CHAPTER 13: BUT IS IT REALLY EVOLUTION?
The creationist blog post that I mention is at http://darwins-god.blogspot.nl/2017/01/evolutionist-evolution-is-happening.html. The difference between soft and hard selection is explained in, for example, Wright (2015) and Hermisson & Pennings (2017). For the details on the selection in mummichog and peppered moth, see the notes to Chapters 11 and 8, respectively. For general considerations on learning and epigenetics, I used Skinner (2011), Azzi et al. (2014) and Arney (2017). Plasticity in ground hopper color is in Hochkirch et al. (2008). The quote by Kevin Gaston is from Evans et al. (2010). As I was editing the final version of this book, the first article appeared that showed that epigenetics causes important differences between urban and rural Darwin’s finches (McNew et al., 2017).
CHAPTER 14: CLOSE URBAN ENCOUNTERS
The work on pigeon predation by catfish is in Cucherousset et al. (2012) and discussed in Yong (2012). I also used an email correspondence with Cucherousset and Santoul of March, 2017. Frédéric Santoul kindly proofread my text about the catfish work. The paper on acorn ants is Diamond et al. (2017), and I also used the blog post “A tale of two thousand cities” on Andrew Hendry’s blog ecoevoevoeco.blogspot.com. The food eaten by ring-necked parakeets in Paris is from Clergeau et al. (2009). The pigeons eating hibiscus buds is something I observed myself in Kota Kinabalu. The work on soapberry bugs is described in, for example, Carroll et al. (2001, 2005). Scott Carroll kindly checked my text on his work. In my earlier book Frogs, Flies, and Dandelions (Schilthuizen, 2001), I tell the story of the apple maggot fly. For the corn borer work, see Calcagno et al. (2010). The beetle that shifted to American black cherry is introduced in Schilthuizen et al. (2016). Daehler & Strong (1997) report on the defense by introduced cordgrass. Curtis Daehler kindly proofread this section for me and points out that Prokelisia marginata has been introduced to Willapa Bay after their study was completed. The birds that use cigarette butts in their nests are described in Suárez-Rodriguez et al. (2013), and I also used information from http://www.cigwaste.org. This bit of text was checked by Isabel López-Rull.
CHAPTER 15: SELF-DOMESTICATION
The original publications on the Sendai crows are Nihei (1995) and Nihei & Higuchi (2001). I thank Satoshi Chiba, Osamu Mikami, Minoru Chiba, Yawara Takeda, and my local nut grocer for their help in our (unsuccessful) attempts to see the behavior in Sendai, Japan, in May and June 2017. The behavior was filmed for episode 10 in the 1998 David Attenborough BBC TV series The Life of Birds (see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGPGknpq3e0). For the account on milk bottle-opening tits, I used Fisher & Hinde (1949, 1951) and Lefebvre (1995). The record of fifty-seven bottles opened at a school was from Cramp et al. (1960). For the work on tits’ problem-solving abilities and social transmission, Aplin et al. (2013, 2015). I also used the video at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2868613/Great-tits-pass-traditions-adapt-fit-locals.html. The text on Barbados bullfinch is based on Audet et al. (2016), his November 9, 2016, blog on http://ecoevoevoeco.blogspot.com/2016/11/street-smarts.html, and an email correspondence with him on April 29, 2017. Jean-Nicolas Audet also read and approved my text about his work. The work on neophilia in Polish cities is Tryjanowski et al. (2016), and Piotr Tryjanowksi also kindly proofread the text. The other examples of neophobia work in chickadees, crows, and mynahs is from Williams (2009), Greggor (2016) and Sol et al. (2011), respectively. The tolerance study is Symonds et al. (2016). Matt Symonds proofread the paragraph about his work.
CHAPTER 16: SONGS OF THE CITY
The “urban acoustic ecology” practical that I describe took place on September 9, 2016. For general acoustic ecology, I made use of Warren et al. (2006) and Swaddle et al. (2015). Slabbekoorn’s work on great tits was first described in Slabbekoorn & Peet (2003). Similar work under natural conditions was published by Hunter & Krebs (1979). The examples of other urban birds changing their song are from Slabbekoorn (2013) and of treefrogs from Parris et al. (2009). The grasshopper work is Lampe et al. (2012, 2014), and the chiffchaff study is Verzijden et al. (2010). The work on songbirds’ and non-songbirds’ calls and songs are Hu & Cardoso (2010) and Potvin et al. (2011). The studies on the effects of changed great tits’ songs on rival males and females are Mockford & Marshall (2009) and Halfwerk et al. (2011), respectively. Millie Mockford and Wouter Halfwerk proofread the paragraphs about their respective work. The other “kinds” of urban acoustic ecology are: more “hurried” silvereye songs (Potvin et al., 2011), night-time singing in robins (Fuller et al., 2007), and birds advancing their song near airports (Gil et al., 2015). This entire chapter was checked by Hans Slabbekoorn.
CHAPTER 17: SEX AND THE CITY
For the part on the dark-eyed junco, I mainly used Yeh (2004), Shochat et al. (2006), McGlothlin et al. (2008) and Hill et al. (1999). I also used an email correspondence with Pamela Yeh of May 2017. Pamela Yeh proofread the section about her work. For the story about the Barcelona great tits, I used Galván & Alonso-Alvarez (2008), Senar et al. (2014), and Bjørklund et al. (2010). Juan Carlos Senar also checked my text about this work. The damselfly work is Tüzün et al. (2017), and my text was checked by Nedim Tüzün and Lin Op de Beeck. The work with the robo-squirrel is in Partan et al. (2010), the information on Indian gerbils comes from Hutton & McGraw (2016) and that on hormone-mimicking chemicals is based on Zala & Penn (2004). The two examples for Australian “evolutionary traps” are from Gwynne & Rentz (1983) and an email correspondence with Cat Davidson, relayed to me by Bronwen Scott. For the bowerbirds, I also used https://www.zoo.org.au/news/feeling-blue. David Rentz proofread the section about beetles and beer bottles.
