by Scott Zesch
Comanche renegades and, 219–22
film industry and, 263, 264
former captives and, 248, 251
Herman Lehmann and, 228–31, 256–60, 262
Ishatai’s revival and, 205–8
Jerome Commission and, 253, 255
Parker, Teresa, 246
Parker, Thomas, 251
Parker, Topay, 283, 331n18
. See also Topay
Parks family, 10–11
Paruacoom (Bull Bear), 159, 164, 174, 181
Pauls Valley, 60
Pease, Gov. E. M., 84, 146
Pedernales River, 39
Penatekas (Comanche division), 24, 27, 29, 58
captive release negotiations, 61
hunting grounds, 31
peace treaty with Germans, 236
Persummy, 42, 53, 54–55, 61
Pierce, Henry Niles, 173
Pinero, 97, 98
Pochanaquarhip (Buffalo Hump), 29
Polk, James A., 24
Quahadas (Comanche division), 18–19, 65, 66, 80, 121
in battle with U.S. Army, 164
final surrender of, 198
Indian agents and, 154–55, 167
intransigence of, 152
last period of defiance, 202
white Indians among, 122, 124
Quakers, 149, 151, 152, 153, 184
Indian agency and, 188
returned captives and, 224–25
school run by, 178, 182
Quenahewi (Drinking Eagle), 56–57, 58
Quirtsquip (Chewing Elk), 170
Rabke, Otto, 251
ranchers, 209, 280
Randlett, James F., 254, 256, 257
ransoms, 57–63, 81, 83, 151, 157
as “presents,” 153
press coverage of abductions and, 105
Rath City (Camp Reynolds), 216–17
rations, withholding of, 153
Reconstruction period, 11, 144
Red Cloud, 89
Red Elk, Ronald, 49
Red River, 24, 46, 128
North Fork of, 47, 158, 171, 320n1
Prairie Dog Town Fork, 79
Red River War, 208, 268
Red Wasp, 134–35
Reichenau, Adolph A., 10, 12, 289, 290
horses lost to Indian raiders, 16–17, 68
in search party, 15
Reichenau family, 11–12, 14
Reinhardt, Louis, 34–35
religion, 113
Rendlebrock, Capt. Joseph, 183, 189
reservations, 202, 222, 236, 249
Dawes Act and, 253
Jerome Treaty (1892) and, 256
mock buffalo hunt on, 292
Richards, Jonathan, 224–25
Riley, Crocket, 234
Rio Grande, 24, 94
Roberts, Capt. Dan, 209, 315n9, 324n5
Roemer, Ferdinand von, 28, 32
Rozas, Lorenzo de, 27
Runge, Herman, 40
Runge, Therese Marschall von Biberstein, 38, 40
Saline Valley, 10, 12, 14, 40, 189
Indian raids in, 15, 68
settlers’ abandonment of, 16–17
San Antonio, 4, 6, 20, 184
former captives in, 189–92
Gunter Hotel, 265, 273
Indians in vicinity of, 103
Korn family’s return to, 21, 144
San Saba River, 24, 28, 30, 209
San Saba (town), xvii
Sanaco, 33
Sandy Creek, 69
Sansom, Capt. John W., 105, 107, 316nn16–17
Santa Anna (Comanche chief), 29, 33, 34, 35, 36
Santos Coy, Alejo, 194
Saunders, George W., 265
scalps and scalping, 35, 72–73, 77, 125, 163
of buffalo hunters, 206, 216, 295
of Matilda Friend, 197, 198, 280
by U.S. Army, 136
used in dance, 108
by white Indians, 137
by whites against Indians, 42
Schleicher, Gustav, 224, 229–30, 234
Schmidt, William, 35
Schuchardt, William, 194
Schumann, Billy, 11–12, 40
Schumann, Gus, 12, 40
Schumann family, 11–12
Scott, Julian, 292
Searchers, The (film), xx, 7, 57
Seiker, Ed, 211, 325n6
Sewell, Marshall, 216
sex
sexual life of captives, 132–33
sexual slavery, 14
sheep, 9–10, 12, 17
Sheridan, Gen. Philip H., 204
Sherman, Lt. Gen. William T., 62–63, 67–68, 140–41, 157, 161, 185–86
sign language, 120
Sioux, 235
Smith, Capt. E. L., 57–58, 60
Smith, Bert, 246, 275
Smith, Charles, 282
Smith, Clinton, xix, 13, 41, 64, 301
abduction of, 103–4, 106–8
brother’s return from captivity and, 196
Comanche name of, 275
as Comanche warrior, 128, 139
death of, 278–79
in federal Native boarding school, 181–82
on fighting the whites, 134
final years, 278
Indian agent Tatum and, 176–78
Indianization of, 112, 122
as killer, 137–38
life in captivity, 108–11, 115, 124–26, 129, 132
marriage, 243
memoir of, 272–73
in Mowway’s village, 158, 162–63, 166–67, 168
participation in raids against whites, 119–20
personal injury claims of, 252–53
