Lown delves deeper into the issue on his blog (http://bernardlown.wordpress.com), in “Black Blood Must Not Contaminate White Folks” (Essay 25), September 3, 2011.
PAGES 109–14: BLOOD DONATION POLICIES REGARDING MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN
Who is and who is not allowed to donate blood? Answers to this question touch a raw nerve, because we tend to feel that they rank our value as human beings. Are we or are we not worthy of giving blood? Here are some sources of information:
The World Health Organization says that blood donations should not be accepted from men who have sex with men. See pages 87 and 88 of Blood Donor Selection: Guidelines on Assessing Donor Suitability for Blood Donation (2012), at www.who.int/bloodsafety/publications.
American Red Cross blood donation exclusion policies, including a lifetime ban on donations from men who have had sex with men: www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/eligibility-requirements.
Tara Sun Vanacore and Abigail Barnes, “Tainted: Why Gay Men Still Can’t Donate Blood,” Atlantic, October 1, 2012.
Wikipedia, “Gay Male Blood Donor Controversy.”
Mark A. Wainberg, Talia Shuldiner, Karine Dahl, and Norbert Gilmore, “Reconsidering the Lifetime Deferral of Blood Donation by Men Who Have Sex with Men,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, September 7, 2010.
Charlene Galarneau, “Blood Donation, Deferral, and Discrimination: FDA Donor Deferral Policy for Men Who Have Sex with Men,” American Journal of Bioethics 10, no. 2 (February 2010).
Charlene Galarneau, “Review of Anne-Maree Farrell, The Politics of Blood: Ethics, Innovation and the Regulation of Risk,” American Journal of Bioethics 13, no. 4 (April 2013).
For information about how tainted blood products from an Arkansas prison made it into the blood supply in Canada and other countries in the 1980s, contributing to tainted blood scandals on an international scale, see the documentary Factor 8: The Arkansas Prison Blood Scandal, written, directed, and produced by Kelly Duda (Concrete Films, 2006).
Sophia Chase, “The Bloody Truth: Examining America’s Blood Industry and Its Tort Liability through the Arkansas Prison Plasma Scandal,” William and Mary Business Law Review 3, no. 2 (August 2012).
Justice Horace Krever, Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada, tabled in 1997.
André Picard, The Gift of Death: Confronting Canada’s Tainted-Blood Tragedy (HarperCollins Canada, 1995).
Steffanie A. Strathdee, Michael V. O’Shaughnessy, and Martin T. Schechter, “HIV in the Blood Supply: Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, August 15, 1997.
Ruling by Judge Catherine Aitken, Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Canadian Blood Services v. Freeman, September 8, 2010, Court file 02-CV-20980.
Durhane Wong-Rieger, president, Canadian Association for Rare Disorders, interviewed on Ontario Today (CBC Radio), May 24, 2013.
Mexico lifted the ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men in 2012: www.care2.com/causes/mexico-no-longer-bans-gay-men-from-donating-blood.html.
Cheryl Wetzstein, “Study Could End Ban on Gay Men Donating Blood,” Washington Times, May 16, 2012.
“U.K. to Lift Lifetime Ban on Gay Blood Donors,” Advocate.com, September 8, 2011.
Peter Tatchell, the Australian-born U.K. activist on behalf of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, argues on his website that the U.K. should accept blood donations from gay and bisexual males, provided that they always use a condom and test negative for HIV/AIDS: www.petertatchell.net/lgbt_rights/blood_ban.
This Huffington Post web page links to a CBC website and lists blood donation policies in twenty-one countries; Italy, Spain, and Mexico allow donations from men who have sex with men: www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/01/12/gay-men-donating-blood_n_2467103.html.
Gillian Mohney, “FDA Ban on Gay Men as Blood Donors Opposed by American Medical Assocation,” abc News, June 20, 2013. See: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/american-medical-association-opposes-fda-ban-gay-men/story?id=19436366#.UefGcWT72Fd.
Art Caplan, “Opinion: Ease US blood supply shortage by lifting gay donor ban,” nbc News, July 17, 2013. See: http://www.nbcnews.com/health/opinion-ease-us-blood-supply-shortage-lifting-gay-donor-ban-6C10656162.
PAGES 115–31: LANCE ARMSTRONG, BEN JOHNSON, AND PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS
For questions and answers about blood doping, including details on the potentially serious side effects, see the World Anti-Doping Agency website, at www.wada-ama.org/en/Science-Medicine/Science-topics.
