by Scott Zesch
Jill Abraham, George Briscoe, Richard Fusick, and Mary Frances Morrow, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.;
Rodney Krajca, National Archives and Records Administration, Southwest Region, Fort Worth, Texas;
Dulcinea R. Almager and Betty L. Bustos, Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas;
Jim Bradshaw, Norma Thurman, and Nancy Jordan, Nita Stewart Haley Memorial Library, Midland, Texas;
George Elmore, Gia Lane, and George Butler, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Larned, Kansas;
Mark Vargas, Mitzi Kay Cook, and Dianne Carroll, University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma, Chickasha, Oklahoma;
Robert S. Cox and Valerie-Anne Lutz, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
Susan McElrath, Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives, Suitland, Maryland;
Jane Hoerster, Julius DeVos, Wanda Hitzfelder, Robert and Linda Laury, and Jerry Ponder, Mason County Historical Commission, Mason, Texas;
Mary Jo Cockrell, Heartsill Young, Theresia Schrampfer, and Janice Walters, M. Beven Eckert Memorial Library, Mason, Texas;
Beatrice Langehennig, Mason County and District Clerk, Mason, Texas;
Frederica Burt Wyatt, Kimble County Historical Commission, Junction, Texas;
Becky Matticks, Edith Williams, and Anna Louise Borger, Butler County Historical Society, El Dorado, Kansas;
Rosalie Gregg, Carla Womack, and Shirley Zedaker, Wise County Heritage Museum, Decatur, Texas;
Paul Follett and Mary Lou Gorthy, Lawton Public Library, Lawton, Oklahoma;
Rob Groman and Gayle Brown, Amarillo Public Library, Amarillo, Texas;
Sue Steiner, Reedsburg Public Library, Reedsburg, Wisconsin;
Peter Shrake and Mary Farrell-Stieve, Sauk County Historical Society, Bara-boo, Wisconsin;
Alice Laforet, Fredericksburg Genealogical Society, Fredericksburg, Texas;
Richard Himmel, Morris Martin, Mary Durio, and Cynthia Beard, Willis Library, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas;
Andrew Jelen, Wichita Falls Public Library, Wichita Falls, Texas;
John M. Cahoon, Seaver Center for Western History Research at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California;
Martha Utterback, Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library, San Antonio, Texas;
Paul Camfield, Gillespie County Historical Society, Fredericksburg, Texas;
And the many knowledgeable librarians and archivists who assisted me at the Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin; San Antonio Public Library; Texas State Archives; New York Public Library; the Library of Congress; Kansas State Historical Society; Fort Concho Museum Library; Southwest Collection at Texas Tech University; University Library at the University of Texas at El Paso; National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, Maryland; Dallas Public Library; Houston Public Library; Charles E. Young Research Library at the University of California at Los Angeles; Llano Public Library in Llano, Texas; Pioneer Memorial Library in Fredericksburg, Texas; and Chico Public Library in Chico, Texas.
For insight into the Comanche way of life, I extend my warmest thanks to Barbara and Ken Goodin, Dan Gelo, Tom Kavanagh, Vernon Cable, Larry Liles, Billie Cable Kreger, Ron Red Elk, the elders of the Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee, and the members of the Petarsy Indian Methodist Church.
For access to several privately owned sites described in the story, I am grateful to John and Joyce Haynes, Mike Haynes, Estella Hoerster, Dorothy and John Harold Schuessler, Anthony and Gloria Nebgen, Edgar James Moss, and Bill Knox.
My good friends Steve Adams and Mary Cook invested a great deal of time meticulously reading my first draft, and the finished product is much better as a result of their wise observations and suggestions.
