Majerus, M.E.N., 2009. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia: an excellent teaching example of Darwinian evolution in action. Evo Edu Outreach, 2: 63–74.
Marlowe, F.W., 2005. Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology, 14: 54–67.
Marnocha, E., J. Pollinger & T.B. Smith, 2011. Human-induced morphological shifts in an island lizard. Evolutionary Applications, 4: 388–396.
Marris, E., 2011. The Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-Wild World. New York: Bloomsbury USA, 224 pp.
Martins, C.M. & L.R.L. Simone, 2014. A new species of Adelopoma from São Paolo urban park, Brazil (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae). Journal of Conchology, 41: 767–773.
Mäser, P., B. Eckelman, R. Vaidyanathan, T. Horie, D.J. Fairbairn, M. Kubo, M. Yamagami, K. Yamaguchi, M. Nishimura, N. Uozumi, W. Robertson, M.R. Sussman & J.I. Schroeder, 2002. Altered shoot/root Na+ distribution and bifurcating salt sensitivity in Arabidopsis by genetic disruption of the Na+ transporter AtHKT1. FEBS letters, 531: 157–161.
Mayr, E. & W.B. Provine, 1980. The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives in the Unification of Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McDonnell, M.J. & I. MacGregor-Fors, 2016. The ecological future of cities. Science, 352: 936–938.
McGlothlin, J.W., J.M. Jawor, T.J. Greives, J.M. Casto, J.L. Phillips & E.D. Ketterson, 2008. Hormones and honest signals: males with larger ornaments elevate testosterone more when challenged. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 21: 39–48.
McKinney, M.L., 2008. Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems, 11: 161–176.
McNew, S.M., D. Beck, I. Sadler-Riggleman, S.A. Knutie, J.A.H. Koop, D.H. Clayton & M.K. Skinner, 2017. Epigenetic variation between urban and rural populations of Darwin’s finches. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17: 183.
Merritt, R.W. & H.D. Newson, 1978. Ecology and management of arthropod populations in recreational lands. Pp. 125–162 in (G.W. Frankie & C.S. Koehler, eds.) Perspectives in Urban Entomology. New York: Academic Press.
Miller, P., 2009. Before New York—When Henry Hudson first looked on Manhattan in 1609, what did he see? National Geographic Magazine, September 2009 issue.
Misra, T., 2015. East Asia’s Massive Urban Growth, in 5 Infographics. (At www.citylab.com)
Misra, T., 2016. Mapping 6,000 Years of Urban Settlements. (At www.citylab.com)
Mockford, E.J. & R.C. Marshall, 2009. Effects of urban noise on song and response behavior in great tits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 276: 2979–2985.
Moeliker, K., 2015. Rotterdamse Natuurvorsers. Essay Roterodamum, 2: 1–60.
Moeliker, K., 2016. De Kloten van de Mus. Amsterdam: Nieuw Amsterdam.
Møller, A.P., J. Jokimäki, P. Skorka & P. Tryjanowski, 2014. Loss of migration and urbanization in birds: a case study of the blackbird (Turdus merula). Oecologia, 175: 1019–1027.
Müller, J.C., J. Partecke, B.J. Hatchwell, K.J. Gaston & K.L. Evans, 2013. Candidate gene polymorphisms for behavioral adaptations during urbanization in blackbirds. Molecular Ecology, 22: 3629–3637.
Murthy, A.C., T.S. Fristoe & J.R. Burger, 2016. Homogenizing effects of cities on North American winter bird diversity. Ecosphere, 7: e01216.
Newitz, A., 2013. Scatter, Adapt, and Remember; How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction. New York: Doubleday, 305 pp.
Ng, H.H. & H.H. Tan, 2010. An annotated checklist of the non-native freshwater fish species in the reservoirs of Singapore. Cosmos, 6: 95–116.
Nielsen, M., 2012. Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 264 pp.
Nihei, Y., 1995. Variations of behavior of Carrion Crows Corvus corone using automobiles as nutcrackers. Japanese Journal of Ornithology, 44: 21–35.
