PHARMAKON
DIRK WITTENBORN
For Kirsten and Lilo
In memory of J. R. Wittenborn, PhD
CONTENTS
PROLOGUE
BOOK I
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A NOTE ON THE AUTHOR
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
PROLOGUE
I was born because a man came to kill my father. If he hadn’t showed up with a gun in his pocket and bad thoughts in his head, I wouldn’t exist, much less have a story to tell. This tragic footnote to my conception left me feeling as if I had three parents: a father, a mother, and a murderer.
My father suffered from strange and temporarily paralyzing attacks of catatonia that my family, with characteristic discretion, referred to as Dad’s “Sock Moments.” You would walk past my parents’ bedroom door on the way to breakfast or the bathroom and glimpse Dad sitting on his side of the bed, fully dressed, legs crossed, one shoe on, sock in hand, about to put on his other shoe. Perfectly normal, right? Trouble was, sometimes ten or twenty minutes would pass, and you’d look in on him again, and he’d still be sitting there, sock in hand, staring at the other shoe he’d yet to fill.
Once my sister Lucy and I clocked him with the timer my mother used to make sure the roast beef was rare. Fifty-seven minutes passed before he got the other sock on. Frozen in time and space in his own thoughts, Dad would appear perfectly normal, except for the look he’d have in his eye. It wasn’t a faraway, glassy-eyed stare; it was a perplexed squint, as if he were trying to see something he wasn’t sure was there.
My father could have three episodes in a week, then there’d be a six-month reprieve. Usually, but not always, these becalmed fits of melancholic introspection would come over him in the morning as he readied himself to set off for work. But sometimes they’d ambush him in the evening, when he went upstairs just for a moment to put on a fresh shirt or wash his hands or get my mother her purse. Occasionally, according to my mom, they’d even bushwhack him after midnight, when a dry mouth or a bad dream would wake him, and he’d reach for his slippers with the thought of heading downstairs to make himself a cup of tea or a stiff drink. Only he’d never get there. Technically, those weren’t Sock Moments, because my mother would wake up and find her husband cradling a slipper. But the question remained the same: What was going on in Dad’s head?
Once, when I was eight, and Dad was lost in his bedroom with nothing but a sock to show him The Way Home, I snuck into the room, tiptoed past him, and slipped into his big closet. He used it as a dressing room. It was the grandest thing about the house we lived in then; it was a long, narrow, wondrous little right triangle of a room tucked under the stairs to the attic. It had a round window at one end that offered a view of nothing but sky, and it smelled of cedar and shoe polish and dust from parts of his life that were none of a small boy’s business.
I knew I was trespassing. The closet was Dad’s private space, to be entered only at his personal invitation and explored under his supervision. There were bone-handled pocketknives to be opened and closed, fly rods to be assembled, and a wooden crate that once held a dozen bottles of Château d’Yquem but now was home to the collection of Indian arrowheads and stone tomahawks he’d found in freshly plowed fields and unearthed in serpentine burial mounds during what had passed for a boyhood in his hardscrabble, Midwestern youth. But his hospitality had its limits. Even when I was a baby, if I crawled too far back in his closet and tried to open the old steamer trunk, latched, strapped closed, and too heavy to lift, visiting hour would be over. My father would pull me away from it as if it were radioactive, and in the grown-up voice he used with doctors who came to our house to talk to him, he’d announce, “Nothing in there pertains to you.”
I remember asking him once, “Then why can’t I look in it?”
“I’ve lost the key” was what he said, but I didn’t believe it. I just figured that’s where Dad kept his real treasure, and he didn’t want anyone to know because he was afraid they’d steal it.