post-return career, 240
readjustment to white society, 199, 200–201
refusal of escape opportunities, 135
return to white society, 169, 183–84, 186, 187–88, 189–92
search for, 145–46, 154–55
at twentieth-century western shows, 265, 273, 275
Smith, Dixie Alamo, 243, 273, 278
Smith, Harriet, 103–4, 145
Smith, Henry Marion, 104–5, 145–46, 156, 183, 187–88, 193
Smith, Jeff, xix, 41, 193, 301
abduction of, 106–8
Apache name of, 110
captive psychology and, 111–12
death of, 282
defense of Apaches, 137
final years, 281–82
Geronimo and, 317n19
illiteracy of, 239
Indian ways retained by, 245, 246–47
parents’ search for, 145–46
personal injury claims of, 253
post-return career, 239, 240
ransom of, 194–95
readjustment to white society, 200–201
return to white society, 195–96
at twentieth-century western shows, 265, 273, 275
Smith, John, 224
Smith, Julia, 283
Smith, Zona Mae, 278
snakes, venomous, 8
Sörgel, Alwin, 27
Southern Plains Indians, xviii, 18, 65
confinement on reservations, 261
culture in conflict with American civilization, 89
importance of raids to, 67
Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 157
nicknames among, 127
private agreement with settlers, 23
reasons for taking captives, 59
relaxed lifestyle of, 131
religious revival among, 205
treatment of captives by, 102–3
. See also Native Americans; specific tribes and divisions
Spanish language, 108, 184
Specht, Theodore, 38–39
Squaw Creek, 91, 231
Staked Plains (Texas), 15, 96, 97, 184, 269
Stance, Sgt. Emanuel, 95, 315n10
Stanley, Henry Morton, 83
Stansbury, John, 260–61
Steeneken, Mr., 195
Stephens, John H., 252
Stinnet
t, Albert Sidney, 270
Stockholm syndrome, 111
Straight Bow, 98
Strong, Henry W., 165
Sturm, Jacob J., 58–59, 60
Tabenanaka, 160, 181
Tappan, J. E., 81–82
Tatum, Lawrie, 144, 145, 149–52, 167
Comanche chiefs and, 181
encounter with Mowway, 155–57
parents of captives and, 183, 187, 188, 193
on Quahada Comanches, 155
return of white captives and, 175–83
search for Rudolph Fischer and, 152–55
Tatum, Mary Ann, 188
Taylor, Gill, 15
Tekwashana, 51, 52, 59–60, 254, 284
Tenebeka (Gets to Be a Middle-aged Man), 161
Terheryaquahip (Horseback), 42, 60–61, 62
Indian agent Tatum and, 174–77, 177, 179
relatives held prisoner by U.S. Army, 186
Texas, xx, 66
annexation by United States, 25, 30
Chisholm Trail and, 57
as Confederate state, 9
East Coast opinion and, 88–89
end of Indian wars in, 235
as independent republic, 24
Indian raids in folklore of, 67, 312n2
Panhandle, 79, 122, 152, 219
state government of, 20, 83–84, 143–44
U.S. Army campaigns in, 161, 171
Texas Rangers, 3, 10, 11, 19, 80, 139, 175
in battle against Apaches, 209–12, 266, 315n9
defeat of Indians and, 287
recapture of Cynthia Ann Parker, 229
scarcity of, 141
in search of kidnapped children, 105
stationed near Castell, 35
stationed near Fredericksburg, 33
white Indians in battle against, 126
Threadgill Creek, 99
Tilghman, William, 263
Tissychauer, 250, 282
Todd, Alice, 14–15, 21, 306n7
Tonarcy, 248–49
Tonkawa scouts, 36, 160, 161, 165, 167, 218
Topay, 133
“Toppish,” 176, 178, 180, 189, 277–78
. See also Maxey, John Valentine
Tosacowadi (Leopard Cat), 108–9, 125, 129, 131, 319n12
death of, 168, 199, 321–22n5
idolized by Clinton Smith, 135
U.S. Army attack and, 162
Tosawa (Silver Brooch), 156
Townsend, Amanda, 70, 75, 78
Townsend, Nancy, 70
Townsend, Spence, 76, 78
traders, 146–48
Turpe, Albert, 194
Twovanta, 126
U.S. Army, 5, 8, 19, 66
buffalo hunters and, 203
Comanche prisoners of, 179
defeat of Indians, 287
destruction of Mowway’s village, 159–66
forts established by, 35
massacres of Indians by, 136, 163, 166, 218
Sherman in command of, 63, 140
Verein zum Schutze deutscher Einwanderer in Texas (Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas), 25, 26