Nihei, Y. & H. Higuchi, 2002. When and where did crows learn to use automobiles as nutcrackers? Tohoku Psychologica Folia, 60: 93–97.
Nonnekens, A.C, 1961. De Coleoptera van het Amsterdamse bos. Entomologische Berichten, 21: 116–128.
Nonnekens, A.C., 1965. De Coleoptera van het Amsterdamse Bos II. Entomologische Berichten, 25: 231–233.
Nordt, A. & R. Klenke, 2013. Sleepless in town—drivers of the temporal shift in dawn song in urban European blackbirds. PLoS One, 8: e71476.
Nyári, Á., C. Ryall & A.T. Peterson, 2006. Global invasive potential of the house crow Corvus splendens based on ecological niche modeling. Journal of Avian Biology, 37: 306–311.
Obukhova, N., 2007. Polymorphism and phene geography of the blue rock pigeon in Europe. Russian Journal of Genetics, 43: 492–501.
Owen, D.F., 1978. Insect diversity in an English suburban garden. Pp. 13–29 in (G.W. Frankie & C.S. Koehler, eds.) Perspectives in Urban Entomology. New York: Academic Press.
Parent, C.E., A. Caccone & K. Petren, 2008. Colonization and diversification of Galápagos terrestrial fauna: a phylogenetic and biogeographical synthesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363: 3347–3361.
Parker, J., 2016. Myrmecophily in beetles (Coleoptera): evolutionary patterns and biological mechanisms. Myrmecological News, 22: 65–108.
Parker, J. & D.A. Grimaldi, 2014. Specialized myrmecophily at the ecological dawn of modern ants. Current Biology, 24: 2428–2434.
Parris, K., M. Velik-Lord & J. North, 2009. Frogs call at a higher pitch in traffic noise. Ecology and Society, 14: 25.
Partan, S.R., A.G. Fulmer, M.A.M. Gounard & J.E. Redmond, 2010. Multimodal alarm behavior in urban and rural gray squirrels studied by means of observation and a mechanical robot. Current Zoology, 56: 313–326.
Partecke, J. & E. Gwinner, 2007. Increased sedentariness in European Blackbirds following urbanization: a consequence of local adaptation? Ecology, 88: 882–890.
Partecke, J., I. Schwabl & E. Gwinner, 2006. Stress and the city: urbanization and its effects on the stress physiology in European blackbirds. Ecology, 87: 1945–1952.
Partecke, J., T. van ‘t Hof & E. Gwinner, 2004. Differences in the timing of reproduction between urban and forest European blackbirds (Turdus merula): result of phenotypic flexibility or genetic differences? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: 1995–2001.
Paumgarten, M., 2007. The Mannahatta Project—What did New York look like before we arrived? The New Yorker, October 1, 2007 issue.
Peeters, N., 2015. Een botanische misdadiger met een Leidse twist. De Groene Vinger (degroenevinger.net), February 25, 2015.
Pennisi, E., 2016. Humans are still evolving—and we can watch it happen. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5727.
Postel, S.L., G.C. Daily & P.R. Ehrlich, 1996. Human appropriation of renewable fresh water. Science, 271: 785–788.
Potvin, D.A., K.M. Parris & R.A. Mulder, 2011. Geographically pervasive effects of urban noise on frequency and syllable rate of songs and calls in silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 278: 2464–2469.
Puntigam, M., J. Braiterman & M. Suzuki, 2010. Biodiversity and new urbanism in Tokyo: The role of the Kanda River. Paper delivered at the International Federation of Landscape Architects World Congress in Suzhou, China.
Reba, M., F. Reitsma & K.C. Seto, 2016. Spatializing 6,000 years of global urbanization from 3700 BC to AD 2000. Scientific Data, 3: 160034.
