by Susan Jacoby
4. Pérez, Spanish Inquisition, pp. 24–25.
5. Caesarius of Heisterbach, “Dialogue on Miracles V,” Medieval Sourcebook, www.fordham.edu.
6. Kevin Ingram, ed., The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond (Boston, 2009), vol. 1, p. 12.
7. Pérez, Spanish Inquisition, p. 49.
8. Ibid., p. 50.
9. Cited in ibid., p. 185.
10. Cited in Peter Godman, The Saint as Censor: Robert Bellarmine Between Inquisition and Index (Boston, 2000), p. 3.
7 JOHN DONNE (1572–1631)
1. Cited in Christopher Hibbert, The Virgin Queen: Elizabeth I, Genius of the Golden Age (Reading, Mass., 1991), p. 89.
2. John Stubbs, John Donne: The Reformed Soul (New York, 2007), p. viii.
3. “Thirty-nine Articles of Religion,” Church of England, 1562. (W)
4. King James to the Papal Nuncio, Nov. 1603, cited in Stubbs, John Donne, p. 180.
5. John Donne, Pseudo-Martyr, ed. Anthony Raspa (London, 1993), chap. 6, pp. 143–44.
6. Ibid., “The Preface,” p. 13.
7. Ibid., chap. 3, p. 37.
8. John Donne, The Sermons of John Donne, ed. George R. Potter and Evelyn M. Simpson (1953–62), vol. 4, pp. 106–7.
9. Donne, “Divine Meditations,” 8, lines 1–2.
10. Donne, Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (Ann Arbor, 1959), pp. 23–24.
11. Ibid., Meditation XVII, pp. 107–8.
12. Isaak Walton, The Lives of John Donne, Sir Henry Wotton, Richard Hooker, and Robert Sanderson (London, 1670, reprinted 1927), p. 75.
13. Donne, “Death’s Duel,” in Devotions, p. 171.
8 “NOT WITH SWORD…BUT WITH PRINTING”
1. Thomas Foxe, Acts and Monuments, ed. S. J. Cattley and J. Pratt (London, 1877), p. 720.
2. Kenneth G. Appold, The Reformation: A Brief History (London, 2011), p. 59.
3. Ibid., p. 69.
4. Miriam Usher Chrisman, “Lay Response to the Protestant Reformation in Germany: 1520–1528,” in Reformation Principle and Practice, ed. Peter N. Brooks (London, 1980), p. 36.
5. Ibid., p. 41.
6. Ibid., pp. 38–39.
7. Ibid., p. 43.
8. Ibid., p. 46.
9. Appold, Reformation, p. 94.
9 PERSECUTION IN AN AGE OF RELIGIOUS CONVERSION
1. Kenneth G. Appold, The Reformation: A Brief History (London, 2011), p. 169.
2. Stefan Zweig, The Right to Heresy: Castellio Against Calvin, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul (New York, 1936), pp. 43, 55.
3. Lawrence and Nancy Goldstone, Out of the Flames (New York, 2002), p. 32.
4. Robert Ingersoll to Philip G. Peabody, May 27, 1890. Cited in Susan Jacoby, The Great Agnostic: Robert Ingersoll and American Freethought (New Haven, 2012), pp. 203–5.
5. William Osler. “Michael Servetus,” Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, vol. XXI, no. 226 (Jan. 1910).
6. Cited in Roland H. Bainton, Hunted Heretic: The Life and Death of Michael Servetus, 1511–1553 (Providence, 2011), pp. 144–46.
7. Cited in Zweig, Right to Heresy, p. 156.
8. Rev. Frank J. Schulman, “Unitarianism Begins: Sebastian Castellio,” Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Fairbanks, Alas., 2003. (W)
9. “The Servetus Controversy,” H. Henry Van Meeter Center for Calvin Studies, Calvin College. (W)
10. Benjamin J. Kaplan, Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 2007), p. 85.
11. Pierre Jurieu, Last Efforts of Afflicted Innocence, cited in John Marshall, John Locke: Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge, Eng., 2006), p. 19.
10 MARGARET FELL (1614–1702): WOMAN’S MIND, WOMAN’S VOICE
1. Charles James Spence Manuscript, chap. III, p. 135, cited in Isabel Ross, Margaret Fell: Mother of Quakerism (York, Eng., 1984), p. 11.
