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NOTES
ALL MODERN BOOKS about ancient Rome derive from the corpus of surviving ancient literary texts (with crucial gaps filled in by archaeology, numismatics, and epigraphy). Writing about Rome is akin to creating a mosaic from fragments of tile left in disorganized chaos after two thousand years of admirable, but still inadequate, storage and maintenance. The mosaic of the period 146 to 78 BC is built around four principal authors: Appian, Plutarch, Sallust, and Cicero. But surrounding those four principal sources, critical details are filled in by other Greek and Roman historians, scholars, and commentators. To give the reader a clear sense of how our knowledge of the ancient world is pieced together, the endnotes focus on the ancient literary sources. A reference table and explanation for how to read the notes is included. Hopefully the reader will be encouraged to discover the joy of studying the ancient masters for themselves.
PROLOGUE
1. Polyb. i.1.
2. Polyb. xxxviii.21–22; App. Pun. xix.132; Diod. xxxii.24.
3. Paus. vii.16.7–10; Strabo viii.6.23; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.87, Off. i.35; Flor. i.32.16; Livy 52.
4. Polyb. vi.57; Sall. Cat. 10, Jug. 41; Vell. Pat. ii.1; Flor. i.1; Oros. v.3.
5. Livy i.4–7; Plut. Rom. 3–12; Diony. i.75–88; Diod. viii.3–6; Dio i.5; Flor. i.1.6–8; Oros. ii.4; Vell. Pat. i.8; App. Reg i.2; Strabo v.3.2.
6. CAH VII.2 ch. 2.
7. Livy i.8, 19–20, 42–44, 58–60; Diony. ii.4–16, 63–74, iv.13–23, 64–85; Plut. Rom. 13, Num. 8–13, Pub. 1; Flor. i.1–2, 6.
8. Quote: Appian BC i.1. See also: Livy ii-iii; Flor. i.4.
9. Livy ii.31–33, 56–57, iii.6, 55; Plut. Cor. 6–7; Diony. vi.45–90; Dio iv.14–15.
10. See Hölkeskamp, Reconstructing the Roman Republic, ch. 2.
11. Livy viii-x; Diony. xv-xvii; Diod. xix.76, 101; Dio viii; App. Samn.; Flor. i.11.16–12.17; Strabo vi.4.2; Oros. iii.15, 21–22.
12. Diod. xix.103–110, xx.10, 17–18, 38, 40, 43, 59, 61–62, 64, 67, 69.
13. Polyb. ii-iii, xii-xii, xv; Livy xxi-xxx; App. Han. i-ix, Pun. i-vii, Iber. i-ii; Plut. Fab. Max. 2–16, Marc.; Diod. xxiii-xxvii; Strabo iii.6, vi.4.2; Dio ix- xvii; Flor. i.13.18, 22.6.33–34; Vell. Pat. i.6; Oros. iv.6–19.
14. Polyb. xv.17–18; Livy xxx.16, 37–38, 43–44; App. Pun. viii-ix; Diod. xxxii.4.4; Dio xvii.
15. Quote: Livy xxxiii.32. Second Macedonian War: Polyb. xv.20–25, xvi.1–12, 22, 24–35, 38, xviii.1–12, 18–27, 34–48; Livy xxxi.1–47, xxxii.3–25, 32–40, xxxiii.2–21, 27–35; Plut. Flam.; App. Mac. i.2–4; Diod. xxviii, xxxi.8; Dio xviii; Flor. i.23.7; Oros. iv.20; Strabo vi.4.2.
16. Livy xxx-xli; App. Iber.vii.38–43; Plut. Cato Maj. 10; Diod. xxix.26; Strabo iii.13, vi.4.2; Dio xviii; Flor. i.33.17.
17. Aemilianus’s birthdate is deduced from Livy xliv.44; Diod. xxx.22; Cic. Rep. vi.12.
18. The Third Macedonian War: Polyb. xxii.18, xxv.3, xxvii.1–11, 14–16, xviii.3–17, xxix.3–11, 14–19; Livy xli.19, 22–26, xlii.5–6, 10–19, 24–26, 29–32, 36–67, xliii.18–23, xliv.1–42; App. Mac.; Paus. 7.10; Diod. xxix.27–34, xxx.1–12, 19–21; Dio xx; Flor. i.28.12; Oros. iv.20; Vell. Pat. i.9.