Back when I was invading Dad’s private space at age eight I felt guilty on two counts: I was doing what I had been told not to do, and worse, I was taking unfair advantage of what seemed to be, until several decades later, my father’s only weakness—his Sock Moments. Whether out of my own innate sense of fairness or fear of the great man paralyzed on the edge of the bed, I did not go directly to the trunk that loomed so large in my imagination. Instead, I contented myself with taking out the Indian artifacts. A noisy child by nature, prone to talking to myself out loud, I retold the stories he had shared with me about the Indian tribes that had lorded over the state of Illinois long before he was born; the Kaskaskia, the Cahokia, and the Peoria tribes, all decimated by their brethren, the Iroquois, in the Beaver Wars. But it wasn’t the same. I wanted his voice; I wanted him to come back from wherever he was in his Sock Moment; I wanted him to hear me. Anything was preferable to the loneliness I felt knowing he could be so close and yet still so far away.
Suddenly desperate to break the spell that held him, I did the worst thing I could imagine, far more forbidden and dangerous and unforgivable than opening the trunk: I stood up on the overturned wine box, pulled out the squeaky top drawer of his head-high dresser, and took hold of the loaded .38 caliber long-barreled Smith & Wesson revolver he kept on top of his clean handkerchiefs.
He was so far gone even the sound of me opening the forbidden gun drawer did not wake him. Not even the click of me closing the cylinder snapped him out of whatever held him captive. What if Dad never woke up? What if he never came back from this Sock Moment? What if he stayed petrified like that forever?
Missing him, wanting him, needing him, and mad at him, I pulled back the hammer of the big pistol. My hands shook, my finger closed on the trigger. If I fired the gun, he’d have to wake up. No matter how severely I’d be punished, at least he’d be with me. An eighth of an ounce of trigger pressure away from bringing the hammer down on the Moment, the thought occurred to me: What if I pulled the trigger and he still didn’t wake up?
Then I’d know there was no hope. I lowered the hammer and placed the handgun back onto tomorrow’s handkerchief and closed the squeaky drawer.
I went back out into his bedroom and got down on my knees the way you do in church. Taking the argyle sock from his hand, I gently began to pull it onto his long, narrow, white foot.
I watched as my father’s eyes focused down on me. They were gray, pearly, and wet, like the inside of a shell pulled up from the sea with something alive inside it.
“Daddy?” He had a scar shaped like a crescent on his forehead. His hair was gray and cut so short you could see the shape of his skull and the veins feeding his brain like the Visible Man model he had helped me put together.
“Yes?” He still sounded far away.
“What are you thinking?”
“I was thinking about . . .” The sock was on now. He was lacing up the shoe by himself. “. . . how I feel about things.”
No question, my mother would have sent him to a good psychologist if Dad wasn’t already a shrink himself, a semifamous shrink, in fact: Dr. William T. Friedrich. I failed Psych 1A myself, but I’m told if you made it to the second semester, your professor probably mentioned his name. He was what they used to call a neuropsychopharmacologist. If there’s brain candy in your medicine cabinet, chances are my father’s messed with your head, too.
BOOK I
DECEMBER 1951
That morning, Dr. Friedrich’s first Sock Moment was years away. There was no scar on his forehead, and in place of the receding hairline, there was a thick cowlick of chestnut-colored hair. Back then Will, as he was called, was a thirty-three-year-old untenur
ed, overworked, hollow-eyed ambitious associate professor of psychology at Yale with a wife, four children, a mortgage, and eighty-seven dollars in his bank account until payday.
It was the week before Christmas break. A skull-numbing arctic air mass had driven all things with feathers from the sky. The temperature had been in the single digits all week, and yesterday eleven inches of snow had fallen in as many hours. New Haven was frozen solid.
His car, which in fact wasn’t a car but a monstrous old 1938 DeSoto ambulance that his wife had dubbed the “White Whale,” wouldn’t start. The streetcar he had to take into town was an hour late. When he finally got off at his stop near campus, it was snowing again.
The wind blew in fits. His eyes teared. As sharp flakes swirled up his pants legs, Will wished he’d listened to his wife when she had told him to put on long johns. Rock salt had turned the icy sidewalks to slush, and two blocks into this last leg of his morning’s march to work, one of his galoshes began to leak. The week before Nora had told him to buy a new pair.