Trent Stellingwerff, an exercise physiologist who works with the Canadian Sport Institute, answered my questions about the effects of exercise on bloodstream. He explained the ways that both legal techniques (such as training at altitude or in hot weather) and illicit approaches (such as blood doping) affect the blood and performance. Stellingwerff assists in the coaching of his wife, Hilary Stellingwerff, who is an international-calibre 1,500-metre runner. He also is part of a team advising elite Canadian marathoner Reid Coolsaet. See the website of the Canadian Sport Institute, at www.csipacific.ca.
Ex-professional cyclist Tyler Hamilton, a former teammate of Lance Armstrong in the Tour de France, offers a lively, informative look at blood doping and other forms of cheating in professional bike racing. Hamilton openly describes his own use of drugs and blood doping while riding with Armstrong. I drew quotes from pages 123 and 124 of Hamilton’s book: Tyler Hamilton and Daniel Coyle, The Secret Race: Inside the Hidden World of the Tour de France: Doping, Cover-Ups, and Winning at All Costs (Bantam Books, 2012).
In June 2013, shortly before the start of the 2013 Tour de France (the first since Armstrong’s admission five months earlier on television to Oprah Winfrey that he had taken steroids and EPO and undergone blood transfusions to cheat during his seven consecutive victories), Armstrong told Le Monde newspaper that during the time of his reign, it would have been impossible to win the race without resorting to drugs and doping. See Stéphane Mandard, “Lance Armstrong: Le Tour de France? Impossible de gagner sans dopage,” Le Monde, June 28, 2013, and Giles Mole, ed., “It Was Impossible to Win Tour Without Taking Drugs, Claims Lance Armstrong,” Telegraph (London), June 28, 2013.
For a detailed presentation of Armstrong’s cheating methods, as well as affidavits by Armstrong’s former teammates, see the “Reasoned Decision” report by the United States Anti-Doping Agency: Report on Proceedings under the World Anti-Doping Code and the usada Protocol: Reasoned Decision of the United States Anti-Doping Agency on Disqualification and Ineligibility: United States Anti-Doping Agency, Claimant, v. Lance Armstrong, Respondent, October 10, 2012, online at http://d3epuodzu3wuis.cloudfront.net/ReasonedDecision.pdf.
See the report of the formal inquiry struck after Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson tested positive for anabolic steroids at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and was stripped of his 100-metre world record and Olympic gold medal: Charles L. Dubin, Commissioner, Commission of Inquiry into the Use of Drugs and Banned Practices Intended to Increase Athletic Performance (Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada, 1990).
For details about events leading up to, during, and after Ben Johnson’s 100-metre race at the Seoul Olympics, see Richard Moore, The Dirtiest Race in History: Ben Johnson, Carl Lewis and the 1988 Olympic 100m Final (Bloomsbury, 2012).
About the use of biological passports to detect blood doping or the use of performance enhancing drugs, see “Athlete Biological Passport,” on the World Anti-Doping Agency website (www.wada-ama.org/en/Science-Medicine/Athlete-Biological-Passport); Mario Thevis, Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing: Characterization of Prohibited Substances and Doping Control Analytical Assays (Wiley, 2010); and Mario Zorzoli and Francesca Rossi, “Implementation of the Biological Passport: The Experience of the International Cycling Union,” Drug Testing and Analysis 2, no. 11–12, 2010.
CHAPTER 3
PAGES
156–57: ANDERSON RUFFIN ABBOTT AND CATHERINE SLANEY
My father, Daniel G. Hill III, wrote about Canada’s first black doctor, Anderson Ruffin Abbott (1837–1913), and in so doing introduced Catherine Slaney of Brampton, Ontario, to the fact that some of her ancestors had passed for white. Slaney had known that Abbott was an ancestor and a physician, but nobody had told her that he was black. See Catherine Slaney, Family Secrets: Crossing the Colour Line (Natural Heritage Books, 2003).
PAGES 159–64: INTERNATIONAL AND TRANSRACIAL ADOPTION
See Article 21 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child at www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx.
Wikipedia, “International Adoption” and “Transracial Adoption.”
The National Association of Black Social Workers argues in a position paper against placing black children in non-black adopted families: www.nabsw.org/mserver/PreservingFamilies.aspx.
