Siraj occupies, 78, 93
speculative ventures in, 306
and steam vessels, 220
and workers’ alliances, 340
Calcutta Corporation, 371
Calcutta Pottery Works, 383
Calcutta University, 381, 382
Campbell, Sir Colin, 257
Canara Hindu Permanent Fund, 359
Cannadine, David, 371
Canning, Earl (Charles), 255, 260–1, 264
Carlyle, Thomas, 268
Carson, Sir Edward, 397
caste, 14, 17
Catherine of Braganza, 48
Cautley, Sir Proby, 275–6, 277–8, 320
Ceded Districts, 166–7, 168
Ceylon, 318
Champaran, 403, 404
Chandra, Manik, 98
Chandradwip, 145
Chapman, John, 280–2
Charles I, 34
Charles II, 48
Charles, Sir Richard Havelock, 389
Charnock, Job, 39, 46–7, 63
and Calcutta origins, 54–5
Company criticizes, 46–7
and Company’s invitation to return (1690), 52–3
death of, 53
Sutanati settlement built by, 53
Charter Act (1833), 199, 210, 211–12
Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra, 340
Chaudhuri, Nirad C., 85, 448
Chauri Chaura, 413–14
Chelmsford, Lord, 402, 404, 406, 417, 422
inquiry into reforms of, 423–4
Chhotalal, Ranchhodlal, 354–6
Child, Sir John, 48–9, 50
Child, Sir Josiah, 36–7, 44, 51
Chinnamma, Rani, 188, 189, 190
Chittagong, 33, 38, 45–6, 107–8, 376
Heath sails to, 47
Chitu Khan, 183–4, 185
cholera, 283, 284, 329, 334
Chown, Katherine, see Gyfford, Katherine
Chown, Thomas, 56, 80
Christianity:
and free trade, 35
increase in, among Britons, 244–5
roots of, in India, 13
Churchill, Winston, 495
and Gandhi, 436
against Indian independence, 453–4
refusal of, to send grain, 458
‘cities of the dead’, 2
Clark, George, 267, 268
Clive, Robert, 4, 25, 30, 85–8 passim, 93–5, 100–1, 103, 106–7, 117–20, 260
blamed for Company’s declining stock, 117–18
death of, 118–19
and diwani treaty, 111
and enforcing payment, 113
fears of, for future of empire, 110
fortune amassed by, 117
gift to, 106
in Hayman painting, 117, 119–20
and plot to oust Siraj, see under Siraj-ad-Daula
and Siraj letter, 98
statue of, 388, 499
as symbol of private greed, 118
Cobden, Richard, 234–5
Cochin, 73
Code of Civil Procedure, 301
Colin, E. W., 351
Collett, Arthur, 416–17, 422
colonial discourse, 506, 533
Compendious History of the Indian Wars (Downing), 65
Connell, A. K., 329
constitutional reform in, 404–6, 417–18, 422–6, 428
and Nehru report, 424–6
and Simon Commission, 423–4, 426, 428, 434
Cooke, Katherine, see Gyfford, Katherine
Cooke, Capt. Thomas, 56
Cooperative Swadeshi Stores, 383
Corneille, Lt John, 95–7 passim, 100, 101
gift to, 106
Cornwallis, Lord, 25, 134–5, 155, 162, 176
Corporation Bank (formerly Canara Banking Corporation), 358–9, 386
south-west India’s first modern bank, 358
cotton, see textiles
Cotton, Sir Arthur, 271–5, 277–8
Council of India, 334, 338
Cowse, Simon, 75, 76–7
Crawfurd, John, 206–7, 209
Curzon, Lord, 54, 358, 370–4, 386, 387–9, 402
da Gama, Vasco, 23
Dalhousie, Lord, 3, 233, 234, 245
Dalla, Shaikh, 190–1
Danish East India Company, 39 (see also Pondicherry)
Darul Uloom, 368, 369
Darwin, John, 268
Das, Chittaranjan, 420
Dayananda Anglo-Vedic College, 361, 363, 411–12
Dayananda, Saraswati, 360–1, 377
de Gingens, Capt. Rodolphus, 87
Deccan plateau, 12, 20, 53, 55, 61–2, 267, 272, 330
Alamgir captures forts in, 61
peasant insurgency grows in, 472
wars as testing ground in, 61
Defence, 38, 43, 47
Delhi, 485 (see also New Delhi)
Afghan–Maratha conflicts in, 108–9
court of administration formed in, 248
in early eighteenth century, 18
‘heritage corridor’ in, 502
and Indian Rebellion of 1857–8, see Indian Rebellion
and Nader, see Nader Shah
and railways, 282
Raj moves capital to, 386–8, 503
renewed political turmoil in, 96
and responsibility for Muslims, 476
revolt reaches, 241–2
Shinde defeated at, 173
weakening authority of, 61, 83
Delhi Durbar, 371–2, 386
Delhi plain, 12
Deoband, 368–9
Derby, Lord, 262
Devji, Faisal, 243, 316, 446
Dhaka, 27, 39, 41, 92, 99, 108, 294, 374, 484
British invasion fleet arrives at, 30
and steam vessels, 220
Dhaka University, 411
Dhamdhere, Pandoorang, 193–4, 197
Dharwad, 172
Dickens, Charles, 258
