Reformers to Radicals

by Thomas Kiffmeyer

  ––––––. Improving Poor People: The Welfare State, “the Underclass,” and Urban Schools as History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.

  ––––––. In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America, New York: Basic, 1996.

  Kavanaugh, Dennis. Political Culture, London: Macmillan, 1972.

  Kelman, Steven. Push Comes to Shove: The Escalation of Student Protest, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.

  Kiffmeyer, Thomas. “From Self-Help to Sedition: The Appalachian Volunteers in Eastern Kentucky, 1964–1970.” Journal of Southern History 64 (February 1998): 65–94.

  Kravitz, Sanford. “The Community Action Program—Past, Present, and Its Future?” In On Fighting Poverty: Perspectives from Experience, ed. James L. Sundquist, 52–69. New York: Basic, 1969.

  Lancourt, Joan E. Confront or Concede: The Alinsky Citizen-Action Organizations, Lexington, MA: Heath, 1979.

  Lasch, Christopher. The New American Radicalism, 1889–1963: The Intellectual as a Social Type, New York: Vintage, 1967.

  Levitan, Sar. Federal Aid to Depressed Areas: An Evaluation of the Area Redevelopment Administration, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964.

  Lewis, Helen. “Fatalism or the Coal Industry? Contrasting Views of Appalachian Problems.” Mountain Life and Work 46 (December 1970): 4–15.

  Lewis, Helen, Linda Johnson, and Donald Askins, eds. Colonialism in Modern America: The Appalachian Case, Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1978.

  Lewis, Ronald. Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880–1920, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

  Lewis, Ronald, and Dwight Billings. “Appalachian Culture and Economic Development: A Retrospective View on the Theory and Literature.” Journal of Appalachian Studies 3 (Spring 1997): 3–42.

  Lilienthal, David E. TVA: Democracy on the March, New York: Harper, 1953.

  Matusow, Allen J. The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s, New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1984.

  McAdam, Doug. Freedom Summer, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

  McNeil, W. K. Appalachian Images in Folk and Popular Culture, Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research, 1989.

  Michel, Gregg L. Struggle for a Better South: The Southern Student Organizing Committee, 1964–1969, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

  Milkis, Sidney, and Jerome Mileur, eds. The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005.

  Miller, Jim. Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.

  Millstone, James C. “Strip-Mining Feud in Kentucky.” Congressional Record 113 (August 17, 1967): 29114.

  Montgomery, David. Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872, New York: Knopf, 1967.

  ––––––. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

  Montrie, Chad. To Save the Land and People: A History of Opposition to Surface Mining in Appalachia, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

  Moynihan, Daniel P. Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty, New York: Free Press, 1969.

  Murray, Charles. Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980, New York: Basic, 1984.

  Newman, Paul. Fries’s Rebellion: The Enduring Struggle for the American Revolution, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

  O’Connor, Alice. “Community Action, Urban Reform, and the Fight against Poverty: The Ford Foundation’s Gray Areas Program.” Journal of Urban History 22 (July 1996): 586–625.

  ––––––. Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.

  O’Neill, William. Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960s, New York: Quadrangle, 1971.

  Paludan, Phillip Shaw. Victims: A True Story of the Civil War, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981.

  Parmet, Herbert. JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy, New York: Dial, 1983.

  Parrish, Thomas. To Make a Difference: The Story of the Appalachian Fund, 1950–1990, Berea, KY: Berea College Press, 1990.

  Patterson, James T. America’s Struggle against Poverty, 1900–1985, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.

  ––––––. Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

  Perry, Huey. “They’ll Cut off Your Project”: A Mingo County Chronicle, New York: Praeger, 1972.

  Peterson, Bill. Coaltown Revisited, Chicago: Regnery, 1972.

  Photiadis, John D. The Changing Rural Appalachian Community and Low Income Family: Implication for Community Development, Morgantown: West Virginia University, Office of Research and Development, 1980.

  ––––––. Community and Family Change in Rural Appalachia, Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 1985.

