88. Philip Stimson to Dear Bill [William J. Orr], April 17 1942, Box 2, Folder 3, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers; G. B. Lal “Sister Kenny Gains in Fight On Paralysis” Washington Post May 3 1942; see also Kenny “Infantile Paralysis: Importance of Treatment in the Acute Stage” New York State Journal of Medicine (September 1 1942) 42: 1645–1650.
89. H. B. Sheffield to My Dear Dr. Stimson, January 12 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers; see also Herman B. Sheffield “Infantile Paralysis” New York State Journal of Medicine (1920) [reprint enclosed in] H. B. Sheffield to My Dear Dr. Stimson, January 12 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.
90. Charles C. Zacharie to My Dear Dr. Stimson, January 11 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.
91. Philip Stimson to Dear Dr. Zacharie, January 12 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.
92. “Opponent Now Backs Kenny Treatment” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin January 9 1943.
93. [Cohn interview with] Robert Bingham May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; William Benham Snow to Dear Dr. Stimson, August 12 1943, Box 1, Folder 4, Stimson Papers.
94. Robert Bingham “The Kenny Treatment for Infantile Paralysis: A Comparison of Results with Those of Older Methods of Treatment” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (July 1943) 25: 647–650; see also [Cohn interview with] Robert Bingham May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.
95. Alan [Deforest Smith] to Dear Philip [Stimson], August 13 1943, Box 1, Folder 4, Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis, Stimson Papers.
96. Kenny, “Preface” in Pohl and Kenny The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis, 23–24, 25.
97. [Florence Kendall] Notes for Talk to Nurses, St. Agnes Hospital, April 28 1944, Kendall Collection.
98. John A. Toomey “Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in the Acute Stage” Archives of Physical Therapy (November 1942) 23: 651. Kansas physicians suggested that “patients classified as having a non[-]paralytic form should not be included to boost the percentage of ‘good results’ ” in evaluating “the Kenny technic”; A. Theodore Steegmann and Kathryn Stephenson “Poliomyelitis: Differential Diagnostic Problems Encountered in an Epidemic” Archives of Physical Medicine (August 1945) 26: 485.
99. A. Bruce Gill to Dear Fellow Members of the Orthopaedic Correspondence Club, April 26 1943, Dr. Bruce A. Gill, 1943, MHS-K.
100. Maurice B. Visscher and Jay A. Myers [Editorial] “Sister Kenny Five Years After” Lancet (August 1945) 65: 309–310; Albert Deutsch “The Truth About Sister Kenny” American Mercury (November 1944) 59: 616; Robert V. Funsten “The Influence of the Sister Kenny Publicity on the Treatment of Poliomyelitis” Virginia Medical Monthly (October 1945) 72: 404.
101. See Fishbein’s proposal that the NFIP fund “controlled studies on every aspect of this serious disease”; Editorial “The Kenny Method of Treatment in the Acute Peripheral Manifestations of Infantile Paralysis” JAMA (December 20 1941) 117: 2171–2172.
102. Lewin “The Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 281–296.
103. Deutsch “The Truth About Sister Kenny,” 616.
104. A. Bruce Gill to Dear Fellow Members of the Orthopaedic Correspondence Club, April 26 1943.
105. “Pain and Spasm in Poliomyelitis: A Symposium” American Journal of Physical Medicine (August 1952) 31: 333, 331; Daniel J. Wilson “Psychological Trauma and Its Treatment in the Polio Epidemics” Bulletin of the History of Medicine (2008) 82: 848–877.
106. Gudakunst had begun planning this in February 1942; Gudakunst to Dear Doctor Diehl, February 16 1942, Public Relations, MOD-K.
107. “Demonstrations Given Special Award at A.M.A. Session” National Foundation News (June 1942) 1: 33; Krusen “Observations on the Kenny Treatment of Poliomyelitis,” 453.
108. Miland E. Knapp to Don Gudakunst [telegram], May 28 1942, Public Relations, AMA files, MOD; [notes on phone conversation] DWG to Miland Knapp, May 29 1942, Public Relations, AMA files, MOD; Harold S. Diehl to Don W. Gudakunst, April 30 1942, [accessed in 1992 before recent re-cataloging], Am 15.8 folder 29, UMN-ASC.
109. Philip Stimson to Dear Dr. Mitchell, December 15 1942, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.
110. “The Program of the Sections, American Medical Association, Ninety-Third Annual Session, Atlantic City, June 8–12, 1942: Section on Pediatrics” JAMA (May 2 1942) 119: 53.