CHAPTER 18: TURDUS URBANICUS
Galápagos evolution is summarized by Parent et al. (2008). For more detail on the Darwin’s finches, see my book Frogs, Flies, and Dandelions (Schilthuizen, 2001). Good overviews of the ongoing evolutionary research on Darwin’s finches are Weiner (1995) and Hendry (2017). The work on the incipient splitting of Geospiza fortis on Santa Cruz island (and its breakdown near the city) is in Hendry et al. (2006) and De Léon et al. (2011, 2017), as well as several papers they cite. The earliest mention of the urban blackbird is Bonaparte (1827). My history of blackbird urbanization is largely based on Evans et al. (2010) and Møller et al. (2014). The differences in body shape are from Grégoire (2003), Lippens & Van Hengel (1962), and Evans et al. (2009a). Song pitch and timing were studied by, respectively, Ripmeester et al. (2010) and Nordt & Klenke (2013). The research on timing of reproduction is by Partecke et al. (2004). The migration study is Partecke & Gwinner (2007) and the stress hormone study is Partecke et al. (2006) and Müller et al. (2013). Jesko Partecke kindly checked the text I wrote about his work. The flight initiation distance differences are from Symonds et al. (2016). The DNA fingerprinting work is Evans et al. (2009b). I was first alerted to the urbanity of Darwin’s finches by Barbara Waugh. The research mentioned is from De León (2011, 2017), who also proofread the relevant sections of this chapter.
CHAPTER 19: EVOLUTION IN A TELECOUPLED WORLD
For the history of Von Siebold and Japanese knotweed, I used their respective Wikipedia pages (accessed June 7, 2017), Christenhusz (2002), Christenhusz & van Uffelen (2001) and Peeters (2015). Norbert Peeters kindly proofread the Von Siebold text for me. Some further examples of globally transported species come from Thompson (2014) and Schmidt et al. (2017). The original coining of the term “supertramp” is Diamond (1974). The work on homogenization in microbes, birds and street flora is from Schmidt et al. (2017), Murthy et al. (2016), and Wittig & Becker (2010). Marina Alberti’s ideas and quotes are from a Skype interview I had with her on September 8, 2016, and from her papers Alberti (2015) and Alberti et al. (2003, 2017). Marina Alberti also proofread the piece I wrote about her work and ideas. The work of Kamiel Spoelstra is at: https://nioo.knaw.nl/nl/employees/kamiel-spoelstra. The quote about intercity connectivity is from Khanna (2016). I publicized my own genome sequencing project via my blog and programs in 20
15 on Dutch science radio show De Kennis van Nu (https://dekennisvannu.nl/site/special/De-code-van-Menno/8). Papers showing recent evolution in humans are Field et al. (2016) and Barnes et al. (2011). I also used Bolhuis et al. (2011), Pennisi (2016), and Hassell et al. (2016).
CHAPTER 20: DESIGN IT WITH DARWIN
Our visit to Roppongi Hills took place on May 29, 2017. A request by email to the press officer at Mori Building Corporation for more information on the company’s green roofing policies was not answered. I took information on green roofs in Japan from https://resources.realestate.co.jp/living/japan-green-roof-buildings/, as well as the company websites of Mori Building Company and Emilio Ambasz & Associates. Information on Singapore’s green walls comes from http://inhabitat.com/tag/green-skyscrapers/. I took information on rooftop farming from Hui et al. (2011). More about New York’s Lowline can be found at http://thelowline.org, and on Berlin’s “green mountain” at: http://www.hilldegarden.org. My information on the Tokyo City ordinance on green roofs is from http://www.c40.org/case_studies/nature-conservation-ordinance-is-greening-tokyo-s-buildings. The books I mention are Vink et al. (2017), Gunnell et al. (2013), and Dunnet & Kingsbury (2004). A video with English subtitles on the work of Gewildgroei can be found at https://vimeo.com/175805142. More on the native/non-native debate is at the Global Roundtable at http://www.thenatureofcities.com for November 5, 2015. I also used Davis et al. (2011), Foster & Sandberg (2004) and Johnston et al. (2011). The examples of embedded primary forest come from Tan & Jim (2017) and Diogo et al. (2014). More on the corridor debate is at the Global Roundtable at http://www.thenatureofcities.com for October 5, 2014. My visit to Tokyo Metropolitan University took place on May 26, 2017. For the concept of Satoyama, I used Kobori & Primack (2003), Kohsaka et al. (2013) and Puntigam et al. (2010), as well as http://satoyama-initiative.org. For SnailSnap, see: http://snailsnap.nl. See Farina et al. (2014) and the website https://naturesmartcities.com/ for some background on soundscape citizen science. For the Funky Nest Contest, see: http://nestwatch.org. The three potential research questions on “funky” urban bird nests are inspired by Wang et al. (2015), Sergio et al. (2011) and Suárez-Rodríguez et al. (2013).
OUTSKIRT
Find out more about our Borneo expeditions at http://www.taxonexpeditions.com. The term “hyperkeystone species” comes from Worm & Paine (2016). My correspondence with Sabine Rietkerk took place on June 27, 2017.
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