2. Cited in George Fox, A Journal or Historical Account of the Life, Travels, Sufferings, Christian Experiences, and Labour of Love in the Work of the Ministry, of That Ancient, Eminent, and Faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, George Fox, with Contributions by Margaret Fox and William Penn, vol. 1, p. 62 (orig. published 1694). The full text, scanned from an 1831 edition, is available online at www.hallvworthington.com. (W)
3. Cited in Ross, Margaret Fell, p. 11.
4. Ibid.
5. Jan de Hartog, The Peaceable Kingdom (New York, 1972), p. 38.
6. Testimony to George Fox by Margaret Fell, in Ross, Margaret Fell, p. 15.
7. Margaret Fell, A brief collection of remarkable passages and occurences relating to the birth, education, life, conversion, travels, services, and deep sufferings of that ancient, eminent, and faithful servant of the Lord, Margaret Fell, by her second marriage, Margaret Fox (London, 1710), cited in Autobiographical Writings by Early Quaker Women, ed. David Booy (Hampshire, Eng., 2004), pp. 151–52.
8. Bonnelyn Young Kunze, Margaret Fell and the Rise of Quakerism (London, 1994), p. 137.
9. Margaret Fell, Works, pp. 202–10, cited in ibid.
10. John Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge, Eng., 2006), p. 112.
11. Cited in Ross, Margaret Fell, p. 211.
12. Cited in ibid., p. 218.
13. Cited in Richard H. Popkin, “Spinoza’s Relations with the Quakers in Amsterdam,” Quaker History, vol. 73, no. 1 (Spring 1984), pp. 14–28. (W)
14. Kunze, Margaret Fell, p. 230.
15. Bonnelyn Young Kunze, “An Unpublished Work of Margaret Fell,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 130, no. 2 (Dec. 1986), pp. 424–52. (W)
16. Margaret Fell, Final Letter to the Assemblies of Quakers, April 1700, in Margaret Fell’s Letters—The Way to Righteousness, www.hallvworthington.com. (W)
11 RELIGIOUS CHOICE AND EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT
1. Papers of George Washington, Library of Congress, vol. 325, pp. 19–20. A facsimile is available online at www.tourosynagogue.org. (W)
2. John Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge, Eng., 2006), p. 18.
3. Cited in Andrew Hill, “Thomas Aikenhead,” Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography. (W)
4. “Last Heretic—Edward Wightman,” Burton-on-Trent Local History Archive, http://www.burton-on-trent.org.uk/1612-last-heretic. (W)
5. Cited in Marshall, John Locke, p. 107.
6. Cited in Paul Mark Sandler, “The Trial of William Penn,” Daily Record, Feb. 9, 2007. (W)
7. Ibid.
8. E. Benoit, Histoire de l’édit, vol. 3, pp. 445–58, cited in ibid., p. 20.
9. Baruch Spinoza, A Theologico-Political Tract, in The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza, trans. R. H. M. Elwes (London, 1900), vol. 1, p. 27. (Hereafter Tractatus.)
10. Cited in Marshall, John Locke, p. 156.
11. Spinoza, Tractatus, vol. 3, p. 246.
12. Cited in Isabel Ross, Margaret Fell: Mother of Quakerism (York, Eng., 1984), p. 91.
13. Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, Betraying Spinoza (New York, 2006), p. 4.
14. Ibid., p. 43.
15. Spinoza, Tractatus, frontispiece.
16. Spinoza, Letter XLIX, cited in ibid., p. xxxi.
17. Ibid., p. 261.
18. Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, “Reasonable Doubt,” New York Times, July 29, 2006.
19. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Toleration (London, 1667), in John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration and Other Writings, ed. Mark Goldie (Indianapolis, 2010), pp. 127–28, http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2375. (W)
20. Ibid., p. 123. (W)
21. John Locke, “Amendment I (Petition and Assembly),” in Letter Concerning Toleration. (W)
12 MIRACLES VERSUS EVIDENCE: CONVERSION AND SCIENCE
1. Baruch Spinoza, The Letters, trans. S. Shirley (Indianapolis, 1995), p. 124, cited in Jonathan I. Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750 (Oxford, Eng., 2001), p. 242.
2. A. R. Hall and M. B. Hall, “Why Blame Oldenburg?,” Isis, no. 53 (1962), pp. 482–91.
3. Cited in “Robert Boyle,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, July 6, 2010. (W)
4. Diana Severance, “Robert Boyle Converted in a Thunderstorm,” www.ChristianityToday.com. (W)
5. Ibid., p. 5.
6. Robert Boyle, Boyle on Atheism, ed. J. J. MacIntosh (Toronto, 2005), pp. 301–2.
7. Ibid., p. 275.
8. Francis Collins, “The Question of God,” Other Voices, Public Broadcasting Service, 2004. (W)
9. Spinoza, “Of Miracles,” in Tractatus, chap. 6, p. 81.
10. Robert Boyle, Selected Philosophical Papers of Robert Boyle, ed. M. A. Stewart (New York, 1979), sect. II, p. 179.
11. Cited in Michael Hunter, “Aikenhead the Atheist,” in Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment, ed. Michael Hunter and David Wootton (Oxford, Eng., 1992), p. 227.