As ice water slowly filled his left boot, soaked through his shoes, and now squished between the numbness of his toes, he wondered why he had not listened to her. To save a buck making old galoshes last another winter, he had ruined his only pair of good shoes. Now, on top of having to buy a new pair of galoshes, he’d have to blow another five bucks on a pair of Oxfords.
Eager to get out of the cold and impatient for his future to begin, Will began to run. As his heartbeat rose, his mood improved. The cold was still making him cry, but he could at least smile at the memory of a time when snow equaled fun.
Friedrich felt more optimistic about the day he was facing when he stepped inside the building and was greeted by a brigade of buckets and wastepaper baskets collecting water as it dripped down from the ceiling. A janitor looked up from his mop. “Pipes burst. Classes canceled.”
As Will happily sloshed down the hallway, he began to plan out a miniholiday for his family. He’d call Nora and tell her to start getting the kids into their snowsuits. They’d pull out the old Flexible Flyer from the garage and take the kids sledding. And afterward, they’d make hot chocolate, and he’d read aloud from A Christmas Carol or Peter Pan or perhaps . . .
Before Will could settle on which fairy tale to finish the day with, he realized that although the halls were empty of students, the offices were bustling with psychologists of every rank and persuasion—clinical, abnormal, behaviorists, neobehaviorists, humanists, psychoanalytic—all hard at work on research papers, projects, grants, and experiments while he was thinking about sleigh riding.
Yale was the Promised Land for psychologists in 1951. The brightest and the best battled and politicked to come to New Haven. Friedrich felt privileged, even blessed, when he was awarded the position of instructor just after the war. The head of the department, Dr. Hugo Cunningham, had welcomed him and the other newcomers with a faculty tea and the promise that “this department prides itself on being an open, eclectic, noncompetitive sanctuary, where all members of our staff, regardless of rank or tenure, are given a voice, as well as the opportunity to contribute, to work together, as we soldier on to disassemble, demystify, and deconstruct the magic that drives the clockwork of human nature.”
Friedrich had later learned that Dr. Cunningham had worked in propaganda during the Second World War. The psychology department may have been a sanctuary for some; it had seemed that way at first, even for Friedrich. But now he saw it as a tweed tower with no way out.
When Friedrich first arrived, he, like everybody else in the building, had believed that if he kept his brain to the grindstone, his brilliance would outshine the brilliance of the guy in the office next door. But it was more complicated than that. With so many sharp minds being honed and wielded in such close quarters, you had to be guarded without seeming to be on your guard. What made the Yale psych department different, and in fact far more competitive, than your average above-average workplace was that everyone who worked there knew that they were being observed by people who had made a career out of judging who and what was and wasn’t normal.
All were qualified for greatness, but only one, maybe two, per decade would extract something from their minds so novel and wondrous and inarguable that even their competitors would have to acknowledge the superiority of another’s brain. If that happened, you became a full professor. Otherwise you had to wait until the senior colleague in your area of expertise either retired, died, or had a nervous breakdown.
By the time Friedrich had reached the stairway at the end of the hall, he’d put the Flexible Flyer back into the garage. He could smell the animal behaviorists in the basement lording over classrooms filled with mice. His friend Jens claimed to have taught rats to share. Will was just thinking about how much he liked the idea when a scream shocked out of a chimpanzee named Molly echoed up from below.
As he climbed up the stairwell he returned the nod of an elderly renowned therapist who never trimmed his nose hairs, deliberately wore two different colored socks, and encouraged the rumor that he had had an affair with Garbo while treating her for a mild case of agoraphobia. The right eccentricities were valued at Yale.
The third floor housed the head of the department and his favorites. He ran a program called “Communication and Persuasion.” They’d all been in the same army unit during World War II, working on ways to tap into the collective subconscious to influence public opinion. Since then they’d formed a chamber music group that played on weekends.