19. Livy xix-xxxviii, xli-xlv; Polyb. xv-xvi, xviii, xxii, xxv, xxvii-xxx; App. Mac. i.2–5; Plut. Flam., Cato Maj.; Diod. xxviii-xxxi; Dio xx, xvii-xix, xxx-xxxi; Vell. Pat. i.9; Flor. i.23.7, 24.8, 28.12; Oros. iv.20; Strabo vi.4.2, viii.7.3; Paus. 7.10.
20. Polyb. xxviii.6, 12, xxxi.23.
21. Polyb. xxxi.23–25; Diod. xxxi.26.
22. Polyb. vi.1.
23. Polyb. vi.5–9.
24. Polyb. vi.12, 15; Livy ii.1; Strabo v.7; CAH IX ch. 2.
25. Livy ii.18, iii.29, xxiii.22, xxxiii.2; Diony. v.70–7; Cic. Rep. i.63, ii.56, Leg. iii.9; App. BC i.3; Dio iv.13; Flor. i.5.11, i.26; CAH IX ch. 2.
26. Polyb. vi.13, 16; CAH IX ch. 2.
27. Polyb. vi.14, 17; Livy i.36, 43; CAH IX ch. 2.
28. See all of Polyb. vi.
29. Livy vi.36–42, vii.1; Flor. i.17.22–26.
30. Livy iv.43, vii.1 xxiii.41, xxxiii.42, xxxix.7, lxii.6, lxiv.7, lxv.13; Polyb. vi.12–13, 31; Tac. Ann. xi.22; Ulp. Dig. i.13.pr; Cic. Verr. ii.1.37, Flacc. 30, Att. ii.6.2, Phil. ix.16.
31. Cic. Leg. iii.7, Verr. v.14, Fam. viii.6, Phi
l. ix.17, Har. Resp. 27; Livy iii.6, 55, vii.1, xxxvi.50, 56, xl.44; Diony. vi.90, vii.26, xxxv.3–4; Fest. 258–9; Plut. Caes. 5.
32. Cic. Leg. iii.8; Livy vi.42, vii.1. Mummius elected praetor: Diod. xxxi.42; App. Iber. x.56.
33. Diod. xxxi.39–40; Livy Per. 47; Flor. i.33.17–18.
34. App. Iber. x.56–57. See also: Livy i.35.
35. Polyb. xxxv.5, xxxvi.8; App. Iber. 53–54, Pun. 102–104; Diod. xxxii.8; Livy Per. 48–49; Vell. Pat. i.12; Flor. i.33.17.
36. Quote: Plut. Cato Maj. 27. See also: App. Pun. x.69; Plut. Cato Maj. 26; Vell. Pat. i.13; Flor. i.31.15.
37. App. Pun. x.74-xiii.94, xvi.112; Polyb. xxxvi.3–7; Diod. xxxii.1–3, 6–9; Dio xxi; Vell. Pat. i.12; Flor. i.31.15; Oros. vi.22; Livy Per. 49–51.
38. Paus. vii.15.1. Last novus homo was M. Acilius Glabrio (cos. 191): Livy xxxvii.57.
39. Quote: Paus. vii.14.6. See also: Paus. vii.11–16; Diod. xxxii.9, 15; Vell. Pat. i.11; Flor. i.32.16; Dio xxi; Oros. vi.22; Livy Per. 48–51.
40. Paus. vii.13–16; Diod. xxxii.9, 15; Livy Per. 48–50; Dio xxi; Flor. i.32.16; Oros. vi.22; Vell. Pat. i.11.
41. Plut. Mar. 1; Flor. i.32.16; Paus. vii.16; Oros. v.3; Livy Per. 52.
42. Diod. xxxii.26–27; Vell. Pat. i.11–13; Strabo viii.23; Dio xxi; Flor. i.32.16; Oros. v.3; Livy Per. 52.
43. App. Pun. xvi.113-xix.132; Polyb. xxxviii.19–22; Diod. xxx.ii.22–25; Livy Per. 51; Dio xxi; Flor. i.31.15; Oros. vi.22; Strabo vi.4.2; Vell. Pat. i.12.