Reid, N.M., D.A. Proestou, B.W. Clark, W.C. Warren, J.K. Colbourne, J.R. Shaw, S.I. Karchner, M.E. Hahn, D. Nacci, M.F. Oleksiak, D.L. Crawford & A. Whitehead, 2016. The genomic landscape of rapid repeated evolutionary adaptation to toxic pollution in wild fish. Science, 354: 1305–1308.
Reumer, J., 2014. Wildlife in Rotterdam; Nature in the City. Rotterdam Natural History Museum, 158 pp.
Riley, S.P., C. Bromley, R.H. Poppenga, F.A. Uzal, L. Whited & R.M. Sauvajot, 2007. Anticoagulant exposure and notoedric mange in bobcats and mountain lions in urban southern California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71: 1874–1884.
Ripmeester, E.A., M. Mulder & H. Slabbekoorn, 2010. Habit
at-dependent acoustic divergence affects playback response in urban and forest populations of the European blackbird. Behavioral Ecology, 21: 876–883.
Roth, M. & W.T.L. Chow, 2012. A historical review and assessment of urban heat island research in Singapore. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 33: 381–397.
Rothwell, J. & W.A. Lee, 2010. Riverine sediment-associated metal concentrations in the urban tropics: a case study from Singapore. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12: EGU2010–2496.
Rudge, D.W., 2005. Did Kettlewell commit fraud? Re-examining the evidence. Public Understanding of Science, 14: 249–268.
Salmon, M.A., P. Marren & B. Harley, 2000. The Aurelian Legacy: British Butterflies and Their Collectors. Colchester, Harley Books, 432 pp.
Sanderson, E.W. & M. Brown, 2007. Mannahatta: An ecological first look at the Manhattan landscape prior to Henry Hudson. Northeastern Naturalist, 14: 545–570.
Sanderson, E.W., 2009. Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City. New York: Abrams, 352 pp.
Schäfer, M.A., A. Hille & G.B. Uhl, 2001. Geographical patterns of genetic subdivision in the cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides (Araneae). Heredity, 86: 94–102.
Schilthuizen, M., 2001. Frogs, Flies, and Dandelions. The Making of Species. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 245 pp.
Schilthuizen, M., 2008. The Loom of Life. Unravelling Ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, 184 pp.
Schilthuizen, M., 2016a. Evolution is happening faster than we thought. New York Times, July 23, 2016.
Schilthuizen, M., 2016b. De evolutie ligt op straat. Bionieuws, February 13, 2016: 8–9.
Schilthuizen, M., L.P. Santos Pimenta, Y. Lammers, P.J. Steenbergen, M. Flohil, N.G.P. Beveridge, P.T. van Duijn, M.M. Meulblok, N. Sosef, R. van de Ven, R. Werring, K.K. Beentjes, K. Meijer, R.A. Vos, K. Vrieling, B. Gravendeel, Y. Choi, R. Verpoorte, C. Smit & L.W. Beukeboom, 2016. Incorporation of an invasive plant into a native insect herbivore food web. PeerJ, 4: e1954.
Schmid, J.A., 1978. Foreword. The urban habitat. Pp. ix-xiii in (G.W. Frankie & C.S. Koehler, eds.) Perspectives in Urban Entomology. New York: Academic Press.
Schmidt, D.J.E., R. Pouyat, K. Szlavecz, H. Setälä, D.J. Kotze, I. Yesilonis, S. Cilliers, E. Hornung, M. Dombos & S.A. Yarwood, 2017. Urbanization erodes ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and may cause microbial communities to converge. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1: 0123.
Schouw, J.F., 1823. Grundtraek til en almindelig Plantegeographie. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, 463 pp.
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2012. Cities and Biodiversity Outlook. Montreal, Canada, 64 pp.
Senar, J.C., M.J. Conroy, J. Quesada & F. Mateos-Gonzalez, 2014. Selection based on the size of the black tie of the great tit may be reversed in urban habitats. Ecology and Evolution, 4: 2625–2632.