12. Boyle, Selected Philosophical Papers of Robert Boyle, sect. II, p. 183.
13. Israel, Radical Enlightenment, p. 247.
14. Ibid., pp. 248–49.
13 PRELUDE: O MY AMERICA!
1. “A Reply to Mr. Williams His Examination: and Answer of the Letters Sent to Him by John Cotton,” in Publications of the Narragansett Club (Providence, 1862), 1st ser., vol. II, p. 19, cited in Sidney E. Mead, The Lively Experiment: The Shaping of Christianity in America (New York, 1963), p. 13.
2. Cited in Timothy D. Hall, Anne Hutchinson: Puritan Prophet (Boston, 2010), p. 9.
3. Ibid., p. 56.
4. Moses Tyler Coit, A History of American Literature, 1607–1765 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1949), pp. 85–86.
5. Transcript, Trial at the Court at Newton, 1637, of Anne Hutchinson. (W)
6. Ibid.
7. Cited in Hall, Anne Hutchinson, p. 147.
8. Cited in Lauri Lebo, “Texas Board of Education Wants to Change History,” Religion Dispatches, Annenberg Center at the University of Southern California, Aug. 12, 2009. (W)
9. Cited in W. W. Sweet, Religion in Colonial America (New York, 1942), pp. 151–52.
10. Jack Rakove, Revolutionaries (New York, 2011), p. 77.
11. John A. Dix, History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York (New York, 1889–1950), vol. 1, p. 304, cited in Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), p. 177.
12. Cited in Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968), p. 184.
13. Cited in Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 140.
14. Thomas Bacon, Four Sermons Preached at the Parish Church of St. Peter, in Talbot County,…(London, 1753), pp. 30, 31, 34.
15. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York, 1941), p. 81.
16. Solomon Northrup, Twelve Years a Slave (New York, 2014), pp. 82–83.
17. Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 146.
18. Quoted in Albert J. Raboteau, “The Secret Religion of Slaves,” Christianity Today, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1992/issue33/3342.html.
19. Daniel Pipes, “Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas,” Middle East Quarterly, Dec. 2000. (W)
20. Omar ibn Said, “Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina,” 1831, ed. J. Franklin Jameson, American Historical Review, vol. 30, no. 4 (July 1925), pp. 787–95. (W)
21. Patrick J. Horn, Summary of Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831 (Washington, D.C., 1925), in Documenting the American South, University Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (W)
22. Cited in ibid.
23. Cited in ibid.
14 HEINRICH HEINE (1797–1856): CONVICTIONLESS CONVERSION
1. Amos Elon, The Pity of It All: A Portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch, 1743–1933 (New York, 2002), p. 92.
2. Aharon Appelfeld, The Conversion, translated from the Hebrew by Jeffrey M. Green (New York, 1998), pp. 98–101.
3. Cited in “Heinrich Heine,” The Jewish Encyclopedia. (W)
4. Letter to Moses Moser. April 23, 1826, in Heinrich Heine, Confessio Judaica (Berlin, 1925), p. 64, cited in Elon, Pity of It All.
5. Heinrich Heine, Sämtliche Schriften (Munich, 1975–85), vol. 2, p. 7, cited in ibid., p. 118.
6. Jessica Duchen, “Mendelssohn the Misunderstood,” Jewish Chronicle, Jan. 22, 2009. (W)
7. Cited in Elon, Pity of It All, p. 145.
8. Heinrich Heine, Heinrich Heine’s Life Told in His Own Words, trans. Arthur Dexter (New York, 1893), pp. 28–29.
9. Ibid., p. 29.
10. Heinrich Heine, “The Home-Coming,” in The Poems of Heine: Complete, trans. Edgar Alfred Bowring, C.B. (London, 1889), p. 198.
11. Ibid., p. 211.
12. Cited in Ari Joscowicz, “Heinrich Heine’s Transparent Masks: Denominational Politics and the Poetics of Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century Germany and France,” German Studies Review, vol. 32, no. 1 (2011), p. 74. (W)
13. Cited in ibid., p. 71.
14. Heinrich Heine, “The New Jewish Hospital at Hamburg,” in The Standard Book of Jewish Verse, compiled by Joseph Friedlander, ed. Alexander Kohut (New York, 1917).
15. Heine, Heinrich, Foreword, The Book of Songs (East Aurora, N.Y., 1903), pp. ii–iii.
16. Ibid., p. iv.
17. Cited in Elon, Pity of It All, p. 142.
18. Heinrich Heine, Preface, Germany: A Winter’s Tale, 1844, in The Complete Poems of Heinrich Heine: A Modern English Version, trans. Hal Draper (Boston, 1982) pp. 481–82.