111. “The Program of the Sections, American Medical Association, Ninety-Third Annual Session, Atlantic City, June 8–12, 1942: Section on Nervous and Mental Diseases” JAMA (May 2 1942) 119: 55.
112. “Proceedings of the Atlantic City Session: Minutes of the Ninety-Third Annual Session of the American Medical Association, Held in Atlantic City, June 8–12, 1942: Minutes of the Sections: Section on Orthopedic Surgery” JAMA (July 4 1942) 119: 804. The members of this committee were to be drawn from the Section, the Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, and the American Orthopedic Association.
113. H. M. Hines “Effects of Immobilization and Activity on Neuromuscular Regeneration” JAMA (October 17 1942) 120: 515–517; see also H. M. Hines, J. D. Thomson, and B. Lazere “Physiologic Basis for Treatment of Paralyzed Muscles” Archives of Physical Therapy (February 1943) [abstract] in Physiotherapy Review (1943) 23: 86.
114. Donald Young Solandt “Atrophy in Skeletal Muscle” JAMA (October 17 1942) 120: 511–513.
115. Frank R. Ober “Pain and Tenderness during the Acute Stage of Poliomyelitis” JAMA (October 17 1942) 120: 514–515. Ober had given a talk to the postgraduate medical assembly of Connecticut State Medical Society on Kenny’s treatment; “State Doctors Gather Today in New Haven” Hartford Courant September 29 1942.
116. H. R. McCarroll “The Role of Physical Therapy in the Early Treatment of Poliomyelitis” JAMA (October 17 1942) 120: 517–519.
117. F. A. Hellebrandt, letter to editor, JAMA (November 7 1942) 120: 787.
118. John F. Pohl, letter to editor, JAMA (December 5 1942) 120: 1157.
119. Kenny, letter to editor, JAMA (December 19 1942) 120: 1335–1336.
120. Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk 214–215.
121. McCracken, interviews with Rogers, November 1992, Caloundra, Queensland; John Ralph “My Struggle By Sister Kenny” [Britain] Sunday Graphic May 11 1947, OM 65-17, Box 1, Folder 4, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ. For images of Australian nurses in fuller, slightly longer dresses, with veils reaching down below the elbow see “On The Other Side of the Sun: Australia’s Children Grow Up” Nursing Times (February 7 1942) 38: 88–89. For examples of American uniforms see “On The Other Side of the Atlantic: The B Hospital, New York” Nursing Times (July 4 1942) 38: 429–430; “New Uniforms for the Army Nurse” Trained Nurse and Hospital Review (March 1943) 110: 184–185.
122. See, for example, Lynn Houweling “Image, Function and Style: A History of the Nursing Uniform” American Journal of Nursing (2004) 104: 40–48. On the history of nursing dress see Irene Schuessler “Poplin, Nursing Uniform: Romantic Idea, Functional Attire or Instrument of Social Change” Nursing History Review (1994) 2: 153–169; Simonne Horwitz “Black Nurses in White” Social History of Medicine (2007) 20: 131–146. My thanks to Patricia D’Antonio for pointing me to these references.
123. Mary M. I. Daly, Jerome Greenbaum, Edward T. Reilly, Alvah M. Weiss, and Philip M. Stimson “The Early Treatment of Poliomyelitis with an Evaluation of the Sister Kenny Treatment” JAMA (April 25 1942) 118: 1433–1443; see also “Remarkable Recoveries Cited For Kenny Polio Treatment” Science News Letter (May 9 1942) 41: 294.
124. Philip Moen Stimson “Minimizing the After Effects of Acute Poliomyelitis” JAMA (July 25 1942) 119: 989–991.
125. A. E. Deacon “The Treatment of Poliomyelitis in the Acute Stage” Canadian Public Health Journal (June 1942) 33: 278–281. On polio in Canada see Christopher J. Rutty “The Middle Class Plague: Epidemic Polio and the Canadian State, 1936–1937” Canadian Bulletin of Med
ical History (1996) 13: 277–314; Rutty “Do Something! Do Anything! Poliomyelitis in Canada, 1927–1962,” Ph.D. thesis, Department of History, University of Toronto, 1995. Manitoba had significant epidemics in 1928 and 1936.