Serieys, L.E.K., A. Lea, J.P. Pollinger, S.P. Riley & R.K. Wayne, 2015. Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations. Evolutionary Applications, 8: 75–92.
Seto, K. C., B. Güneralp & L.R. Hutyra, 2012. Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109: 16083–16088.
Shapiro, A.M., 2013. Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-Wild World [book review]. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 88: 45.
Shochat, E., P.S. Warren, S.H. Faeth, N.E. McIntyre & D. Hope, 2006. From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21: 186–191.
Shute, P.G., 1951. Culex molestus. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102: 380–382.
Silva, C.P., R.D. Sepúlveda & O. Barbosa, 2016. Nonrandom filtering effect on birds: species and guilds response to urbanization. Ecology and evolution, 6: 3711–3720.
Silver, K., 2016. The unique mosquito that lives in the London Underground. BBC Earth, March 24, 2016: http://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20160323-the-unique-mosquito-that-lives-in-the-london-underground.
Sin, T.M., H.P. Ang, J. Buurman, A.C. Lee, Y.L. Leong, S.K. Ooia, P. Steinberg & S.L.-M. Teo, 2016. The urban marine environment of Singapore. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 8: 331–339.
Sipman, H.J.M., 2009. Tropical urban lichens: observations from Singapore. Blumea, 54: 297–299.
Skinner, M.K., 2011. Environmental epigenetic transgenerational inheritance and somatic epigenetic mitotic stability. Epigenetics, 6: 838–842.
Slabbekoorn, H., 2013. Songs of the city: noise-dependent spectral plasticity in the acoustic phenotype of urban birds. Animal Behavior, 85: 1089e1099.
Slabbekoorn, H. & M. Peet, 2003. Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise. Nature, 424: 267.
Smith, B.D., 2007. The ultimate ecosystem engineers. Science, 315: 1797–1798.
Smith, R.M., K.J. Gaston, P.H. Warren & K. Thompson, 2006a. Urban domestic gardens (IX): Composition and richness of the vascular plant flora, and implications for native biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 129: 312–322.
Smith, R.M., P.H. Warren, K. Thompson & K.J. Gaston, 2006b. Urban domestic gardens (VI): environmental correlates of invertebrate species richness. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15: 2415–2438.
Soh, M.C.K., N.S. Sodhi, R.K.H. Seoh & B.W. Brook, 2002. Nest site selection of the house crow (Corvus splendens), an urban invasive bird species in Singapore and implications for its management. Landscape and Urban Planning, 59: 217–226.
Sol, D., A.S. Griffin, I. Bartomeus & H. Boyce, 2011. Exploring or avoiding novel food resources? The novelty conflict in an invasive bird. PLoS ONE, 6: e19535.
Soniak, M., 2014. City-dwellers, expect your neighbors to get wilder. Next City, October 9, 2014.
SOVON Vogelonderzoek Nederland, 2012. Atlas van de Nederlandse Broedvogels 1998–2000.—Nederlandse Fauna 5. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis, KNNV Uitgeverij & European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland, Leiden, 584 pp.
Strubbe, D. & E. Matthysen, 2009. Predicting the potential distribution of invasive ring-necked parakeets Psittacula krameri in northern Belgium using an ecological niche modeling approach. Biological Invasions, 11: 497–513.
Strubbe, D., E. Matthysen & C.H. Graham, 2010. Assessing the potential impact of invasive ring-necked parakeets Psittacula krameri on native nuthatches Sitta europeae in Belgium. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47: 549–557.
Suárez-Rodríguez, M., I. López-Rull & C. Macías Garcia, 2013. Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds: new ingredients for an old recipe? Biology Letters, 9: 20120931.
Sukopp, H., 2008. On the early history of urban ecology in Europe. Pp. 79–97 in (J. Marzluff et al., eds.) Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interactions Between Humans and Nature. Springer, Berlin, 808 pp.
Swaddle, J.P. & R. Lockwood, 2003. Wingtip shape and flight performance in the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris. Ibis, 145: 457–464.