  Photiadis, John D., and Harry K. Schwarzweller. Change in Rural Appalachia: Implication for Action Programs, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.

  Pope, Daniel. “Introduction: The Nature and Significance of Radicalism in American History.” In American Radicalism, ed. Daniel Pope, 1–14. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.

  Powaski, Ronald E. The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1991, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  Pudup, Mary Beth, Dwight Billings, and Altina Waller, eds. Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

  Putman, Robert. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.

  Reed, B. F. My Life in Coal, Lexington, KY: America’s Publishing and Printing Co., 1985.

  Reeves, Thomas C. The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, New York: Stein & Day, 1982.

  Rogin, Michael Paul. The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967.

  Ross, Malcolm. Machine Age in the Hills, New York: Macmillan, 1932.

  Ross, Steve. “The Domestic Anti-Communist Movement and Carl Braden: Guilty of Sedition.” Paper presented at the Ohio Valley History Conference, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, October 1990.

  Rossinow, Doug. The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

  Roszak, Theodore. The Making of a Counter Culture: Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969.

  Sale, Kirkpatric. SDS, New York: Random House, 1973.

  Salstrom, Paul. Appalachia’s Path to Dependency: Rethinking a Region’s Economic History, 1730–1940, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994.

  Sanders, Marion. The Professional Radical: Conversations with Saul Alinsky, New York: Harper & Row, 1965.

  Scharz, Jordan A. The New Dealers: Power Politics in the Age of Roosevelt, New York: Knopf, 1993.

  Schram, Sanford. Words of Welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

  Schrecker, Ellen. No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

  Sellers, Charles. The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

  Semple, Ellen Church. “The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains: A Study in Anthrogeography.” Bulletin of the American Geographic Society 42 (August 1910): 561–94.

  Sexton, Robert F., ed. The Public Papers of Governor Louis B. Nunn, 1967–1971, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1975.

  Shapiro, Henry D. Appalachia on Our Mind: The Southern Mountains and Mountaineers in the American Consciousness, 1870–1920, Chapel Hil
l: University of North Carolina Press, 1978.

  Shifflett, Crandall. Coal Towns: Life, Work, and Culture in Company Towns of Southern Appalachia, 1880–1960, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991.

  Sitkoff, Harvard. The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1980, New York: Hill & Wang, 1981.

  Stock, Catherine McNicol, and Robert D. Johnston, eds. The Countryside in the Age of the Modern State: Political Histories of Rural America, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.

  Sundquist, James L., ed. On Fighting Poverty: Perspectives from Experience, New York: Basic, 1969.

  ––––––. “Origins of the War on Poverty.” In On Fighting Poverty: Perspectives from Experience, ed. James L. Sundquist, 6–33. New York: Basic, 1969.

  ––––––. Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years, Washington, DC: Brookings, 1986.

  Taylor, Henry L., Jr., ed. Race and the City: Work, Community, and Protest in Cincinnati, 1820–1970, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

  Thelen, David. Paths of Resistance: Tradition and Dignity in Industrializing Missouri, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

  Thomas, Jerry Bruce. An Appalachian New Deal: West Virginia in the Great Depression, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.

  Tucker, Bruce. “Imagining Appalachians: The Berea Workshop on the Urban Adjustment of Southern Appalachian Migrants.” In Appalachian Odyssey: Historical Perspectives on the Great Migration, ed. Phillip Obermiller, Thomas Wagner, and Bruce Tucker, 97–120. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000.

  Vance, Rupert B. “The Region: A New Survey.” In The Southern Appalachian Region: A Survey, ed. Thomas R. Ford, 1–8. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1962.

  Walkowitz, Daniel J. Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton-Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 1855–1884, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.

  Waller, Altina L. Feud: Hatfields, McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860–1900, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

  Walls, David S., and John B. Stephenson, eds. Appalachia in the Sixties: Decade of Reawakening, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1972.

  Waxman, Chaim, ed. Poverty: Power and Politics, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1968.