126. December 9 1941, Minutes Board of Directors 1938–1955, Children’s Hospital of Winnipeg MG 10B33, Box 7, Province Archives, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
127. Bruce Chown “The Newer Knowledge of the Pathology of Poliomyelitis” Canadian Public Health Journal (June 1942) 33: 276–277; see also [anon] “Kenny Method of Treatment: Experiences at the Children’s Hospital of Winnipeg” Canadian Public Health Journal (June 1942) 33: 275–276. Chown was probably referring to Howard A. Howe and David Bodian “Some Factors Involved in the Invasion of the Body by the Virus of Infantile Paralysis” Scientific Monthly (October 1939) 49: 391–392.
128. R. Plato Schwartz and Harry D. Bouman “Muscle Spasm in the Acute Stage of Infantile Paralysis: As Indicated By Recorded Action Current Potentials” JAMA (July 18 1942) 119: 924; see also Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, 252–253.
129. “Grateful ‘for All Mankind’ ” Rochester Times-Union May 3 1943, Folder 37, Alan Valentine Papers, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester, Rochester; “Sister Elizabeth Kenny Chats with Dr. R. Plato Schwartz” National Foundation News (May 1943) 2: 30.
130. “Sister Kenny Grateful For Recognition of Work” Rochester Times-Union May 3 1943, Folder 37, Alan Valentine Papers, Rush Rhees Library.
131. “The Importance of Research: The Kenny Method of Treatment” National Foundation News (July 1942) 1: 39–42.
132. Don W. Gudakunst “Poliomyelitis: Control and Treatment” Canadian Public Health Journal (August 1942) 33: 370, 372; see also Don W. Gudakunst “Up To Date on Infantile Paralysis” Parents’ Magazine (June 1942) 17: 74–75.
133. Richard Kovacs ed. The 1942 Year Book of Physical Therapy (Chicago: Year Book Publishers, 1942), 267–293, 297.
134. Miland E. Knapp “The Kenny Treatment for Infantile Paralysis” Archives of Physical Therapy (November 1942) 23: 668–673; see also Miland Knapp to Dear Dr. Diehl, August 14 1942, Minnesota Poliomyelitis Research Committee, Box 2, UMN-ASC.
135. Lois Maddox Miller “Sister Kenny Wins Her Fight” Reader’s Digest (1942) 41: 28–30.
136. Kenny to Dear Dr. Diehl, April 9 1943, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K; Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, 255. See also a reference to the committee members “antagonized by Sister Kenny’s attitude towards them”; Lois Maddox Miller “Sister Kenny vs. The Medical Old Guard” Reader’s Digest (November 1944) 45: 42.
137. Melvin S. Henderson [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.
138. Edward L. Compere to Dear Doctor Guderkunst [sic] January 27 1942, Public Relations, MOD-K; Edward L. Compere “Modern Concepts of Infantile Paralysis” Archives of Physical Therapy (November 1942) 23: 677–678; see also Compere “The Kenny Treatment for Infantile Paralysis” Proceedings of the Institute of Medicine, Chicago (June 13 1942) 14: 187–188 [abstract] in Isaac A. Abt ed. The 1942 Year Book of Pediatrics (Chicago: Year Book Publishers, 1943), 161–162.
139. Edward L. Compere [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.
140. “Doctor Favors New Paralysis Treatment” Washington Post August 24 1942.
141. Robert V. Funston [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.
142. J. Albert Key [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.
143. H. Relton McCarroll [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.
144. Key [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee.” McCarroll similarly felt that “lay organizations and most medical people as well” were following Kenny “blindly”; McCarroll [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee.”
145. Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, 255.
146. Key [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee.”
147. Kenny to Dear Dr. Ghormley [March 5 1943], Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K; see also [Cohn third interview with] Miland Knapp, August 24 1963, Cohn Papers, MHS-K. She had asked Key and McCarroll about one patient and both had agreed that the patient had a “complete paralysis of the quadriceps.” “The patient in a few seconds extended her leg in mid-air and held it there.” As Knapp recalled this moment, “they got mad.”
148. McCarroll [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee.” McCarroll later recalled that the committee made 2 trips to Minneapolis to attend her clinics and examine her patients: the first trip to the General Hospital and the second trip to the Institute and the Michael Dowling School where the committee had attended a “specially arranged” part of her course given for physicians and each member of the Committee had received a certificate; H. R. McCarroll to Dear Dr. Myers, September 9 1946 [and 3 page enclosure], Box 19, Maurice Visscher Papers, UMN-ASC.
