(141) “It was not until the 1930s . . .” Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese, 68.
(142) “As for the Lum family . . .” Chan and Gee, 1992; Eng et al., 2014.
(142) “With such pressure . . .” Simpson and Dawes, “Letters from the Flood,” 259–60; Lohof, “Herbert Hoover’s Mississippi Valley Land Reform Memorandum,” 113–14.
(142) “By May, nearly 13 . . .” Evans, High Water Everywhere, 4–6; Bearden, “Arkansas’ Worst Disaster,” 87; Hendricks, “Flood of 1927.”
(142) “In total, an estimated . . .” Hendricks, “Flood of 1927”; Hobson, “Twenty-Seven Days on the Levee,” 213.
(143) “Most of Jeu Gong’s customers . . .” Evans, High Water Everywhere, 5–8.
(143) “They carried north their Bibles . . .” Ibid., 9–13.
(143) “As the waters receded . . .” Chan and Gee, 1992; C. L. “Lee” Kow to Martha Lum, July 13, 1933, courtesy of Alvin Gee.
(143) “Still, Jeu Gong gave his children . . .” Yee, Poon, and Chan, 2013.
(144) “‘What evidence is there . . .’” Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. 345 US 972;73 S. Ct. 1114; 97 L. Ed. 1388;1953 US.
(144) “The question could not be . . .” King, Devil in the Grove, 336.
(144) “It was in this context that . . .” Franklin, “Behind the Brown Decision”; Franklin, Mirror to America, 156.
(144) “‘What are you going . . .’” Ibid.
(145) “‘He threatened me in a way . . .’” Ibid.
(145) “By late August, Franklin . . .” King, Devil in the Grove, 336–37.
(145) “Hours before dawn . . .” Franklin, “Behind the Brown Decision”; King, Devil in the Grove, 337.
(145) “After making their arguments . . .” Franklin, “Behind the Brown Decision.”
(145) “On the afternoon . . .” Ibid.
(145) “‘Have you heard what . . .’” Ibid.
(145) “Franklin froze . . .” Franklin, Mirror to America, 159; 347 US 483 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (No. 1).
(146) “‘We felt,’ Franklin . . .” Franklin, “Behind the Brown Decision.”
ORAL HISTORIES AND AUTHOR INTERVIEWS
Chan, Berda Lum, and Martha Lum Gee. Interview by Paul Wong. Discussion of childhood and Gong Lum v. Rice. Houston, August 8, 1992. Copy of original tape obtained by author.
Dong, Fay, and Juanita Dong. Interview by Kimberly Lancaster and Jennifer Mitchell. Chinese Oral Histories, Delta State University Oral History Project. May 1, 2000. http://www.deltastate.edu/academics/libraries/university-archives-museum/guides-to-the-collections/oral-histories/chinese-oral-histories/.
Eng, Sharon Lum, and Steven Eng. Interview by Adrienne Berard. Discussion of family history. Houston, September 21, 2014.
Eng, Sharon Lum, et al. Interview by Adrienne Berard. Discussion at Lum family reunion. Houston, September 20, 2014.
Gong, Kit, et al. (Bobbie Gore, Joy Gore, Amy Gore, and Billie Gore). Interview by Kimberly Lancaster and Jennifer Mitchell. Chinese Oral Histories, Delta State University Oral History Project. May 24, 2000.
Lee, Ellen Lum. Interview by Adrienne Berard. Discussion of childhood in Rosedale. Houston, March 28, 2015.
Lum, Katherine Wong. Interview by grandchildren Michael Gee and Elaine Lum. Collected for personal family oral history project. Houston, c. 1990. Copy of original tape obtained by author.
Poon, Patricia. Phone interview by Adrienne Berard. Discussion of family history, May 16, 2012.
Yee, Candy. Phone interview by Adrienne Berard. Discussion of family history, May 16, 2012.
Yee, Candy, Patricia Poon, and Charles Chan Jr. Interview by Adrienne Berard. Berda’s children discuss family history. Cerritos, CA, October 15, 2013.
WORKS CITED
Anderson, Kraig. “Detroit River, MI.” Lighthouse Friends. 2001. http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=160. Accessed August 15, 2014.