A host of supportive relatives, friends, and fellow historians and writers provided me with overnight accommodations, work space, meals, leads, opinions, keen readers’ eyes, and good company while I was working on this book, among them Jerialice Arsenault, Darlene Bryand, Marc Castle, Chan Chandler, Anne Dempsey, Jane Dentinger, David and Mary Dreyfus, Karl Field and Mary Jordan, Glenn Hadeler, Matt Hey, Alan C. Huffines, Jo Ann Hughen, Sam and Jun Hurt, Jamie Smith Jackson, Tom and Janet Jones, Misha Jordan, Quentin Jordan, Terry Jordan, Katye Kowierschke, Louise Larson, Peggy and Bill Laverty, Laura Lewis, Matt Loy-nachan, Bill and Modena Marschall, John McEwan, Fran and Skeeter Merritt, Greg Michno, Karen and Greg Mitchell, David Murray, Steve Mustoe and Rhonda Stoltz, Dean, Kim, and Austin Nolan, George Ward, Susan and Tanner Weil, Norman Weiss, Jackie Wertheimer, Casey and Lucinda Zesch, and Gene and Patsy Zesch.
The Captured was transformed from manuscript to book through the diligent efforts and creativity of Meryl Gross (production editor), Michelle McMillian and Deborah Kerner (designers), Cathy Turiano (production manager) David Cain (cartographer), Deborah Miller (copy editor), and Liz Catalano (proofreader).
My agent, Jim Hornfischer, shepherded this project from concept to completion with unfailing enthusiasm, care, and acumen. My initial editor, Julia Pastore, gave generously of her attention and encouragement, and I was most appreciative of her sound counsel and her belief in this venture. Editor Joe Cleeman steered the book through the latter phases of the publication process with exemplary finesse and dedication. It has been my greatest pleasure to work with all three of them.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Ackerknecht, Erwin H., 112
Adobe Walls, battle of (1874), 206–7
African-Americans, xviii, 49, 57, 89, 316n11
as Cavalry soldiers, 95, 134, 218
killed by Indian raiders, 67
alcohol, effects of, 130–31
Anderegg, Johann and Margretha, 94
Anderson, Bette S., 284
anthropologists, xviii, 23, 111, 112, 126–27
Apaches, xvi, xix, 14, 36, 89
abduction of Adolph Korn and, 4, 18–19, 299–300, 306–7n11
abduction of Lehmann brothers, 95–101
abduction of Smith brothers, 104
in battle with Texas Rangers, 208–13, 315n9
federal Indian agents and, 151–52
Jerome Commission and, 253
massacred by U.S. Army, 136
in Mexico, 194
psychology of captives of, 112
relations with Comanches, 121
on reservation at Fort Sill, 146, 193, 261
war councils, 134–35
ways of life, 109–10, 130–33
. See also Lipan Apaches
Arapahoes, 65
Arizona, 18
Asbury, Capt. Henry, 82–83
Asewaynah (Gray Blanket). See Fischer, Rudolph
Asian-Americans, 89
Aue, Max, 105
Augur, Brig. Gen. Christopher C., 179, 186
Austin, 84
Axtell, James, 64, 115
Babb, Banc, xix, 41–49, 102, 115, 181, 301
adjustment to Comanche way of life, 50–52
bid for adoption by Comanches, 253–55, 256, 257
captive psychology and, 111
Comanche name of, 45, 127
death of, 284
efforts to secure release of, 59–62
final years, 283–84
Indianization of, 112–13, 247
as last white Indian, 284
return to white society, 62–64, 229
Babb, Court, 43, 56
Babb, Dot, xix, 41–49, 85, 115, 132
adjustment to Comanche way of life, 53–56
Comanche name of, 127
continuing appeal of Indian life to, 248–50
death of, 63, 281
defense of Indian captors, 86–87
efforts to secure release of, 57, 59, 60–62
final years, 280–81
Hollywood and, 263–64
Indianization of, 112, 245
on Indians’ treatment of captives, 102
as killer, 137
memoir of, 263, 264, 270
personal injury claims of, 252, 255