149. Calhoun received her B.A. degree from Western Reserve University in Cleveland and an M.D. from the University of Michigan. She was one of 7 women physicians graduating in 1925 out of a class of 156 doctors. She practiced medicine in downtown Detroit for 5 years, but gave up her private practice after the birth of her son; “Ethel Calhoun” Michigan Women’s Historical Center & Hall of Fame http://hall.michiganwomen.org/honoree.php, accessed June 11 2013; Ethel Calhoun to Dear Dr. Ghormley, February 15 1943; see also Ethel Calhoun to Dear Miss Kenny, December 10 1942, Ethel Calhoun, MHS-K.
150. Ethel Calhoun to Dear Dr. Ghormley, February 15 1943.
151. Ethel Calhoun to Dear Sister, November 24 1943, Ethel Calhoun, MHS-K.
152. “Herman Charles Schumm 1889–1955” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (1956) 38: 714.
153. Herman C. Schumm [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R. K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K.
154. Kenny to Dear Dr. Ghormley, March 5 1943.
155. Kenny to Dear Dr. Diehl, April 9 1943; Gudakunst to Dear Doctor Ober, February 16 1943, Dr. Don W. Gudakunst, 1941–1944.
156. J. Albert Key “The Kenny Versus the Orthodox Treatment of Anterior Poliomyelitis” Surgery (July 1943) 14: 20–29.
157. Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, 258; Kenny “Data Concerning Introduction of Kenny Concept and Method of Treatment of Infantile Paralysis into the United States of America” [April 1944] Board of Directors, MHS-K; “Sister Kenny Receives Parent’s Magazine Award” Parents Magazine (December 1942) 17: 38; “Medal Is Given to Sister Kenny for Child Care” Chicago Daily Tribune October 28 1942.
158. Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, 263–264.
159. Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, 255.
160. Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, 19–20.
161. Ostenso quoted in George Grim “Entertainers? Brainerd’s Got Dandies” Minneapolis Sunday Tribune April 17 1950, 1, 5; see also Andrew Lesk “Wild Geese” The Literary Encyclopedia (29 April 2005; last revised 18 April 2006); http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=8791, accessed January 1 2011; Faye Hammill “Martha Ostenso, Literary History, and the Scandinavian Diaspora” Canadian Literature (2008) 196: 17–31, 202. Ostenso’s 1925 novel Wild Geese had been made into a Hollywood movie, bringing its author a celebrity life filled with luxury cars, boats, and houses in Hollywood and in Minnesota. Ostenso was 20 years you
nger than Kenny, and, according to her recollections, she had first met Kenny as the older sister of a young man interested in Mary Kenny.
162. Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, ix–x.
163. Robert L. Bennett “Recent Developments in the Treatment of Poliomyelitis” Southern Medical Journal (February 1943) [abstract] in Physiotherapy Review (1943) 23: 81.
164. Bennett “Discussion of Papers,” 673.
165. Arthur Steindler “Contributory Clinical Observations on Infantile Paralysis and Their Therapeutic Implications” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (October 1942) 24: 912–920; see also Steindler et al. “Recent Changes in the Concept of the Treatment of Poliomyelitis” Archives of Physical Therapy (June 1942) 23: 325–331.
166. “The Kenny Treatment of Poliomyelitis” British Medical Journal (November 28 1942) 2: 639–640.
167. Myron O. Henry to Dear Fellow Correspondent, March 6 1943, [enclosed in] O. L. Miller to Dear Mrs. Enochs [Children’s Bureau], April 17 1943, Record Group 102, Children’s Bureau Central File, 1941–1944, Box 102, 4-5-16-1, Infantile Paralysis, National Archives; “Opponent Now Backs Kenny Treatment” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin January 9 1943; Rutherford John to Dear Dr. Gudakunst, February 23 1943, Government Relations (Foreign) Argentina, MOD.
168. A. Bruce Gill to Dear Fellow Members of the Orthopaedic Correspondence Club, April 26 1943; see also Gill “The Kenny Concepts and Treatment of Infantile Paralysis” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (April 1944) 26: 87–98.
169. A. Bruce Gill to Dear Fellow Members of the Orthopaedic Correspondence Club, April 26 1943.
170. Ibid.
171. “Kenny Method Courses Now in 6 Centers; Chapter Participation Again Urged” National Foundation News (October 1942) 1: 57 (2,834 compared to over 6,000 during the previous 2 years). On the 6 centers: Stanford, University of Southern California, Warm Springs, Minnesota, Northwestern, and D.T. Watson Home’s School of Physiotherapy; Ida Jean Kain “Your Figure Madame!” Washington Post November 25 1942.
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