For a few details on Judge Edwin Kimelman’s report on Indian and Métis adoptions and placements, which condemned as “cultural genocide” the widespread practice of removing Aboriginal children from their families and communities in Manitoba and sending them into adoption in eastern Canada or the USA, see Wikipedia, “Kimelman Report.”
A Wikipedia article dealing with the “Sixties Scoop” and Judge Edwin Kimelman: “Sixties Scoop.”
Adoption.com has an article on transracial adoption at http://encyclopedia.adoption.com/entry/transracial-adoption/360/1.html.
The Canadian Paediatric Society comments on transracial adoptions at www.cps.ca/documents/position/adoption-transracial.
The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute weighs in on transracial adoptions at www.adoptioninstitute.org/publications/MEPApaper20080527.pdf.
PAGES 165–67: BLOOD BROTHERS
Various Wikipedia articles offer details about the Norwegian warrior Örvar Odd and his Swedish counterpart Hjalmar: on the warriors, with the painting of them by Mårten Eskil Winge, see “Blood Brother”; on the story of Örvar Odd, with the painting by August Malmström, see “Örvar Odd.”
PAGES 167–76: CITIZENSHIP
Gloria Galloway, “Autistic Girl’s Future Up in the Air as Family Set to Be Deported from U.S., Refused Entry to Canada,” Globe and Mail, December 28, 2012.
The quote about the notion of citizenship advanced by Romulus in Rome is taken from paragraph 16 of “The Life of Romulus,” in Plutarch’s The Parallel Lives, online at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives.
For notions of jus sanguinis and jus soli, see Patrick Weil, “Access to Citizenship: A Comparison of Twenty-Five Nationality Laws,” in Citizenship Today: Global Perspectives and Practices, ed. T. Alexander Aleinikoff and Douglas Klusmeyer (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001).
For the court case United States v. Kim Wong Ark, see Wikipedia, “United States v. Wong Kim Ark.”
For the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States, see Wikipedia, “Chinese Exclusion Act.”
For an article about U.S. citizenship laws, see Wikipedia, “United States Nationality Law.”
Audrey Macklin, “Who Is the Citizen’s Other? Considering the Heft of Citizenship,” Theoretical Inquiries in Law (May 2007).
Ann Gomer Sunahara, The Politics of Racism: The Uprooting of Japanese Canadians During the Second World War (Ann Gomer Sunahara, 2000), http://japanesecanadianhistory.ca/Politics_of_Racism.pdf.
PAGES 176–79: JAMA WARSAME AND SAEED JAMA
A report on Jama Warsame by the United Nations: Jama Warsame v. Canada, Communication No. 1959/2010, U.N. Doc. ccpr/C/102/D/1959/2010 (2011), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Human Rights Committee, 102nd session, July 11–29, 2011.
Audrey Macklin and Renu Mandhane, “Canada’s New Exiles,” Ottawa Citizen, November 25, 2012.
PAGES 181–82: GERMAN ANTHROPOLOGIST AND PHYSICIAN JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind, www.blumenbach.info/_/Intro_to_Blumenbachs_Dissertation.html.
Lawrence Hill, Black Berry, Sweet Juice: On Being Black and White in Canada (HarperCollins Canada, 2001). See page 206 for the quote from Blumenbach.
Nell Irvin Painter, “Why White People Are Called ‘Caucasian,’” Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race, conference at Yale University, November 7–8, 2003.
Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (W. W. Norton, 2010).
Bruce Baum, The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity (New York University Press, 2006).
PAGES 182–87: THE KOMAGATA MARU STEAMSHIP AND THE STORY OF HARRY NARINE-SINGH
I drew heavily on the work of James Walker, an historian at the University of Waterloo, in writing The Book of Negroes. Once again, I have relied on his work to research this book, especially on matters of citizenship. See James W. St. G. Walker,“Race,” Rights and the Law in the Supreme Court of Canada (Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History and Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1997). See especially chapter five, pages 246–95, “Narine-Singh v. Attorney General of Canada.” The quote from McPhillips comes from page 261.
More information about Judge McPhillips’s quote and decision can be seen in paragraph 102 of his decision on July 16, 1914, for the British Columbia Court of Appeal: Canada v. Singh, Re Munshi Singh, [1914] B.C.J. No. 116, 6 W.W.R. 1347, 20 B.C.R. 243.