  Weise, Robert. “Remaking Red Bird: Isolation and the War on Poverty in a Rural Appalachian Locality.” In The Countryside in the Age of the Modern State: Political Histories of Rural America, ed. Catherine McNicol Stock and Robert D. Johnston, 258–78. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.

  Wells, John Calhoun. “Poverty amidst Riches: Why People Are Poor in Appalachia.” Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University 1977.

  Whisnant, David E. “Workers in God’s Grand Division: The Council of the Southern Mountains.” Appalachian Journal 2 (Autumn 1974): 7–45.

  ––––––. Modernizing the Mountaineer: People, Power, and Planning in Appalachia, Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1980.

  ––––––. “Second Level Appalachian History: Another Look at Some Fotchedon Women.” Appalachian Journal (Winter–Spring 1982): 115–23.

  ––––––. All That Is Native and Fine: The Politics of Culture in an American Region, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983.

  White, Theodore H. The Making of the President, 1960, New York: Atheneum, 1961.

  Whitfield, Stephen J. The Culture of the Cold War, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

  Williams, John Alexander. Appalachia: A History, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

  Wilson, Charles M. “Elizabethan America.” Atlantic Monthly 144 (August 1929): 238–44.

  Windmiller, Marshall. The Peace Corps and Pax Americana, Washington, DC: Public Affairs, 1970.

  Wofford, John G. “The Politics of Local Responsibility: Administration of the Community Action Program—1964–1966.” In On Fighting Poverty: Perspectives from Experience, ed. James L. Sundquist, 70–102. New York: Basic, 1969.

  Wood, Gordon. The Radicalism of the American Revolution, New York: Knopf, 1992.

  Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel, New York: Rinehart, 1938.

  ––––––. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951.

  ––––––. The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

  Yarmolinsky, Adam. “The Beginnings of OEO.” In On Fighting Poverty: Perspectives from Experience, ed. James L. Sundquist, 34–51. New York: Basic, 1969.

  Young, Alfred. The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, De Kalb: University of Northern Illinois Press, 1976.

  Zieger, Robert. For Jobs and Freedom: Race and Labor in America since 1865, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007.

  Zinn, Howard. SNCC: The New Abolitionists, Boston: Beacon, 1965.

  Index

  Aaron Norman Fund, 203

  Aid to Children of the Unemployed, 75

  Aid to Dependent Children, 203

  Alice Lloyd College, 88, 225n58, 230n5. See also Caney Creek Junior College

  Altschul, David, 155

  American Electric Power Company of New York, 26

  American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), 3, 54, 57, 59–60, 66

  Antioch College, 87, 112

  Appalachian Committee for Full Employment, 86. See also roving pickets

  Appalachian Community Meeting, 162

  Appalachian Fund, 30

  Appalachian Group to Save the Land and People (AGSLP), 172, 174, 187–88, 200

  Appalachian Region Commission, 74

  Appalachian Volunteers (AVs), 1, 6, 8, 10, 46, 74, 80, 85, 89, 93, 94, 147–48, 162, 175, 180, 181

  Antioch College, 87

  anti-strip-mining, 155, 157, 164–67, 175, 186–89, 200

  Appalachian Community Meeting, 162

  Appalachian Group to Save the Land and People (AGSLP), 172–73, 174, 187–88, 200

  Appalachian Volunteers, Inc. (organizational meeting), 148–49

  Area Redevelopment Administration, 53, 74, 77, 139

  attacked, 4, 13, 58, 105, 170, 171, 199, 215 (see also Appalachian Volunteers: Kentucky Un-American Activities Council;

  Appalachian Volunteers: sedition arrest)

  Beloit College, 103

  book project, 83–84, 88, 89

  Bristol, TN (relocation), 123, 136–38, 143

  campus chapters, 51, 71–72, 95, 103–4

  Christmas in Appalachia, 100–101, 105

  colonialism, 8, 13, 14, 176, 209

  community councils, 151–52, 153

  community development, 61, 76, 80–81, 91, 95, 203

  community interns, 151–52, 153

  community organizing, 52, 76, 80–81, 113–15, 151–52, 159–61, 167

  confrontational tactics, 135, 149, 154–57, 159–61, 169–72, 173–74, 175, 176, 182, 210, 212–13