post-return career, 239
religious views, 113
return to white society, 62–64, 229
Babb, Isabel, 42–44, 45, 56
Babb, John, 43, 44, 56, 60, 62
Babb, Margie, 43, 45, 56
Backecacho (End of a Rope). See Smith, Clinton
Bald Head. See Tatum, Lawrie
Ball, Thomas, 290
Bank Robbery, The (film), 263
Bartruff, Johanna. See Korn, Johanna Bartruff
Batsena, 136
Bauer, Frank, 288–89
Bauer, Jacob, 288
Bell, Banc Babb. See Babb, Banc
Bell, Jefferson Davis, 240
Benson, Damon, 79, 85, 137, 279
Benson, James M., 244
Benson, Mose, 280
Bent, William, 206
Bettina (German settlement), 34
Black Crow, 235, 309n17
Black Horse, 235
Boy Captives, The (Smith brothers), 272–73, 316n15, 330n9
Bradford, Jack, 74, 76, 85
Bradford, Samantha, 69, 73, 74, 85
Brady, Matthew, 170
Brazos River, 24
Briscoe, Eliza and Isaac, 82
Brite, John, 94
Buchmeier, Auguste, 91, 93–94, 97
Colonel Mackenzie and, 227–28
defense against Indian raid, 99–101
General Sherman and, 140–41
search for son, 142, 193
son’s return and, 231
Buchmeier, Mina, 91, 99
Buchmeier, Phillip, 91, 94, 97, 99, 193, 227
Buckelew, Frank, 112, 113, 265
buffalo, 47, 66, 67, 107, 158
commercial hunting of, 202–4, 215–16
scarcity of, 82
buffalo hunters, 203–4, 215–18, 251, 259–61, 295
Burks, N. E., 242
Burr, J. G., 271
Butler, Josiah, 182, 183
Butler, Lizzie, 182
Cable, Vernon, 49–50
Caboon, George, 154–55, 157, 179
Cachoco. See Korn, Adolph
Caddoes, 54–55, 59, 204
Cain, Neoma Benson, 81, 85, 240, 244–45
Canadian River, 47, 50
captives
acculturation of, 62, 63
assimilation of, 64, 85, 112, 113, 261
defense of Indian captors, 85–87
descendants of, xix–xx
equal treatment by Indians, 124
ethnic diversity of, xviii
former captives’ drift back to Indians, 248–51
journalists and, 226
as killers, 137–38
Mexican, 27, 28, 32, 55, 255
negotiations for release of, 81–84
parents of, 141–43
post-return careers of, 239–41
psychological situation of, 111–15
ransomed, 157
readjustment to white society, 199–201
reasons for taking, 49–50
searches for, 56–59, 75–79, 141–43
slain, 75, 76–78, 85
timetable of events concerning, 301
traded between tribes, 155–56
treatment by Indian captors, 102–3
white society despised by, 133–39
. See also white Indians
captivity narratives, xvi, 64, 111, 134, 304
Carleton, Bvt. Maj. Gen. James W., 143
Carnoviste, 90–91, 92–93, 124
death of, 214, 325n9
as Herman Lehmann’s Apache father, 98–99, 212, 213
wounded in raid on Buchmeier cabin, 101
Castell (town), 6–9, 10, 17, 68, 189
Comanche-German friendship in, 35
in modern times, 296, 297
Catchowitch (Horse Tail). See Smith, Jeff
Cates, Bob, 44, 45
cattle, 5, 9, 16, 239–40
Caudle, Malinda Ann (“Minnie”), xix, 70, 71, 180, 276, 301
abduction of, 74–75, 85
captive psychology and, 111
in captivity, 79–82, 102
death of, 280
defense of Indian captors, 85, 86–87
final years, 279–80
Indianization of, 112–13, 246
Lehmann brothers’ abduction and, 91
marriages, 243–44, 279
post-return life, 240, 248
return to white society, 82–84
search for, 78
on U.S. Army massacres of Indians, 136–37
Chandler, Joseph, 60, 62
Chandler, Tomassa, 60, 62
Charlton, Sgt. John B., 165
Cheyennes, 204–7
children, abduction of, 13, 14, 49, 88, 103
Chisholm, George. See Caboon, George
Chisholm, Jesse, 57, 157
Chisholm, William E., 154
Chisholm Trail, 57, 84
Chiwat (Chebahtah), 90, 91, 97, 98, 248
Christianity, 113, 204, 250
Cibolo Creek, 103, 194
Cimarron River, 57
Civil War, 9, 11, 15, 37, 141
African-American volunteers in, 316n11
Germans as Union supporters in Texas, 144
Clum, H. R., 145, 153–54
Cohayyah, 207
Colorado River, 26, 69