44. Quotes: Polyb. xxxviii.21, App. Pun. xix.132; Diod. xxxii.24.
CHAPTER 1: THE BEASTS OF ITALY
1. Cato, ORF, 2nd ed., p. 91.
2. Quote: Livy xxxvii.7. See also: Plut. TG 1; Sall. Jug. 42; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.6; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Dio xxiv.83.
3. Quote: Val. Max. iv.4.pr. See also: Plut. TG 1; Cic. Brut. 104; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.6; Vell. Pat. ii.2. More on Cornelia: Plut. TG 1, 4, 8; Cic. Brut. 104, 211, Div. ii.62; Tac. Orat. 28.
4. Quotes: Vell. Pat. ii.2. See also: Flor. ii.2.14; Cic. Har. Resp. 19.41; Plut. TG 2.
5. Plut. TG 8.
6. Plut. TG 4.
7. Quote: Cic. Har. Resp. 19.41. For more on Claudius: Plut. TG 4; Livy Per. 53; Cic. Cael. 34, Brut. 108, Rep. i.31, Scaur. 32; Val. Max 5.4.6; Oros. 5.4; Dio 74; “Plut.” Apoph. Sm.9.
8. Livy xxxiv.52, xxxvii.59, xli.7.
9. Quotes: Livy xxxiv.4; Pliny 33.53. Sumptuary Laws: Livy xxxiv.1, 8, xl.44; Val. Max. ix.1.3; Pliny NH x.71; Gell. ii.24; Tac. Ann. ii.33–34; Macr. xvii.3–6.
10. Quote: Sall. Jug. 41. See also: App. BC i.10; Plut. TG 8.
11. App. BC i.7; Sall. Jug. 41; Hor. Odes ii.18; Juv. xiv.140. On agriculture: Cato RR Preface; Cic. Off. 1.151.
12. Quote: App. BC i.7.
13. Quote: Plut. TG 8.
14. Cato RR 136; Pliny xviii.7; Cic. Off. 2.73.
15. For the Spanish Wars: App. Iber. ix-xii; Diod. xxxiii; Flor. xxxiv.
16. Livy Per. 48, 55; Cic. Leg. iii.20; Polyb. xxxv.4.
17. Quote: App. Iber. xiii.78. See also: Livy Per. 47, 57; Sall. Jug. 69; Plut. CG 9; Cic. Leg. iii.20.
18. Cic. Leg iii.35, Amic. 41, Brut. 97, Sest. 103; Pliny Min. Lett. 3.20.
19. For lowering property requirements: Livy i.43; Polyb. vi.19; Cic. Har. Resp. ii.40.
20. Plut. TG 5; Vell. Pat. ii.1–2; Flor. i.34.18; Oros. v.4; Eutr. iv.17; Livy Per. 55.
21. Plut. TG 5–6; Vell. Pat. ii.2. For the treaty of Gracchus the Elder: Polyb. xxxii.2; App. Iber. 43–44; Livy Per. 41.
22. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.1. See also: Plut. TG 7; Dio xxiii.79; Flor. i.34.18; Oros. v.4; Eutr. iv.17; Livy Per. 55.
23. Plut. TG 7; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Dio xxiv.83; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.8.
24. App. BC i.7–9; Plut. TG 8–9; Polyb. vi.17; Diony. xi.63; Gell. 4.12; Cic. Leg. iii.7.
25. App. BC i.9–10; Plut. TG 8; Livy xxxiv.48, vi.35, 42; Pliny NH xviii.17; Varro RR i.2.9; Cato ORF, 3rd ed., p. 65.
26. Plut TG 9. For Scaevola: Cic. Leg. ii.47–57, Verr. i.52, Brut. 108, 239, Orat. i.212, Off. 2.47, Rep. i.31, Fin. i.12. Mucianus: Cic. Orat. i.170, 239–40, Brut. 98, 127; Gell. i.13.19.