Architect of the Capitol. “History of the Supreme Court.” http://www.aoc.gov/history/supreme-court. Accessed November 7, 2015.
Armstrong, Louis. “Louis Armstrong.” From Satchmo (1954). In Reading Jazz: A Gathering of Autobiography, Reportage, and Criticism from 1919 to Now, edited by Robert Gottlieb. New York: Pantheon Books, 1996.
Bearden, Russell E. “Arkansas’ Worst Disaster: The Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927.” Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies 34, no. 2 (August 2003): 79–97.
Beaver, Janice Cheryl. US International Borders: Brief Facts. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Washington, DC: Knowledge Services Group, 2006.
Bernstein, David E. “From Progressivism to Modern Liberalism: Louis D. Brandeis as a Transitional Figure in Constitutional Law.” Notre Dame Law Review 89, no. 5 (May 2014): 2029–50.
Berry, Dale. “Railroad History Story: Jackson’s Evolution as a Rail Center.” RRHX: Railroad History of Michigan. February 1, 2001. http://www.michiganrailroads.com/RRHX/Stories/JacksonEvolution.htm.
Bi Gan Trust. “The Origins of the Lin Family Name.” Bi Gan Trust. 2010–2012. http://bigantrust.com/index.php/lin-family-origins. Accessed April 12, 2014.
Bing, Sandra Wong Der. “To Stand Alone.” Southwest Chinese Journal 8, no. 7 (July 1983): 12–13.
Bond, Willard Faroe. I Had a Friend: An Autobiography. Jackson, MS: Privately published, 1958.
Boucher, John Newton. Edgar Cowan, United States Senator from Pennsylvania During the Civil War. Somerville, NJ: American Historical Society, 1932.
Bracey, Christopher A. “Louis Brandeis and the Race Question.” Alabama Law Review 52, no. 3 (Spring 2001).
Cable, George Washington. Madame Delphine. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1881.
Callas, Joseph. “The Meaning of Peonage.” Colliers, July 1909.
Cash, W. J. The Mind of the South. New York: Knopf, 1941.
Chao, Sheau-yueh J. In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 2000.
Chin, Koh Choo. “Implementing Government Policy for the Protection of Women and Girls.” In Women and Chinese Patriarchy: Submission, Servitude, and Escape, edited by Maria Jaschok and Suzanne Miers. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1994.
Cobb, James C. The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Cohen, Lucy M. Chinese in the Post–Civil War South: A People Without a History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1984.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. “CIW Station for Experimental Evolution 1904–1921.” Archives at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2015. http://library.cshl.edu/resources/library-newsletter/160–2012–10-newsletter/314-ciw-station-for-experimental-evolution. Accessed March 1, 2015.
——. “Eugenics Record Office.” Archives at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2015. http://library.cshl.edu/special-collections/eugenics. Accessed March 1, 2015.
Commons, John Rogers, et al., eds. A Documentary History of American Industrial Society. Vol. 9. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1910.
Cortner, Richard C. A “Scottsboro” Case in Mississippi: The Supreme Court and Brown v. Mississippi. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986.
Daniels, Roger. Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Collins, 2002.
——. Not Like Us: Immigrants and Minorities in America, 1890–1924. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1997.
Dickard, Betty Jue. Cantonese Recipes: Class Favorites. Clarksdale, MS: printed by author, 1978.
Dillard, James H. “Negro Migration 1916–1917.” Cayton’s Weekly (Seattle), April 26, 1919.
Dollard, John. Caste and Class in a Southern Town. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937.
Dumenil, Lynn. The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 1995.
Evans, David. “High Water Everywhere.” In Nobody Knows Where the Blues Come From: Lyrics and History
, edited by Robert Springer, 3–75. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2006.
Ferguson, Bessie. “The Elaine Race Riot.” PhD diss., George Peabody College for Teachers, Vanderbilt University, 1927.
Flemming, Anne. “Governor Earl Brewer.” In A Look at Clarksdale, edited by Clarksdale Tourism Board, 6–22. Clarksdale, MS: City of Clarksdale, 1972.
Flowers, J. N. Mississippi and the Mob. Jackson, MS: Jackson Printing Company, 1926.