  Council of the Southern Mountains, 42, 45, 49–52, 73, 77–78, 81, 90–91, 98, 123–24, 137–38, 139–45, 149, 204–5

  Council of the Southern Mountains, split from, 80–81, 123–24, 136, 138, 140–46

  culture of poverty, 8, 10, 44, 53, 56, 96, 208

  curriculum enhancement, 55–56, 72–73, 78, 80–82, 83, 85, 87–88, 90, 96–98, 99–100, 106, 151, 203, 208

  Depressed Area USA, 100, 101–3, 105

  Earlham College, 103, 105–6, 112

  E-Squad, 182–84, 185

  Fonda, KY, 132–34

  Ford Foundation, 54–55, 77

  Headquarters for Education of Local Leadership (HELL), 172–73

  Highway 979 (Floyd County), 173

  internal split, 192–95

  isolation from central office, 137, 154, 182

  Kennedy, John F., 1, 37

  Kentucky Un-American Activities Committee, 180, 195–99, 201, 203, 214

  local people, 13, 14, 39, 52, 55–56, 72, 89, 91–92, 108, 125–26, 151–52, 172, 181–82, 194, 211–12


  lose funding, 200–201, 202–4

  McSurely, Alan, 185–86, 187, 188

  Mill Creek (Clay County), 54–57, 58–60, 61, 64, 66

  1960s activists, 7, 10, 13

  Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 49, 84–85, 86, 90–91, 98, 130–32, 145, 163, 191, 203–4

  organizational meeting, 50, 52, 70–71

  outposts, 159–60, 161, 173

  Pennsylvania State University, 103

  personal conduct, 96–98, 99–100, 106, 140–44, 151, 181, 203, 208

  personnel transformations, 10, 86, 93, 98, 103, 109, 124–25, 126–27, 153, 202

  Pike County, 127, 184, 185, 187–89, 200

  publicity, 79, 101, 105–6, 118–20

  Queens College, 106–7

  radicalism, 13, 212

  relations with local officials, 42, 73, 77, 79–80, 84–86, 105, 114–19, 120–21, 124, 127, 136, 151, 157–58, 161, 162–64, 168

  role models for local mountain youth, 83, 91

  roving pickets, 86

  Saint Pius X Interracial Council, 103

  school renovation, 18, 42, 55, 71, 76, 78, 80, 125–26, 151–52, 172, 181–82, 194, 211–12

  sedition arrest, 1, 188–89, 190, 211 self-centered, 70, 82–83, 90, 104, 109, 127, 148, 210–11

  self confidence, 104, 210–11

  self-help, 39, 52, 74, 77, 89, 98, 109, 150, 211

  Spring Break Project (1965), 107–10

  Summer 1965 Project, 107, 110, 112, 113

  summer 1966, 149–57

  summer 1966 evaluations, 154–57

  Title V, 200

  University of Louisville, 103

  Vietnam War, 13, 191–95

  volunteer training, 111, 112, 125, 142–44, 153, 155, 208

  weekend and weeklong projects, 3, 18, 42, 74, 80, 89, 108, 148

  welfare rights, 135, 163–64, 173–74

  Whisman, John, 76

  Wilderness Road Girl Scouts, 82

  Wilmington College, 105–6, 118

  Area Redevelopment Administration, 25, 47, 74, 139

  Armstrong, Dr. Louis, 35

  Arnow, Harriette, 32

  Ary, KY, 91, 116

  Ayer, Perley, 18, 20, 34, 36, 76

  Appalachian Volunteers, 103, 105, 112–13, 141, 144, 148

  Appalachian Volunteers, split from Council of the Southern Mountains, 123, 135–36, 137–46