Forbes, James 159
Forster, E.M. 236, 239
Frater, Andrew 22, 43, 280
Fremantle 195, 215;
see also Albany
French 152, 190–1
Frere, Sir Bartle 205, 220
gales at sea 57–8, 108–9, 111–12
Ganges [ship] 218
Ganj-i-sawai [ship] 127
Germany 191
Ghosh, Amitav 103
globalisation 266, 269, 278, 280, 281;
see also environment, fishing, pearls, tourism
Goa 35–6, 120, 130, 135, 255;
conversions in 171, 172–3;
migrants 250–1;
society in 155–6;
tourism in 274–6
Godinho, Manuel 160–1, 178–81
Godinho, V.M. 142
Goitein, S.D., 96, 103–4
gold see bullion
Graham, Mrs Maria 49, 226
Greeks 51
Guangzhou 87
Gujarat, Gujaratis 69, 83, 89, 96, 122, 131
see also Cambay, Surat
Gulf States, south Asian workers in 250
Hadhramaut, Hadhramis 80–1, 96, 244–8, 249–50
Hadji Yakub Ismael 252
hajj [pilgrimage] 81–2, 131, 163, 173–5, 186, 243–6
Hajji Ibrahim Muhaddis Qadiri 176
Harding, E.J. 231–2, 240
Harrison, Juanita 235–6, 242
Heesterman, Jan 38
Helena Mena [ship] 230
Hess, Andrew 114
Heyerdahl, Thor 22, 48
Hindus, Hinduism 46–7, 53–4, 58–9;
merchants 96, 134
Honavar 108
Horden, Peregrine, and Nicholas Purcell 4, 6, 9, 10, 29, 113, 177, 194, 258, 280
Hormos 53
horses see 'Walers'
Hugli 136
Hurmuz 93, 96, 119–20, 162;
Portuguese and 122, 130, 132;
travel to 108, 110
Ibn Battuta 67, 70–1, 75–6, 81, 84, 85, 97, 105, 106, 107–8, 111–12
Ibn Jubayr 64, 72, 81, 82, 110
Ibn Majid 68, 72, 106, 161
Ile de Bourbon see Réunion
indentured labour 223–4
India, as fulcrum of the Indian Ocean 50, 52–3, 196–7
Indian Navy 284–5
Indian Ocean, boundaries of 14–16, 27–8;
historiography of 4–5;
modern attempts at unity 286–7;
origins of 46–8;
perceptions of 3–4;
periodisation, 11–12;
terminology 13–14;
today and tomorrow 286–7;
unity of 5–9, 61, 287–8
Indian troops 224
Indonesia see Malay world
Indus Valley Civilisation 49–50
Inquisition 175
IOR-ARC [Indian Ocean Rim Association
for Regional Cooperation] 286–7
Islam see Muslims
islands 18–19, 38–9;
see also individual islands
ivory 50, 53, 54, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 96, 129 130, 159, 160, 162
Jahangir 116
Jakarta 148, 263;
society in 157;
as colonial port 212, 214
Jesuits 139, 171, 177, 188, 280;
see also Xavier, Francis
Jews 96, 99, 103–4, 280
Jiddah 17, 31–2, 92–3, 163–4, 192
Joseph Conrad [ship] 23
Karachi, as colonial port 216
Kerala:
backwaters 43, 81;
fishing 267–8
Khafar see Dofar
Kilwa 86, 92, 96;
see also Swahili coast
Kindersley, Mrs 212
Kling merchants 90, 96, 221
Kolkata 34, 35, 37, 148;
approaches to 212, 214, 218, 225
Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij 204–5
Kwinana [ship] 256
Laccadive islands 265–6
Lahari Bandar 93, 133
Lancaster, Sir James 161, 182
land-sea connections 28–30, 44–6, 61, 137, 162
languages 39, 156
lascars 209
lateen sails 67–8
Lawrence, William 239–40
Le Blanc, Vincent 98
leeches 195
Lencek, Lena 37, 274
littoral 37–41
Lobo, Jerónimo 163–4, 174, 177–8, 180–1, 182
Lombard, Denys 144–5
luxuries, trade in, see bullion, ivory, pearls, spices
Ma Huan 99
mace see spice trade
Madagascar 152, 156, 259;
peopling of 60–1, 258
Madden, Ruby 232
Madras see Chennai
Malacca see Melaka
Malay world 10, 16–17, 58–9;
conversions in 170–2, 248;
rulers and trade 102, 115, 150;
ships of 71, 255, 258
Maldives 39, 84–5, 97, 112, 151, 175, 261, 278;
tourism in 277
Malindi 85, 86, 92, 140
Maluku, Maluku islands see spice trade
Mandeville, Sir John 67, 119–20
Manguin, Pierre-Yves 71
Mapillahs 101, 126, 128
Maps 73–5, 199–200
maritime history 5, 9–10
Markovits, Claude 219
Marmagao 262
Marsh Arabs 42, 279
Martin, Esmond Bradley 257
Mascarene islands see Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles
Masulipatnam 126, 164
Matvejevic, Predrag 4, 10, 27, 31
Maugham, Somerset 253, 254
Mauritius 152, 156, 259–60;
indentured labour in 223–4;
Indians in 250, 258;
tourism in 277
Mecca 192;
see hajj Medina [ship] 231