Swaddle, J.P., C.D. Francis, J.R. Barber, C.B. Cooper, C.C.M. Kyba, D.M. Dominoni, G. Shannon, E. Aschehoug, S.E. Goodwin, A.Y. Kawahara, D. Luther, K. Spoelstra, M. Voss & T. Longcore, 2015. A framework to assess evolutionary responses to anthropogenic light and sound. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 30: 550–560.
Symonds, M.R.E., M.A. Weston, W.F.D. van Dongen, A. Lill, R.W. Robinson & P.-J. Guay, 2016. Time since urbanization but not encephalisation is associated with increased tolerance of human proximity in birds. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 4: 117.
Tan, B.C., A. Ng-Chua L.S, A. Chong, C. Lao, M. Tan-Takako, N. Shih-Tung, A. Tay, Y.V. Bing, 2014. The urban pteridophyte flora of Singapore. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 11: 13–26.
Tan, P.Y. & C.Y. Jim, 2017. Greening Cities: Forms and Functions. Springer, Singapore, 372 pp.
Tan, H.T.W. & C.K. Yeo, 2009. The potential of native woody plants for enhancing the urban waterways and water bodies environment in Singapore. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Singapore, 28 pp.
Taylor, L.R., R.A. French & I.P. Woiwod, 1978. T
he Rothamsted insect survey and the urbanization of land in Great Britain. Pp. 31–65 in (G.W. Frankie & C.S. Koehler, eds.) Perspectives in Urban Entomology. New York: Academic Press.
Teo, S., K.Y. Chong, Y.F. Chung, B.R. Kurukulasuriya & H.T.W. Tan, 2011. Casual establishment of some cultivated urban plants in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 4: 127–133.
The Data Team, 2016. Bright lights, big cities. Urbanisation and the rise of the megacity. The Economist, February 4, 2015.
Thompson, K., 2014. Where Do Camels Belong? The story and science of invasive species. London: Profile Books, 272 pp.
Tryjanowski, P., A.P. Møller, F. Morelli, W. Biaduń, T. Brauze, M. Ciach, P. Czechowski, S. Czyż, B. Dulisz, A. Goławski, T. Hetmański, P. Indykiewicz, C. Mitrus, Ł. Myczko, J.J. Nowakowski, M. Polakowski, V. Takacs, D. Wysocki & P. Zduniak, 2016. Urbanization affects neophilia and risk-taking at bird-feeders. Scientific Reports, 6: 28575.
Tutt, J.W., 1896. British Moths. London: Routledge.
Tüzün, N., L. Op de Beeck & R. Stoks, 2017. Sexual selection reinforces a higher flight endurance in urban damselflies. Evolutionary Applications, doi: 10.1111/eva.12485.
Tyler, R.K., K.M. Winchell & L.J. Revell, 2016. Tails of the city: Caudal autotomy in the tropical lizard, Anolis cristatellus, in urban and natural areas of Puerto Rico. Journal of Herpetology, 50: 435–441.
Uéno, S.-I., 1995. New phreatobiontic beetles (Coleoptera, Phreatodytidae and Dytiscidae from Japan). Journal of the Speleological Society of Japan, 21: 1–50.
van Wyhe, J., 2002. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (http://darwin-online.org.uk/)
Velguth, P.H. & D.B. White, 1998. Documentation of genetic differences in a volunteer grass, Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) under different conditions of golf course turf, and implications for urban landscape plant selection and management. Pp. 613–617 in (J. Breuste, H. Feldmann & O. Uhlmann, eds.) Urban Ecology, Springer, Berlin.
Vermeij, G.J., 2012. The limits of adaptation: humans and the predator–prey arms race. Evolution, 66: 2007–2014.
Verzijden, M.N., E.A.P. Ripmeester, V.R. Ohms, P. Snelderwaard & H. Slabbekoorn, 2010. Immediate spectral flexibility in singing chiffchaffs during experimental exposure to highway noise. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213: 2575–2581.
Darwin Comes to Town Page 25