27. Quote: App. BC i.9. See also: App. BC i.7–9, 19–21. Plutarch does not mention the Italians at all.
28. See discussion in Bernstein, Tiberius Gracchus, ch. 4.
29. App. Iber. 84; Cic. Rep. vi.11; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Oros. v.7; Livy Per. 56.
30. App. Iber. 84; Plut. Mar. 36.
31. App. BC i.9–10; Plut. TG 9; Cic. Sest. 103, Leg. Agr. ii.81.
32. App. BC i.9; Plut. TG 9; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Oros. v.8; Livy Per. 55.
33. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.6. See also: App. BC i.10.
34. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.6. See also: App. BC i.11; Plut. TG 10; Dio xxiv.83.
35. Quotes: Plut. TG 9. See also: Flor. ii.2.14.
36. App. BC i.11–12; Plut. TG 10.
37. Quote: Plut. TG 10.
38. Plut. TG 10; Dio xxiv.83.
39. Quote: Dio xxiv.83. See also: Plut. TG 10; Gell. ii.13.
40. App. BC i.12; Plut. TG 11; Livy xxxiv.38; Polyb. vi.16.
41. Quote: App. BC i.12. See also: Plut. TG 11.
42. App. BC i.12; Plut. TG 11–12; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Flor. ii.2.14; Livy Per. 58.
43. See Taylor, Roman Voting Assemblies, ch. 3–4.
44. App. BC i.12; Plut. TG 12; Cic. Brut. 95, 222, Milo. 72, Leg. iii.24; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.1; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.8; Livy Per. 58.
45. App. BC i.12; Livy Per. 58.
46. App. BC i.9, 13; Plut. TG 13; Cic. Leg. iii.24, Milo 72, Brut. 95; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Flor. ii.2.14; Livy Per. 58.
47. Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.32; Plut. TG 13.
48. Quote: Plut. TG 13. See also: Gell. ii.13.
49. Plut. TG 14; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Strabo 13; Flor. i.35.20; Oros. v.8; Eutr. iv.18; Just. xxxvi.4; Livy Per. 58.
50. Quote: Flor. i.35.20. See also: Plut. TG 14; Pliny xxxiii.53; Oros. v.8; Livy Per. 58.
51. Quotes: Polyb. vi.13. See also: Plut. TG 14, Livy Per. 58.
52. App. BC i.14; Dio xxiv.83; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.8.
53. App. BC i.14; Plut. TG 16; Dio xxiv.83.
54. App. BC i.14; Plut. TG 16; Dio xxiv.83.
55. App. BC i.14–15; Plut. TG 16; Dio xxiv.83; Gell. ii.13.
56. App. BC i.15; Plut. TG 18–19; Oros. v.9.
57. Quote: Plut. TG 19. See also: App. BC i.16; Sall. Jug. 7, 31; Flor. ii.2.14; Livy Per. 58.
58. Quote: App. BC i.16. See also: Plut. TG 19; Cic. Amic. 41; Sall. Jug. 7, 31; Flor. ii.2.14; Livy Per. 58.
59. App. BC i.16; Plut. TG 19; Diod. xxxv/xxxvi.7.3; Vell. Pat. ii.3; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 58.
60. Quote: App. BC i.17. See also: Plut. TG 19; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.3; Vell. Pat. ii.3; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 58.
61. Quote: Plut. TG 20.
62. Plut. TG 20; Oros. v.9.
63. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.3.
CHAPTER 2: THE STEPCHILDREN OF ROME
1. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.33.
2. Quote: XII.11. See also: Polyb. vi.14, 16; Cic. Amic. 41, Leg iii.11, 44, Rep. ii.61; Varro LL vi.90–92.
3. Plut. TG 20; Sall. Jug. 31; Vell. Pat. ii.7.
4. Quote: Val. Max. v.3.2. See also: Plut TG 21; Cic. Dom. 91, Planc. xxxvi.88, Flacc. 75, Orat. ii.285; Pliny vii.34; Strabo xiv.1.38.