Friedrich’s office was on the fourth floor, with the other psychologists who had separated themselves from the pack by mastering the shadowy art of statistics. He and the other young psychometricians were hired guns, not just for the psychology department, but for the psychiatrists over at the med school as well. The ability to reduce the human condition to a set of numbers made them indispensable. They made up the rules and kept the score of the games that were being played among the headshrinkers. Will wanted to be more than a thought accountant.
Some of Friedrich’s colleagues specialized in measuring IQ, memory, or senility. Yale had recruited Friedrich for a rating scale he had thought up at an Army Air Corps base in Illinois that was used to measure whether a mental patient was getting saner or crazier, happier or sadder, improving or deteriorating. Even those in the department who thought him brash, lacking in gentility, and possessing a farm boy’s chip on his shoulder recognized that the Friedrich Psychiatric Rating Scale could give them the proof needed to convince the department they were on the right track.
On the day of its publication Friedrich felt a sense of pride he had not experienced since the age of twelve, when he’d earned enough money selling eggs from a roadside stand to buy back the family pony that his mother had insisted on selling to a neighbor in that first lean year of the Depression. He and Nora had gone out for chop suey to celebrate. There was just one problem. In the previous five years Friedrich’s rating scale had proved only one thing: Ninety-five percent of the people psychologists and psychiatrists treated never got any better. In fact, most of them got worse after seeing a professional. Of course, Will Friedrich didn’t talk about that in the psych building.
Last summer a neurologist had asked him to go down to Columbia and help him come up with the data that would prove lobotomies were both brutal and bad medicine. Friedrich administered his tests to patients before and after they received what was then called a “precision lobotomy.” To get a clearer picture of the damage that was being done, Friedrich augmented the tests by asking patients who were under local anesthesia a series of simple, mathematical questions while the scalpel was cutting into their frontal lobe.
“What’s one plus one? Two plus three? Count backward from a hundred.” He could still see the face of the teenage girl with curly black hair who had been sentenced to neurosurgery by her parents. When Mom and Dad found out she had contracted syphilis at Wellesley, they had sent her to a state mental health facility. Shortly after her arrival, she had att
empted suicide.
“Eighty-eight, 87, 86, 8 . . .” Will could still hear that girl counting down the last seconds she had to be herself, then gasping a sigh and mumbling, “What comes next?”
Friedrich’s findings did not make him popular among those PhDs and MDs at Yale who were on the lobotomy bandwagon. Will knew it was just a matter of time before the numbers he and others came up with put the lobotomists out of business. But that didn’t make him feel any less guilty for having interrogated a teenager on simple math while someone broke into her brain and stole her soul. Friedrich hadn’t performed the operation, or ordered it, or put her in a loony bin. He hadn’t cut into her head—it would have happened even if he hadn’t been there. But he had watched it happen and done nothing to stop it. And that bothered him.
Throwing off his overcoat and kicking off his galoshes, Will slumped into his desk chair. There were a half dozen different research projects he could have started. He had toyed with the idea of doing studies on foster children, senility, and a half dozen other dark corners of health care that could have benefited from the spotlight of his mind, but Friedrich’s ego couldn’t shake the vain notion that somewhere in him was a big idea that could make the world a saner place.
As he reached for a yellow pad to make notes, a pencil fell off his desk. It was an early Christmas gift from the head of the department. Embossed on the pencil were the words “Publish or Perish.” Friedrich snapped it in two, pulled on a leaky boot, and reached for his overcoat.
Will ran toward the exit. As he headed out the front door the janitor called out, “Where are you off to in such a hurry, Dr. Friedrich?”
“Christmas shopping for my kids.”
“I’m glad somebody in here has some sense.”
Feeling like an escapee from an institution, Friedrich whistled along to the Salvation Army band on Main Street and spun himself through the revolving doors of the first department store he came to. He had no trouble finding the children’s department, and the robotic reindeer that pranced across the rooftops of a gingerbread palace worthy of the “Mad” King Ludwig was impressive. But the toys depressed him.
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