Victorio, 134
Waco tribe, 33, 59
Walker, Francis J., 170–71, 186
Walker, Lt. Mark, 60, 61, 62
Wapp, Josephine, 41, 241, 276
Washington, D.C., 24, 58, 84, 94, 95
Comanche chief in, 159, 160
Korn family’s appeal to, 144
Washita River, 62
Watchoedadda (Lost Sitting Down), 53
westerns (movies and novels), xvii, xx, 7, 11, 263–64
White, Eugene E., 249
white Indians, xviii, xix, 29, 41, 90
cruelty of, 120, 123
legends about, 276
participation in raids by, 119–21
psychology of, 112
published memoirs of, 263, 264
at twentieth-century reunions, 266–69
. See also captives
white settlers, 24, 303
changing patterns of settlement, 36
killed by Indians, 10–12, 15–16, 37, 40, 68, 69
pressure on Indian hunting grounds, 66
twentieth-century reunions with Native adversaries, 265–69
ways of life, 114
. See also European-Americans; German immigrants
Whitworth, Sidney M., 246–47, 267
Wichita Mountains, 183, 221
Wichitas, 204
Wild West shows, 268, 273–75
Williams, Capt. John, 11
Williams, Thomas G., 194
Winnebagos, 43
Wisconsin Territory, 43
Wise County, 42, 53, 56
wolves, 96, 97, 213
women
Apache, 109–10
Comanche, 33, 34, 81, 168
German, 32
white captives, 14, 49
Wounded Knee massacre, 235
“Wrinkled Hand Chase,” 208
Wynkoop, Col. Edward W., 82, 83
Wynkoop, Louise, 83
Yamparikas (Comanche division), 170, 181
Yellow House Canyon, battle at, 217–18
Zesch, Gene, 293
ALSO BY
SCOTT ZESCH
Alamo Heights
About the Author
Scott Zesch grew up in Mason County, Texas and graduated from Texas A&M University and Harvard Law School. He is the author of a novel Alamo Heights and nonfiction book Captured: A True Story of Abduction by Indians on the Texas Frontier, and he is the winner of the Western History Association's Ray Allen Billington Award. He divides his time between New York City and a ranch in Art, Texas (population 3). You can sign up for author updates here.
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Contents
Title Page
Copyright Notice
Dedication
Prologue: The Trail
Part One: A Fate Worse Than Death
Chapter One: New Year’s Day
Chapter Two: Germans in Comanche Land
Chapter Three: The Bosom of the Comanches
Chapter Four: Legion Valley
Chapter Five: Warriors in Training
Part Two: In the Wilds
Chapter Six: As Mean an Indian as There Was
Chapter Seven: Searchers and Quakers
Chapter Eight: Death on the Red River
Chapter Nine: The Long Way Home
Chapter Ten: Resisting the Reservation
Part Three: Redemption
Chapter Eleven: Once and Always Indians
Chapter Twelve: In the Limelight
Chapter Thirteen: The Trail Fades
Table: Dates and Places of Birth, Capture, Recovery, and Death
Notes
Bibliography
Acknowledgments
Index
Also by Scott Zesch
About the Author
Copyright
THE CAPTURED. Copyright © 2004 by Scott Zesch. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may
be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written
permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in
critical articles or reviews. For information, address St. Martin’s Press,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
www.stmartins.com
Maps on pages x, xi by David Cain
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Library o
f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zesch, Scott.
The captured : a true story of abduction by Indians on the Texas frontier / Scott Zesch.— 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 333) and index (p. 349).
eISBN: 978-1-429-91011-8
1. Korn, Adolph, d. 1895. 2. Indian captivities—Texas. 3. Apache Indians—Social life and customs. 4. Comanche Indians—Social life and customs. 5. Whites—Texas—Relations with Indians. 6. Whites— Texas—Cultural assimilation. I. Title.
E87.K76Z47 2004
976.4004’9725—dc22
2004046765
First Edition: November 2004