For another analysis of the Komagata Maru steamship case, including a quote from Reverend Samuel Chown, see Audrey Macklin, “Historicizing Narratives of Arrival: The Other Indian Other,” in Storied Communities: Narratives of Contact and Arrival in Constituting Political Community, ed. Hester Lessard, Rebecca Johnson and Jeremy Webber (University of British Columbia Press, 2010).
For details of the life of Reverend Chown, see an article by Neil Semple in The Canadian Encyclopedia, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/samuel-dwight-chown.
For more about Reverend Chown and his quote, see Mariana Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap, and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1885–1925 (University of Toronto Press, 2008), 106.
In the course of her work in 1953–54 for the Toronto Labour Committee for Human Rights, my mother, Donna Hill, was involved in the early stages of Harry Narine-Singh’s legal case. She answered my questions in a June 2013 interview.
PAGES 188–91: CASTA PAINTINGS AND PEOPLE OF MIXED RACE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MEXICO
The quote about mestizos comes from Octavio Paz, Sor Juana; or, the Traps of Faith, trans. Margaret Sayers Peden (Harvard University Press, 1988), 32.
Details about casta paintings and their historical context come from Ilona Katzew, Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico (Yale University Press, 2004). The quote from José Gumilla is drawn from pages 48–49.
PAGES 191–95: MIXED-RACE ISSUES
Latin American mixed-race definitions come from Thomas M. Stephens, Dictionary of Latin American Racial and Ethnic Terminology, 2nd ed. (University Press of Florida, 1999), 71–72, 751.
The quote from Gunnar Myrdal comes from page 113 of Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, vol. 1 (Harper and Brothers, 1944).
Lawrence Hill, Any Known Blood (HarperCollins Canada, 1997).
See information about Strom Thurmond in Wikipedia, “Strom Thurmond.”
Thurmond’s quote insisting on the necessity of racial segregation can be see in the above Wikipedia article, as well as in Adrienne M. Duke, Opaque Visions of the Self: The Possible Selves of African American Adolescent Males in the Context of Schooling (ProQuest, UMI Dissertation Publishing, 2011), 20.
PAGES 195–201: IDENTITY ISSUES RELATING TO ABORIGINALS AND BLACKS
Glen Coulthard, “Subjects of Empire: Indigenous Peoples and the ‘Politics of Recognition’ in Canada,” Contemporary Political Theory 6, no. 4
(2007).
Renisa Mawani, Colonial Proximities: Cross-Racial Encounters and Juridical Truths in British Columbia, 1871–1921 (University of British Columbia Press/University of Washington Press, 2009).
Details about Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act are taken from Kevin N. Maillard “The Pocahontas Exception: American Indians and Exceptionalism in Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act of 1924.” March 23, 2006/bepress Legal Series, Working Paper 1187, http://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/1187.
Troy Duster, “Lessons from History: Why Race and Ethnicity Have Played a Major Role in Biomedical Research,” Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, Fall 2006. The quote is from page 494.
Circe Sturm, Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (University of California Press, 2002). I have taken quotes and details from pages 87–88.
Daniel Heath Justice, “Rhetorics of Recognition,” Kenyon Review, Winter 2010. I have taken quotes from pages 237 and 253.
Daniel Heath Justice, Our Fire Survives the Storm: A Cherokee Literary History (University of Minnesota Press, 2006).
Details about mixed-race entries in the Canadian census in the early twentieth century come from Chris Andersen, “From Nation to Population: The Racialisation of ‘Métis’ in the Canadian Census,” Nations and Nationalism 14, no. 2 (2008). Andersen also shared a draft of his forthcoming book, “Métis”: Canada’s Misrecognition of an Indigenous People (University of British Columbia Press, 2014).
Jean Teillet, “The Internal Migrations of the Métis of the Canadian Northwest,” Canadian Diversity, Spring 2011.
PAGES 201–3: QUOTES FROM LOUIS RIEL
Jean Teillet, Métis Law in Canada (Pape Salter Teillet, 2012), 6.
Hold High Your Heads, the 1982 English translation by Elizabeth Maquet of l’Histoire de la nation métisse dans l’Ouest, by A. H. de Tremaudan (Pemmican Publications, 1936), 200.
Louis Riel, “Les Métis du Nord-Ouest [Regina],” in The Collected Writings of Louis Riel/Les écrits complets de Louis Riel, vol. 3 (University of Alberta Press, 1985), 278–79.
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