19. Joscowicz, “Heinrich Heine’s Transparent Masks.” (W)
20. Cited in ibid. (W)
21. Heinrich Heine, “The Disputation,” Poems of Heine: Complete, p. 495.
22. Ibid., pp. 498–99.
23. Heine, “Princess Sabbath,” trans. Margaret Armour, in Standard Book of Jewish Verse.
24. Heine, “Postscript to Romancero,” in Complete Poems, trans. Draper, p. 695.
25. Heine, “The ‘Romancero,’ in Heinrich Heine’s Life, p. 345.
26. Ibid., p. 346.
15 THE VARIETIES OF COERCIVE EXPERIENCE
1. “We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah,” pt. III, March 16, 1998. (W)
2. David I. Kertzer, The Popes Against the Jews (New York, 2001), p. 41.
3. Ibid., p. 43.
4. Correspondance Politique Rome, vol. 1009, pp. 18–19, Archives, Ministères des Affaires Étrangères, cited in ibid., p. 122.
5. David I. Kertzer, The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara (New York, 1997), p. 302.
6. Hansard Archive of Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser., vol. xcv, pp. 1323–31. (W)
16 EDITH STEIN (1891–1942): THE SAINTHOOD OF A CONVERTED JEW
1. Edith Stein, Life in a Jewish Family: Her Unfinished Autobiographical Account, trans. Josephine Koeppel, O.C.D. (Washington, D.C., 1986), p. 23.
2. Ibid., p. 47.
3. Ibid., p. 266.
4. Ibid., p. 343.
5. Ibid., p. 43.
6. Ibid., p. 260.
7. Ibid., pp. 68–69.
8. Edith Stein, On the Problem of Empathy, trans. Waltraut Stein (Washington, D.C., 1989), pp. 88–89.
9. Stein, Life in a Jewish Family, p. 293.
10. Ibid., p. 416.
11. Ibid., p. 123.
12. Edith Stein, “Love of the Cross,” 1934, http://essays.quotidiana.org/stein/love_of_the_cross/. (W)
13. Josephine Koeppel, O.C.D., in Stein, Life in a Jewish Family, p. 425.
14. Segretaria di Stato, Affair Ecclesiastici Straordinari, Germania, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City, in David I. Kertzer, The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe (New York, 2014), p. 208.
15. Garry Wills, Papal Sin: Structures of Deceit (New York, 2000), p. 54.
17 PETER CARTWRIGHT (1785–1872): ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM AND THE BATTLE FOR REASON
1. Peter Cartwright, Autobiography of Peter Cartwright (Nashville, 1856), p. 30.
> 2. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York, 1963), p. 56.
3. Cartwright, Autobiography, pp. 37–38.
4. Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), p. 220.
5. The Adams-Jefferson Letters, ed. Lester J. Cappon (Chapel Hill, 1959), vol. 2, p. 373.
6. William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley (Salem, Mass., 1905), vol. 3, p. 442.
7. Cartwright, Autobiography, pp. 46–47.
8. Ibid., pp. 50–51.
9. Sharon Otterman, “Trinity Church Split on How to Manage $2 Billion Legacy of a Queen,” New York Times, April 24, 2013. (W)
10. “Burning of the Charlestown Convent,” Boston Evening Transcript, Aug. 12, 1834, http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/949.htm. (W)
11. Cartwright, Autobiography, p. 28.
12. 319 US 624. (W)
18 REMAKING THE PROTESTANT AMERICAN COMPACT
1. These figures are based on U.S. Census Bureau records from 1870 to 1930.
2. In Alison Leight Cowan, “The Rabbi Cardinal O’Connor Never Knew: His Grandfather,” New York Times, June 10, 2014. (W)
3. All figures on immigration are extrapolated from U.S. Census records from 1890 to 1940 and from the specifications of the federal Immigration Act of 1924, which established the system of “national origins quotas.” A breakdown of quotas for specific countries is available at http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078. (W)
4. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, NY, Oct. 3, 1965, www.lbjlib.utexas.edu. (W)
5. Charles Bruehl, “Pastoralia, Way of Approach,” Homiletic and Pastoral Review, vol. XXX (May 1930), pp. 798–801, cited in Milton L. Barron, People Who Intermarry (Syracuse, N.Y., 1946), pp. 21–59. Reprinted and revised as “The Church, The State, and Intermarriage,” in The Blending American, ed. Milton L. Barron (Chicago, 1972), pp. 66–67.