Fort Wayne (IN) Daily News. “Smuggle Chinks into the States.” March 8, 1906.
Franklin, John Hope. “Behind the Brown Decision: A Conversation with John Hope Franklin.” Stetson Law Review 34 (2005): 423–56.
——. Mirror to America: The Autobiography of John Hope Franklin. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
Gold, Martin. Forbidden Citizens: Chinese Exclusion and the US Congress: A Legislative History. Alexandria, VA: Capitol Net, 2012.
Greene, Jamal. “The Anticanon.” Harvard Law Review 125, no. 2 (December 2011): 379–475.
Grossman, James R. “Blowing the Trumpet: The ‘Chicago Defender’ and Black Migration During World War I.” Illinois Historical Journal 78, no. 2 (1985): 82–96.
Gyory, Andrew. Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Hamilton, Charles Granville. Progressive Mississippi. Aberdeen, MS: printed by author, 1978.
Hamilton, Mary. Trials of the Earth: The Autobiography of Mary Hamilton. Edited by Helen Dick Davis. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1992.
Hawaiian Star. “Smuggle Chinese in Cold Storage.” May 10, 1909.
Hendricks, Nancy. “Flood of 1927.” The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. October 23, 2014. http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2202.
Hicks, Mary. “The Coverage of World War I by the Radical Black Press, 1917–1919.” Iowa Historical Review 1, no. 1 (2007): 57–82.
Hobbs, Gambrell Austin. Bilbo, Brewer, and Bribery in Mississippi Politics. Memphis, TN: Dixon-Paul Printing, 1917.
Hobson, Edythe Simpson. “Twenty-Seven Days on the Levee: 1927.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 39, no. 3 (1980): 210–29.
Horn, Stanley F. Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1969.
Hsu, Madeline. Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration Between the United States and South China, 1882–1943. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
——. “Trading with Gold Mountain: Jinshanzhuang and Networks of Kinship and Native Place.” In Chinese American Transnationalism: The Flow of People, Resources, and Ideas Between China and America During the Exclusion Era, edited by Sucheng Chan. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006.
Irvin, Squire. “Autobiography of Squire Irvin.” In The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, edited by George P. Rawick. Supplement to series 1, vol. 8, “Mississippi Narratives,” pt. 3. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1977.
Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Jaret, Charles. “Troubled by Newcomers: Anti-Immigrant Attitudes and Action During Two Eras of Mass Immigration to the United States.” Journal of American Ethnic History 18, no. 3 (1999): 9–39.
King, Gilbert. Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America. New York: Harper Perennial, 2012.
Komara, Edward M. ed. Encyclopedia of the Blues. 2 vols. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Kornweibel, Theodore. Railroads in the African American Experience: A Photographic Journey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
Koven, Steven G., and Frank Götzke. American Immigration Policy: Confronting the Nation’s Challenges. New York: Springer, 2010.
Krebs, Sylvia. “The Memphis Chinese Labor Convention of 1869.” Southeast Conference Association for Asian American Studies Annals 2 (January 1980): 112–17.
Lamar, Curt. History of Rosedale, Mississippi, 1876–1976. Spartanburg, SC: Rosedale Bicentennial Committee, 1976.
Lee, Erika. “Defying Exclusion: Chinese Immigrants and Their Strategies During the Exclusion Era.” In Chinese American Transnationalism: The Flow of People, Resources, and Ideas Between China and America During the Exclusion Era, edited by Sucheng Chan. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006.
——. “Enforcing the Borders: Chinese Exclusion Along the US Borders with Canada and Mexico.” Journal of American History 89, no. 1 (June 2002): 54–86.
Liao, Pao Yun. “A Case Study of a Chinese Immigrant Community.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1951.
Loewen, James W. The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1988.
Lohof, Bruce A., ed. “Herbert Hoover’s Mississippi Valley Land Reform Memorandum: A Document.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 29, no. 2 (1970): 112–18.
The Making of Modern Law: U.S. Supreme Court Records and Briefs, 1832–1978. Database. Thomson Gale, 2005.
Manitoba Morning Free Press. “Customs Official Caught Smuggling.” July 9, 1906.
Mann, Susan. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750–1950. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987.