Melaka 82–3, 94, 96, 98, 101, 114, 136, 148, 164
merchants 95–6;
communities 99–101;
expertise of 95;
position in port cities 97–9;
under colonialism 219–20
Mesopotamia 46, 49–50
Messageries Imperiales 204, 205
Middleton, John 38, 78
Mills, J.V. 90–1
Mitchell, David 126–7, 197
Mocha 132
Mogadishu 75, 97
Mogul Line 205
Mollat du Jourdain, M 122
Moluccas see Malukus
Mombasa 19, 36, 92, 130, 132, 137, 141;
as colonial port 217;
see also Swahili coast
monsoon winds 19–23, 86–7;
steamships ignore 206–7
Morocco, influence on Portuguese 125
Moshulu [barque] 209
movies, Indian 280
Mozambique 20, 23, 78, 86;
and Portuguese 34, 120, 132, 137, 138, 141, 142, 177
Mughals 116;
relations with Dutch and English 149;
with Portuguese 131
Muhammadi [ship] 185
Mumbai 145, 148, 159–60, 198, 262;
ship building at 218
Murphey, Rhoads 32
Muslims 95;
attitudes to sea 62–3;
circulation in Indian Ocean 75–6;
local rites criticised 161–2;
merchant communities 100–1;
rites at sea 107–9;
on Swahili coast 153–4;
see also rectification
Mutapa state 92, 130
naus [Portuguese large ships] 134, 135, 137, 138, 185;
life on 186–8
navigation, Arab 71–3;
British 199–200;
difficulty of 17–18;
early 56–7
navy, navies see strategy
necessities, trade in see pedlars
Newby, Eric 208–9
nutmeg see spice trade
Oceano [P&O ship] 209
oil tankers 263
Oman 198;
see also Zanzibar
Onor see Honavar
opium 195, 204, 219
Orana [ship] 235
Ottoman Turks 114, 130, 174
Panikkar, K.M. 113, 281
Pardesi Muslims 69, 81, 98, 101
Parkin, David 76, 80
Parks, Fanny 229, 237
Pathan [ship] 240
Pearce, Wilfred 234–5
pearls 84, 162–3, 271–3
pedlars 7–8, 50–1, 55–6, 85–6, 102–3, 162, 165, 208, 251–3
Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company [P&O] 195, 230–1;
subsidies 203–4
Penrad, Jean-Claude 28
pepper see spice trade
Perak [ship] 254
Persia, Persians 54, 78, 88–9, 96, 103, 130, 133, 136
Pfeiffer, Ida 222
pilgrimage, Buddhist 173;
Christian 173;
Muslim see hajj
Pinto, Fernão Mendes 171
piracy 56, 105–7, 126–7, 197–8;
British and 198–9;
modern 285–6
Pires, Tomé 18, 83, 98, 164
political elites and trade 101–2, 104–5, 123, 142
pollution 279–80
Polo, Marco 18, 63, 70, 83, 84, 89, 98, 105–6
Port Blair 255
port cities 30–7, 91–4, 97–102;
attitudes to trade and traders 114–5, 123, 142;
complex markets 159–61;
and Dutch and English 150;
influence of inland states on 34–7;
today 263, 264;
see also individual ports
ports, colonial 211–17;
compared with earlier ports 217–18;
see also individual engineers, ports
Portuguese in Indian Ocean 118;
aims and policies 120–2;
changes in 121;
with China 131–2;
corruption 141–2;
cultural influence 139;
economic effects 132–6 ;
evaluation of claims 122–4;
evaluation of Portuguese in Indian Ocean 137–8;
as frontier society 125–6;
success of 127–36
(see individual areas);
in Gujarat 133–4;
immersed in Indian Ocean trade patterns 129;
in Kerala 135;
in Malay world 136;
opium trade 219;
private Portuguese (casados) 137, 143, 144;
reasons for failure 140–4;
relations with Gujarat 131;
reputation of 172;
response to 119, 124, 142;
revenue 121–2;
search for similar 154;
in Sri Lanka 136;
trade of casados 154;
violence 142
Prados, Edward 256–7
Prakash, Om 116, 150
prawns 268, 270
printing press 139
Ptak, Roderich 83
Pulicat 94, 136
purification of Islam see rectification
Qadiri see sufis
Qaisar, Ahsan Jan, 188–9
Qawasim 'pirates'198–99
Quanzhou 83, 89–90
Quilon 98
Rahimi [ship] 185
rainfall 24
Reade, Julian 3
rectification, 169–70;
Christian 175;
Islamic 80–1, 175–7, 244–8
Red Sea, navigation in 17–18, 36–7, 110;
early trade in 51;
winds in 20–1
religion, coastal 39–41;
see also Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam
replicas 1, 265–6
ressac 28
Réunion 152, 244–5, 260–1;
tourism in 277
rites at sea 107–9;
Christian 178–81;
Hindu 178–81;
Muslim 178–81;
Portuguese 177–8
river ports see fluvial ports