Comanche language, 52, 60, 120, 154
dictionary of, 304
names given to captives, 126–27
spoken by former captives, 246, 250, 275
Comanches, xvi, xix, 13, 14, 24, 89
abductions by, 15
Adolph Korn in custody of, 19
Babb children abducted by, 42–49, 50–64
in battle with buffalo hunters, 216–18
buffalo hunters and, 204–8, 295
defended by captives, 85–87
deteriorating relations with Germans, 35–39
federal Indian agents and, 56, 144, 151, 152, 178
film industry and, 263
first encounters with Germans, 27–32
former captives’ visits with, 248–50
Jerome Commission and, 253
killed by settlers, 37, 51
Kotsoteka division, 108, 122
last period of defiance, 208, 219–22, 235
massacred by U.S. Army, 136, 218
at Medicine Lodge gathering, 65
in Mexico, 194
move to reservation, 174, 181
negotiations to release captives of, 81–82
in New York City, 171–73
parent-child relations among, 296
peace treaty with Germans, 27–35
practical jokes of, 127–28, 158, 313n7
Quakers and, 149
relations with Apaches, 121, 214–15
represented in The Searchers, xx
on reservation, 261, 269
spiritual practices, 113
tribal government, 22, 29
ways of life, 51–54, 108, 129–33, 159
white captives made warriors, 119–24
at western shows, 274–75
Yamparika division, 170, 181
. See also Kotsotekas (Comanche division); Nokonis (Comanche division); Penatekas (Comanche division); Quahadas (Comanche division); Yamparikas (Comanche division)
Comanches, The (Kavanaugh), 304
Conaway, Fred, 15–16
Conaway, Martha, 15
Condensed History of the Apache and Comanche Indian Tribes for Amusement and General Knowledge, A (Lehmann & Jones), 269
Cooper, James Fenimore, 88
Copland, Aaron, 283
Corona, Leonora, 283
Cotopah, 215
cowboys, xvii, 107, 264
former captives as, 239
at western shows and reunions, 265, 268, 273–74, 275
Crooks, Daniel, 240, 254
Cynthia Parker (opera), 283
Dances with Wolves (film), xx
Dane, Will “Doc,” 244, 279
Davidson, Lt. Col. John W. “Black Jack,” 228, 230–31
Davis, Edmund J., 143
Davis, Gov. Edmund J., 156, 187
Dawes Act (1887), 253
Decatur (town), 42, 44
Demencio, Vincente de. See Caboon, George
Devil’s River, 79
DeVos, Julius, xviii
Diaz, Martina, 188
disease epidemics, 36, 49, 149
Donop, Marie Leifeste, 35–36
Dry Creek, 42, 44
Dwire, Carrie Friend, 198
Dyche, Dixie Alamo, 243, 273
Eagle Pass (town), 194, 195
East Coast, attitudes about Indian abductions, 88–89
Ellison, Susie Hey, 285
Enda (White Boy). See Lehmann, Herman
English language, 62, 90, 176, 184
forgotten or scorned by captives, 60, 63, 197, 198, 200, 211
German immigrants and, 50, 223, 226
remembered in captivity, 28, 82
Esihabit (Milky Way), 61, 62, 63, 172, 173
Ete, 212, 213–14, 325n9
European-Americans, xviii, 67, 89, 200
. See also German immigrants; white settlers
Evans, John, 174
farmers, 30, 36, 66, 89
Fayette County, 28
federal government, U.S., 19, 25, 170
compensation claims of former captives and, 251–53
policy concerning captives, 56, 58
summary of Indian wars, 235–36
treaties with Native tribes, 36, 65–66, 157
. See also Indian Affairs, commissioner/Office of
Fehrenbach, T. R., 303
Feller, Clara, 34
Fischer, Arthur, 251, 282
Fischer, Bertie, 251
Fischer, Gottlieb, 39, 40, 142
death of, 250
letter to Texas governor, 143
negotiations for son’s release and, 147
son’s return to white society and, 222, 223–26, 233
Fischer, Helen, 251
Fischer, Rudolph, xix, 15, 23, 179, 301
abduction of, 85
Comanche name of, 40, 127, 204
death of, 282
encounter with Banc Babb, 50
as enemy of buffalo hunters, 204, 205–8
Indianization of, 112, 246
legend about, 276
life in captivity, 115, 129