Meriwether, Lee. Jim Reed, “Senatorial Immortal”: A Biography. Webster Groves, MT: International Mark Twain Society, 1948.
Metcalf, John Calvin. American Literature. Richmond, VA: Johnson Publishing Co., 1921.
Mississippi Department of Archives and History, The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi. Jackson, MS: Democrat Printing Co., 1917.
Montgomery, Frank A. Reminiscences of a Mississippian in Peace and War. Cincinnati: R. Clarke, 1901.
Morganti, Leroy. “Recollections of Rosedale, the Town That Is Different.” Delta Scene (Winter 1984): 10–14, 24.
Newton, Michael. The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010.
Ngai, Mae M. The Lucky Ones: One Family and the Extraordinary Invention of Chinese America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Oshinsky, David M. Worse than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. New York: Free Press, 1996.
Paul, Sir James Balfour. The Scots Peerage; Founded on Wood’s Edition of Sir Robert Douglas’s Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of That Kingdom. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1904.
Percy, William Alexander. Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter’s Son. First published 1941 by A. A. Knopf. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984.
Pereyra, Lillian A. James Lusk Alcorn: Persistent Whig. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966.
Pfaelzer, Jean. Driven Out: The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
Quan, Robert Seto. Lotus Among the Magnolias: The Mississippi Chinese. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1982.
Ralph, Julian. “The Chinese Leak.” Harper’s Magazine 82, no. 490 (March 1891).
Ritchie, Donald A. American Journalists: Getting the Story. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Roth, Larry M. “The Many Live of Louis Brandeis: Progressive-Reformer. Supreme Court Justice. Avowed Zionist. And a Racist?” Southern University Law Review 34, no. 2 (Summer 2007).
Santer, Richard Arthur. A Historical Geography of Jackson, Michigan: A Study on the Changing Character of an American City, 1829–1969. Jackson, MI: printed by author, 1970.
Shaw, Nate, and Theodore Rosengarten. All God’s Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw. New York: Knopf, 1974.
Shepherd, Ted. The Chinese of Greenville, Mississippi. Greenville, MS: Burford Brothers Printing, 1999.
Siener, William H. “Through the Back Door: Evading the Chinese Exclusion Act Along the Niagara Frontier, 1900 to 1924.” Journal of American Ethnic History 27, no. 4 (2008).<
br />
Sillers, Florence Warfield, and Wirt A. Williams. History of Bolivar County, Mississippi. Jackson, MS: Hederman Brothers, 1948.
Simpson, Ethel C., and Richard Dawes. “Letters from the Flood.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 55, no. 3 (1996): 251–85.
Siu, Helen F. Agents and Victims in South China: Accomplices in Rural Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989.
Skates, John Ray. A History of the Mississippi Supreme Court, 1817–1948. Jackson: Mississippi Bar Foundation, 1973.
Smith, Philip Chadwick Foster. The Empress of China. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Maritime Museum, 1984.
Sperry, Benjamin O. “Walter Sillers and His Fifty Years Inside Mississippi Politics,” Mississippi Now: The Online Publication of the Mississippi Historical Society. 2010. http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/356/walter-sillers-and-his-fifty-years-inside-mississippi-politics. Accessed February 10, 2016.
Street, James Howell. Look Away! A Dixie Notebook. New York: Viking Press, 1936.
Strite, Claudia Brewer. Biography of Earl LeRoy Brewer. Earl Brewer Family Papers, Z/0348.001/F/Folder 1. Jackson: MDAH, 1946.
Strum, Philippa. Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.
Thomas, R. D. A Trip on the West River: New Going and Coming. Guangdong Sheng: China Baptist Publication Society, 1903.
Tindall, George Brown. The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967.
Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
United States Bureau of the Census. Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Part 2. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1888.
——. 1850 Federal Census. Records of the Bureau of the Census. Washington, DC: National Archives.
——. 1870 Federal Census. Records of the Bureau of the Census. Washington, DC: National Archives.
——. 1880 Federal Census. Records of the Bureau of the Census. Washington, DC: National Archives.
——. 1900 Federal Census. Records of the Bureau of the Census. Washington,
Water Tossing Boulders Page 22