river travel 111, 184, 202, 242–3
Roberts, Emma 226–7
Romans, Roman trade 51–2
Round the World racers 265
Royal Navy 191
Rukhkh 107
Safavid Iran 130
St Thomas 59–60
St Expedit 244–5
St Paul and Amsterdam islands 221, 279
Santa Maria do Monte [ship] 184
Sayyid Ahmad bin Sumeyt 245
Sayyid Fadl 245
Scindia line 205, 253
sea, perceptions of 1–2;
and oceans 4–5
sea levels 24–5
sea travel see voyages by sea
Severin, Tim 22, 67, 68, 210, 265–6
Seychelles 259, 261
Shaykh Yusuf 176
ships, construction 185;
crews 185–6;
early 48–9;
sizes 185;
speeds 186–7, 210;
see also barques, bulk, car carriers, cargo carriers, container ships, dhows, naus, oil tankers, steamships, tramp steamers
shipwrecks, see rites at sea
shrimps see prawns
silver see bullion
Sindbad the Sailor 102–3, 108–9
Singapore 251–2, 262–3
Siraf 41, 93, 96
slaves, slave trade 85, 152, 156, 199, 222–3
Socotra see Suqutra
Sofala 176
Sohar [replica dhow] 22
Spate, O.H.K. 4, 10–11
spice production areas 82
spice trade 82–4;
Dutch and 145–7;
Portuguese attempt to monopolise 121, 127–8, 138
Sri Lanka 54–5, 136, 146;
Buddhism in 173
Srivijaya 102, 123
steamships 201–3;
coastal 242;
conquer nature 200, 205–6;
crews of 209–10;
improvements 206–7;
life on board 207–8, 230–3, 234–7;
supplant sailing ships 208–9;
subsidies for 203–4;
see also speeds at sea, tramp steamers
Steensgaard, N. 6, 152
storms 57–8, 180–1, 229–30, 240;
see also rites at sea
strategy 281–6
Suez Canal 210–11;
effects on shipping 211, 230–2;
favourable for British 211;
passage through 238–9
sufis 245–6, 248
sugar 259–61
Sulaiman 15, 16, 158, 161, 162–3, 183
Sumer see Mesopotamia
Sunbeam [ship] 233–4
superstitions see rites
Suqutra 258, 259
Surat 34, 134, 159, 160, 164, 166, 182–3
Swahili coast 54, 84–6, 92, 96, 163;
Indians in 219–20, 250;
Islam in 245–7;
Portuguese in 129–30, 132, 140, 153–4;
tourism in 276;
see also conversions
tea 168
Thapar, Romila 7
Thesiger, Wilfred 42
Thomaz, L.F.F.R. 123, 125
Tibbetts, G.R. 72
tides 25
tobacco 168, 195
Tompsitt, Mrs 191–2, 238
Torens [barque] 23
tourists, tourism 42–3, 273–7
trade, long distance 86–9, 193–4, 194–6
tramp steamers 208, 253–6
transfrontierfolk 154
travel, effects of 236–43;
see also voyages by sea
travellers' accounts 57–8;
see also voyages by sea
Trench, Frederic 227, 241–2
Triumph of Righteousness [dhow] 244
Turner, Victor 236
Twain, Mark 209, 237
Varadarajan,
Lotika 57
Venice, Venetians 100
Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie [Dutch East India Company; VOC]
see Dutch Villiers, Alan 23–4, 112, 208–9, 210, 244, 252, 256
Virji Vorah 166
voyages by sea described 57–8, 109–2, 181–4, 187–9, 225–9, 253–5;
see also boredom at sea, food on board ship,
steamships, storms, rites at sea
Wadias 218
'Walers' 196
Wall, Patrick 282
waves 25–6
Whyte, Richard James 230
winds 19–24
see also monsoons, storms
Winton, Tim 37, 273–4
wives of sailors 112
Woodhouse, Joseph 238
Woolf, Leonard 231, 233, 237–8
Xavier, St Francis 173, 175, 176, 177
Young, Gavin 210, 254–6, 258
Zafari see Dofar
Zain-al-Din 124, 126
Zamzam water 107
Zanzibar 20, 25, 54, 245, 247, 258, 259;
Indians in 219–20;
in nineteenth century 191;
and slave trade 222–3
Zayton see Quanzhou
Zheng He 86, 90–1, 114
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
Series editor's preface
Preface
Map of the Indian Ocean
Introduction
1 Deep structure
2 Humans and the sea
3 The beginning of the ocean
4 Muslims in the Indian Ocean
5 Europeans in an Indian Ocean world
6 The early modern Indian Ocean world
7 Britain and the ocean
8 History in the ocean
Notes
Select bibliography
Index
1 A Terry Dinghee
2 Indian Sailing Boats
3 Surat in East India
4 The Honourable East India Company's Iron War Steamer, the Ship Nemesis
5 Custom House Wharf (Calcutta)
6 Madras
7 Study of yacht Sunbeam
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