5. Plut TG 21; CIL I2.719.
6. Quote: Flor. i.34.18; See also: App. Iber. xiv-xv; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Front. vi.1, 8; Strabo iii.4.13; Val. Max. ii.7.1–2; Oros. v.7; Eutr. iv.17; “Plut.” Apoph. Sm.15–16; Livy Per. 57, 59.
7. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.
8. Plut. TG 21, Mor. 201.e.
9. App. Iber. xv.98; Cic. Phil. xi.18; Pliny xxxiii.50; Flor. i.34.18; Oros. v.7; Eutr. iv.19; Livy Per. 59.
10. Cic. Leg. iii.35, Orat. ii.170; Livy Per. 59.
11. Quotes: Vell. Pat. ii.4. See also: Plut TG 21, Mor. 201e-f; Cic. Amic. 96, Orat. ii.106, 170, Milo 8; Val. Max. vi.2.3; Livy Per. 59.
12. CAH IX ch. 17.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Quotes: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.1–3, Athen. xii.542. Acquisition of Sicily: Polyb. i.62; App. Isl. i.2; Oros. iv.11.
18. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.4–16, 38–42; Flor. ii.7.19; Livy Per. 56.
19. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.17–18, 24–25, 43; Flor. ii.7.19; Livy Per. 56.
20. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.8–9; Flor. ii.7.19; Val. Max. ii.7; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 56, 58.
21. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.20; Flor. ii.7.19; Front. vi.1; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 59.
22. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.22. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv 44–48; Cic. Verr. ii.4.112; Strabo xi.2.6; Val Max. ii.7.3; Flor. ii.7.19; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 59.
23. CAH IX ch. 15.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Cic. Verr. ii.3.195, 4.56, Mur. 46, Brut. 106, Off. 2.75.
27. Plut TG 20, Flam. 21; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Strabo xiv.1.38; Just. xxxvi.4; Flor. i.35.20; Eutr. iv.20; Livy Per. 59.
28. Quote: Flor. i.35.20. See also: Vell. Pat. ii.4; Strabo xiv.1.38; Val. Max. iii.2.12; Just. xxxvi.4; Oros. v.10; Livy Per. 59.
29. Vell. Pat. ii.4; Strabo xiv.1.38; Just. xxxvi.4; Flor. i.35.20; Oros. v.10; Livy Per. 59.
30. Quote: Flor. i.35.20. See also: Strabo xiv.1.38; Just. xxxvi.4.
31. App. Mith. 57; Sall. Hist. iv.67; Vell. Pat. ii.38; Strabo xiv.1.38.
32. Livy xxi.63; Cic. Verr. ii.3.130, 140. For a full discussion see Badian, Publicans and Sinners.
33. Livy i.36, 43, v.7, xxxix.19, 44; Polyb. vi.17.
34. Ulp. Dig. xxxix.4.1.1; Livy v.47, xliii.16, xliv.16, xlviii.5; Polyb. vi.17; Cic. Pro. Cons. 12, Fam. xiv.12, 20, Planc. 32; Pliny NH x.51.
35. Quote: Diod. v.38. See also: Livy xxxiv.21; Strabo iii.59.7.
36. Livy xxxii.7, xxxiv.45, xl.51, xlv.18; Polyb. vi.17; Cic. Off. ii.76, Tusc. iii.48, Verr. ii.3.18, 167; Vell. Pat. ii.6; Pliny xxxiii.56.
37. Cic. Leg. Man. 14, Livy xliii.1, xlv.18; Plut. Pomp. 45, Aem. Paul. 38.
38. White, The Roman Citizenship, ch. 1.
39. Ibid., ch. 2.
40. Ibid., ch. 3.
41. Ibid., ch. 4.
42. App. BC i.18; Cic. Rep. i.31; Livy Per. 59.
43. App. BC i.18. Cic. Rep. i.31, iii.41; Livy Per. 59.
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