Digby, John, 153
Dilke, Charles, 331
Dirks, Nicholas, 14–15
Disraeli, Benjamin, 6–7, 261–2, 290, 296
diwani, 109, 110–12
Clive enforces payment of, 113
and Company stock price, 118
Domba Heggade, Ravivarma Narasimha, 158, 160–1, 168
hanged, 160, 192
Downing, Clement, 65
drama, 322
Dramatic History of the World (Rao), 322
drought, 275, 326, 327, 328
Du Boulay, James, 342–3
Duff, Alexander, 258
Dufferin, Lord, 501
Durlabh, Rai, 92, 99
Durrani, Ahmad Shah, 96, 97
Dutch East India Company:
British company’s challenge to hegemony of, 24–5
founding of, 24
Kasim backs, 108
Dutt, R. C., 340
Dutta, Ashwinikumar, 370
Dyer, Edward, 392
Dyer, Gen. Reginald, 392–3, 394–8, 406
Dyer, Reginald, dismissal of, 397
dysentery, 329
East India Companies, see English East India Company; Dutch East India Company; French East India Company
East Indian Railway Company, 280, 290
economy, 432–4, 437, 456–7, 488
boom and bust, 207–8 (see also India: famines in)
economic depressions, 143–4, 336, 351
‘greatest and most widespread’, 408–9
grain prices, 63, 326–7, 339
Edge, Sir John, 388
Edmonstone, Neil, 163
education:
small government expenditure on, 275
growing take-up of, 418–19
made compulsory, 418
Edward I, 35, 36
Edward VII, 293, 371, 412
Elgin Mills, 353
Elizabeth I, 16
merchants petition, 32
Ellenborough, Lord, 208, 245, 281
Elphinestone, Lord (Mountstuart), 138, 163, 203–4, 205, 216–17, 220
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 3
Eminent Victorians (Strachey), 7
enclaves, 485
England’s Work in India (Hunter), 297
English East India Company (see also India; individual Company officers):
Amir Khan submits to, 181 (see also Amir Khan)
Anglo-Maratha wars sap resources of, 65
and Angre, 59
and Anjengo war, 76–9
beginnings of, 31–3,
51
Bengal territory acquired by, 90
Bengal violations of, condemned, 63
and Bombay conflict, 48–50
borrowings fund battles of, 174–5
and Buxar victory, 110
as challenge to Dutch, 25
civil officers of, 122
controversial nature of, 33–4
criticism of, in London, 129–30
and customs, 28, 29, 40, 42–3, 44–5, 49
and diwani, 109, 110–12, 118
early spice imports of, 33
and economic boom and bust, 207–8
end of rule of, 262, 286
enlisted to reassert nawab’s control in south, 87
expanding debt of, 230
falls in stock price of, 50, 117–18
first irrigation projects of, 270
first voyages of, 14, 33
fortification by, 48, 63, 64, 74, 92
gifts to, 106
and Great Case of Monopolies, 34
growing trade of, 63
Hastings recalled by, 132
Hastings’s ideas for, 130
Hedges sacked by, 43
and heirless rulers’ territories, 233
and India Acts, 132
invasion fleets sent by, 29–30
invited to return to Bengal (1690), 52
James II supports, 36
and land prices, 148
lost monopoly of, 153, 205, 211
and Madras, 33
mercenary role of, 87
merger of, with British state, 212
Mill’s propaganda for, 286–7
Mir Qasim’s war with, 108
monopoly concerns of, 28, 33, 43
Mughal forces burn factory of, 46
near-bankruptcy of, 130
new government systems introduced by, 122–57 passim
and Opium War, 219
own soldiers’ mutinies against, 190
perceived despotism of, 205–6
and Pitt, 28–9
and plot to oust Siraj, see under Siraj-ad-Daula
and prices paid to weavers, 39
property acquired by, 89
and rebellion of 1857–8, see Indian Rebellion
and rice-crop failure, 113–14
rise of, through violence, 25
and Sandys, 34–5
seen as rebellious, arrogant, 64
Siraj’s peace treaty with, 96
special favour sought by, 29
and stamped documents, 223–5
Sutanati settlement of, 53–4
and Calcutta origins, 54–5
and trade vs war, questions concerning, 175
and tribunals’ power, 196
war against Mughals instigated by, 46–7 (see also Anglo-Mughal war (1686–90))
Estado da India, 25, 66
Europe, as ‘absolute externality’ to India, 22
Evelyn, John, 36–7
Expectation, 38
Famine, 12, 114–15, 147, 208, 269, 270, 318–20, 328–31, 343–8 passim, 458 (see also Famine Commission)
and British work camps, 319–21, 328–30, 347
and financial crisis of 1825, 207
and government famine codes, 342, 346
death tolls, 330, 408